创新性模拟海市蜃楼现象

利用定影粉配制成浓度连续变化的溶液,来模拟大气中密度连续变化的空气,实验获得了良好的海市蜃楼"上现蜃景"效果;另外,用不同浓度的蔗糖溶液配制成的梯度溶液,实现了"两个上现蜃景"的效果。通过对这两种体系的成像效果的研究,加深了对海市蜃楼这一神秘自然景观的认识和理解。     

海市蜃楼形成的理论分析与实验模拟再现

分别根据费马原理和光学拉格朗日方程进行了理论推导,得到了自然界里出现的上现蜃景海市蜃楼现象,光线在大气中传输的轨迹方程.两种方法得到的方程所描绘的都是一系列向上凸的曲线,以利用分层折射率的分析方法得到的曲线相似,解释了上现蜃景海市蜃楼的形成原因.利用浓液法对海市蜃楼中的上现蜃景进行了实验模拟再现.实验过程中采用了"纱网框上浮法"注入清水,成功配制了折射率随高度均匀梯度变化的NaCl水溶液,穿过浓液的激光光路和理论轨迹方程曲线相似,观察到了实景物清晰稳定的上现蜃景像.     

梯度折射率介质下的光路计算与成像研究

使用激光照射具有梯度折射率的介质将形成海市蜃楼现象的光路轨迹"可视化"。主要研究了不同波长的激光在线性和非线性梯度折射率介质中的光路轨迹和成像情况。基于几何光学原理推导了光路方程并使用Matlab光线追迹算法计算了线性和非线性情况下的成像。实验上,通过自制仪器配置有折射率梯度的溶液并观察光路轨迹以及拍摄实物成像。实验拍摄的光路轨迹与理论推导基本一致,为海市蜃楼等现象的演示以及成像问题的研究提供了新的参考。     

海市蜃楼演示装置的改进

目前实验室的海市蜃楼演示装置需要多人操作,且演示周期长,实验现象不稳定.针对这些问题,对该装置进行了改进,增加了3层隔水薄膜,通过抽水机向装置内缓慢注水.改进后的装置演示现象直观、清晰,且实验现象保持的时间较长.     

模拟海市蜃楼

本文是以极简单的实验设备,用人工的方法模拟海市蜃楼;对蜃景进行了拍照;应用激光蜃景的简单模型,对一个点光源的蜃景与成象介质折射率的分布关系进行了实验研究。并对这一物理现象作了实验的分析与说明。实验原理与装置光通过介质时,因其折射率的不同,会产生不同的偏折。筷子在水碗中折起;水下之物看起来浮浅。这些常见的现象与神奇的海市蜃楼现象在物理成因方面,并没有本质上的区别。它们都是由于介质对光的折射关系,使人眼产生错觉,物体的象在人们的视觉中形成了空间的偏移。     

非均匀折射率场中光传输现象研究

海市蜃楼是一种非常有趣的光学现象,其本质是由于光在非均匀折射率介质中传输时发生的折射和全反射现象。本文基于费马原理与拉格朗日方程在理论上推导出了光在非均匀折射场的传输方程。然后通过数值模拟成功复现了光在非均匀折射场中传输的图像与相应蜃景图像。最后,通过实验研究了不同入射角度下光线传输规律和海市蜃景现象,实验结果与理论符合较好,验证了上述理论分析的正确性。     

模拟海市蜃楼实验的配液新方案

分析了配制传统模拟海市蜃楼溶液的方法的不足,提出了新的配制溶液的方案,推导出了所配制的溶液浓度梯度随高度的分布公式,从而使实验过程中配液的时间大大缩短,实验现象更加明显,提高了实验的成功率.     

利用自制教具构建光的折射模型

综合初中物理教材中“光的折射”设计理念,自制了实验装置.通过该实验装置可以开展折射规律、趣味捕鱼、虚像位置真实呈现、全反射、生活中折射现象扩展解释、海市蜃楼模拟等实验,并能够体现视觉表征学习方法,变抽象为形象,从而培养学生的建模能力.     

用线性变折射率模型解释海市蜃楼

利用线性变折射率模型,定量分析了海市蜃楼现象,导出大气中的光线方程,并研究了蜃像位置与观察者的关系。     

分仓颗粒布居分聚现象的通量模型

置于以窗口连接的分隔仓中振动驱动的颗粒气体会出现颗粒在两仓中布居分聚现象,被形象地称为麦克斯韦妖现象.通量模型的建立是理解麦克斯韦妖现象的关键问题.Eggers以颗粒气体动力学为基础得出了简化的理论模型.该模型可以很好地得到分仓中颗粒的布居分聚现象,然而似乎无法用于预测两种颗粒在分仓体系中的布居振荡现象.通过实验研究,测量了颗粒气体的流通量曲线,改进了Eggers模型.改进的模型可以很好地得到两种颗粒在分仓体系中的布居振荡现象. 关键词： 颗粒气体 耗散 通量模型     

近海面大气折射对红外探测距离的影响

 基于几何光学和抛物线近似方法建立光线传播轨迹数学模型,计算最大探测距离（MIVR）,并分析蜃影出现的成因。通过数值分析及海上试验的对比验证,结果表明：在相同的风速条件下,MIVR会随海气温差的增大而减小;当海气温差不变时,随着风速的增大,MIVR逐渐减小;海气温差越大,MIVR的递减量越趋于平缓;MIVR与高度位置的对应关系几乎是一条标准的直线,且MIVR随着高度参数的减小而递减;通过与试验数据的对比,模型评估MIVR的准确率较高。     

光在非均匀介质中传播规律的演示

光在介质中的传播规律遵循费马原理,如：在均匀介质中,光沿直线传播．在非均匀介质中,光的传播轨迹比较复杂,与非均匀介质的状态有密切关系．尽管海市蜃楼和沙漠幻影是大自然中能够看到的光在非均匀介质中的传播现象,但只有在一定条件下才能出现,不是随时可以看到的．为了能在光学教学中让学生能够看到光在非均匀介质中的传播,本文利用白糖溶液和水之间扩散形成的浓度非均匀区域,实现了光线的非直线传播．通过光线实际传播的路径,计算了非均匀区域液体折射率的相对变化．这一演示实验取材简单,容易实现,对学生思维训练具有一定的借鉴意义．     

Projecting the Kondo effect: theory of the quantum mirage

A microscopic theory is developed for the projection (quantum mirage) of the Kondo resonance from one focus of an elliptic quantum corral to the other focus. The quantum mirage is shown to be independent of the size and the shape of the ellipse, and experiences lambdaF/4 oscillations ( lambdaF is the surface-band Fermi wavelength) with an increasing semimajor axis length. We predict an oscillatory behavior of the mirage as a function of a weak magnetic field applied perpendicular to the sample.     

An analytical model for thermal diffusivity measurements of film substrate composite using the mirage technique

The thermal diffusivity h of a thin film on a substrate is measured by using the mirage technique. The photothermal deflection of the probe beam is caused by the heat field and the substrate, heated by the pump beam. From the experimental data a two-dimensional algorithm is proposed to obtain the measurements of the diffusivity of film and substrate in one set of mirage detection.     

Spectroscopic and magnetic mirages of impurities in nanoscopic systems

We present exact results for magnetic impurities in nanoscopic systems with focusing properties. We analyze the spectroscopic and magnetic properties of Kondo, intermediate valence, and magnetic impurities on a sphere with a metallic surface. Exact calculations show the occurrence of spectroscopic and magnetic mirages at the antipodes of the impurity location. Comparison with calculations performed using effective models validates previous calculations of spectroscopic mirages. Our results predict the existence of a strong magnetic mirage in the experimentally realizable elliptic corral.     

Scattering theory of Kondo mirages and observation of single Kondo atom phase shift

We explain the origin of the Kondo mirage seen in recent quantum corral scanning tunneling microscope experiments with a scattering theory of electrons on the surfaces of metals. Our theory, combined with experimental data, provides a direct observation of a single Kondo atom phase shift. The Kondo mirage observed at the empty focus of an elliptical quantum corral is shown to arise from multiple electron bounces off the corral wall adatoms. We demonstrate our theory with direct quantitive comparison to experimental data.     

Brane Cosmology, Varying Speed of Light and Inflation in Models with One or More Extra Dimensions

We summarize the approach to brane cosmology known as mirage cosmology and use it to determine the Friedmann equation on a 3-brane embedded in different bulk spacetimes all with one or more extra dimensions. Usually, when there is more than one extra dimension the junction conditions, central to the usual brane world scenarios, are difficult to apply. This problem does not arise in mirage cosmology because the brane is treated as a test particle in the background spacetime. We discuss in detail the dynamics of a brane embedded in two specific 10D bulk spacetimes, namely Sch-AdS₅ × S₅ and a rotating black hole, and from the dynamics—which are now rather more complicated since the brane can move in all the extra dimensions—determine the new dark fluid terms in the brane Friedmann equation. Some of these, such as the cosmological constant term, are seen to be bulk dependent. We then show explicitly how this mirage cosmology approach matches with the familiar junction condition approach when there is just one extra dimension. The issue of a varying speed of light in mirage cosmology is addressed and we find a scenario in which c _eff always increases, tending asymptotically to c ₀ as the universe expands. Finally some comments are made regarding brane inflation and limitations of the mirage cosmology approach are also discussed.     

Remote projection and quantum mirages in STS and STM

The phenomena of remote projection and quantum mirages are investigated using standard quantum mechanics. The information inherent in delocalized wave functions in the vicinity of the Fermi level, including contributions from localized states, is available wherever the waves propagate coherently and have a non-vanishing amplitude and therefore can be probed remotely. This can explain the observation of a "quantum mirage" by Manoharan et al.: Nature 403, 512 (2000), i.e., the Kondo antiresonance due to a single adsorbed Co atom on Cu (111) far from the location of the cobalt atom. Similar quantum effects can give rise to "mirage" features in the scanning tunnelling spectrum (STS) both on clean and adsorbate-covered metal surfaces, features which are not resolved in other surface-sensitive spectroscopies (IPES, 2PPE). Within a theory based on a many-particle treatment of the tunnelling phenomena in STS and in scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM), the unexpected features in the scanning tunnelling spectra are associated with the spectral weight of transient ion-resonance states generated in the process of electron injection. They transport in a coherent way the information from the tip towards the sample and vice versa over distances of the order of 10 Å or more, generating spectroscopic structures. These "mirage" states are important for the tunnelling current and the imaging properties.