富硒活性乳酸菌发酵剂的工艺研究

通过L9(33)正交试验确定了富硒活性乳酸菌发酵剂的适宜发酵条件,即发酵温度39℃,加硒量5μg/mL,接种量7%。结果表明,研制的发酵剂硒转化率达50.38%,冷藏5 d后发酵活力达0.48,冷藏7 d后活菌数达7.2×108cfu/mL,符合发酵剂的各项质量要求,可作为生产富硒活性乳酸菌功能性乳制品的工作发酵剂。     

CO2加氢制备二甲醚CuO-ZnO-Al2O3/HZSM-5催化剂的研究

以无水乙醇为溶剂,草酸为沉淀剂,采用悬浮共沉淀法,一步合成CuO-ZnO-Al2O3/HZSM-5双功能催化剂.并研究了该催化剂在CO2加氢合成二甲醚反应中的催化性能,考察了CO2加氢合成甲醇组分(CuO-ZnO-Al2O3)与甲醇脱水组分(HZSM-5)配比对催化剂性能的影响以及催化剂的稳定性.结果表明,双功能催化剂加氢与脱水组分配比为8∶1时,对CO2加氢直接合成二甲醚有较高的催化性能:在固定床反应器中,温度为270℃,压力为3.0 MPa,空速为4 800 h-1的反应条件下,CO2的单程转化率达到29.8%,二甲醚的选择性和收率分别达到53.8%和16%.XRD、BET、TPR和NH3-TPD对催化剂结构表征结果表明,不同组分配比影响双功能复合催化剂中脱水组分的酸性和加氢组分的结晶度、晶粒尺寸、CuO的还原性.     

Cu/Zn/Al/Mn催化剂上CO/CO2加氢合成甲醇特性研究

利用共沉淀法制备了四组分的Cu-Zn-Al-Mn和Cu-Zn-Al-Ce催化剂以及三组分的Cu-Zn-Al催化剂。利用组成H2/CO/CO2/N2=66/27/3/4(体积比)的富CO原料气对催化剂进行了活性评价，并研究了温度、压力和空速等反应条件对催化剂活性的影响。结果发现添加适量的锰助剂能显著提高催化剂的活性和热稳定性。利用SEM和XRD方法进行了催化剂的结构和形貌表征，同样表明锰助剂可以起到阻止CuO晶粒长大和促进CuO分散作用。利用富CO2的生物质原料气体积比为H2/CO/CO2/N2=50/25/20/5对Cu-Zn-Al-Mn催化剂进行的评价表明：Cu-Zn-Al-Mn催化剂上CO/CO2加氢合成甲醇的甲醇产率和选择性均有下降，在试验范围内，甲醇产率下降11％～25％，选择性为93％～95％。     

ZnO-ZrO2固溶体催化剂上CO2高选择性加氢制甲醇

CO2引起的气候变化已引起全世界的关注,但同时CO2也是一种可持续的碳资源.将CO2转化为高附加值的燃料或化学品不仅可以解决CO2的问题,还可变废为宝得到有用的化学品.CO2加氢制甲醇是实现这一过程的理想选择之一,因为甲醇不仅是很好的燃料,还可转化得到烯烃、芳烃等高附加值化学品,需要强调的是整个过程所需的氢气是利用太阳能等可再生能源通过光催化、光电催化或电解水制氢得到.使用煤或天然气经合成气用CuZnOAl2O3催化剂合成甲醇已工业化50年左右,甲醇选择性可达99%,但该催化剂应用于CO2加氢制甲醇时,较强的逆水煤气变换副反应致使甲醇选择性只有60%左右,另外,反应生成的水会加速Cu基催化剂的失活.因此,开发新型高选择性催化体系显得尤为必要,世界上很多科学家展开了新型催化剂的研发,如Cu/ZnO/ZrO2,Pd/ZnO,"georgeite"Cu,Cu(Au)/CeOx/TiO2,Ni-Ga,MnOx/Co3O4催化剂等,但这几类催化剂体系上甲醇选择性都不超过60%,CO2加氢制甲醇选择性低的问题一直没有解决.近期,中国科学院大连化学物理研究所李灿院士课题组开发了一种不同于传统金属催化剂的双金属固溶体氧化物催化剂ZnO-ZrO2,在近似工业条件下(5.0 MPa,24000 mL/(g h),H2/CO2=3/1~4/1,320~315oC),当CO2单程转化率超过10%时,甲醇选择性仍保持在90%左右,是目前同类研究中综合水平最好的结果.研究表明,该催化剂的固溶体结构特征提供了双活性中心反应位点,Zn和Zr,其中H2和CO2分别在Zn位和原子相邻的Zr位上活化,在CO2加氢过程中表现出了协同作用,从而可高选择性地生成甲醇.原位红外-质谱同位素实验及DFT理论计算结果表明,表面HCOO*和H3CO*是反应主要的活性中间物种.该催化剂反应连续运行500 h无失活现象,还具有极好的耐烧结稳定性和一定的抗硫能力,表现出了良好的工业应用前景.传统甲醇合成Cu基催化剂要求原料气含硫低于0.5 ppm,而该催化剂的抗硫能力无疑可使原料气净化成本大大降低,在工业应用方面表现出潜在的优势.     

泡沫金属微反应器内富氢重整气中CO选择性甲烷化

在微反应器中,用泡沫金属镍为载体负载4Ni-2Ru/ZrO2双金属催化剂,用于选择性甲烷化去除富氢重整气中的CO。考察了催化剂负载方法、焙烧温度和空速等对CO选择性甲烷化的影响,借助X射线衍射(XRD)、程序升温还原(H2-TPR)等手段对催化剂制备方法与催化性能的关系进行了探讨。结果表明,直接将4Ni-2Ru/ZrO2催化剂涂布在泡沫镍片上,350℃下焙烧,反应温度为260℃,空速为2 000 h-1~6 000 h-1,可将富氢转化气中CO降至30×10-6以下,其中空速为5 000 h-1,可将CO出口浓度降至7×10-6,CO2的转化率低于1.5%。反应温度在260℃~300℃,CO的转化率在99.6%以上,CO出口浓度在50×10-6以下。     

二氧化碳加氢合成二甲醚的研究ZrO2含量对Cu-ZnO-SiO2-ZrO2催化剂的影响

考察了CO2加氢合成CH3OCH3反应中ZrO2含量对Cu-ZnO-SiO2-ZrO2催化剂的影响. 采用TPR, XRD, BET和TEM等技术对催化剂的结构形态、表面性质和ZrO2的作用进行了研究. 结果表明,催化剂中加入ZrO2能提高催化剂的比表面积及CO2转化率和CH3OCH3产率,降低最佳反应温度; ZrO2含量以2%～3%为佳. 催化剂中的CuO以三种形式存在: 小晶粒CuO, 聚集的无定形CuO及均匀分散的无定形CuO. ZrO2的作用是将均匀分散的无定形CuO转变成聚集的无定形CuO, 增加活性中心数目,还可使小晶粒CuO的晶粒变得更小.     

SiO2改性的Cu-ZnO/HZSM-5催化剂及合成二甲醚性能

以廉价的硅酸钠为硅源，碳酸钠为沉淀剂，采用共沉淀沉积法制备了SiO2改性的Cu-ZnO/ HZSM-5催化剂，用XRD、SEM、H2-TPR、XPS等手段进行了表征，考察了对CO2加氢合成二甲醚的催化活性。结果表明，SiO2促进了催化剂前驱体的分散，延缓了焙烧后催化剂晶粒的长大和颗粒的团聚。SiO2改性的同时影响了CuO的分布状态及还原过程。1.0%SiO2改性的Cu-ZnO/HZSM-5催化剂，用于CO2加氢合成二甲醚，CO2转化率和二甲醚的收率达28.53%和16.34%，与未经改性的Cu-ZnO/ HZSM-5相比，CO2转化率和二甲醚收率分别提高了20%和34%；继续增大SiO2用量，催化剂的活性反而降低。XPS和AES表征表明，1.0%SiO2改性的Cu-ZnO/HZSM-5催化剂中，Cu0是甲醇合成的活性中心，锌以ZnO的形式存在。     

催化热解生物质制取富氢气体的研究

在实验室自制的固定床反应器上, 考察了秸秆和锯屑的热解行为, 研究了热解产物分布特别是富氢气体的体积分数和产率, 着重研究了（5种金属氧化物和2种碳酸盐催化剂）的催化效果。结果表明,温度从500 ℃提高到850 ℃, 秸秆和锯屑的热解气产率分别从29.0%提高到40.6%, 35.0％提高到46.5%, 而对应的富氢气体的体积分数分别从41.2％提高到48.2%, 40.6％提高到47.0%；在5种金属氧化物中，Cr2O3显示了最好的催化效果，在750 ℃时对应的热解气产率与不使用催化剂相比提高了10％，富氢气体的体积分数提高了13％；催化剂（CaCO3和Na2CO3）占生物质的质量分数对热解气和富氢气体产率有明显的影响，当质量分数从0增加到30％时， 热解气和富氢气体产率增加较明显，而后其值的增加可以忽略， 因此推荐使用的催化剂质量分数为30％。     

光还原催化剂Pt/TiO2富氢条件下CO优先氧化反应

用光还原法来提高富氢条件下CO优先氧化(PROX)催化活性和CO2选择性,分别对有无氢气时CO氧化反应参数进行了详尽研究.X射线光电子能谱(XPS)表征结果显示,在光还原催化剂表面产生了部分氧空穴,可为化学吸附H提供活性中心.针对光还原Pt/TiO2催化剂上CO优先氧化反应提出了一种可能的双功能反应机理.     

CuO/CeO2-MOx(M=C0,Mn,Al和La)催化剂富氢条件下CO氧化性能的研究

研究了MOx(M=Co,Mn,Al和La)对CuO/CeO2催化剂富氢条件下CO选择性氧化性能的影响,并运用XRD,XPS,BET,TPR和TPD等手段对催化剂进行了表征.结果表明,MnOx和Co3O4的引入能提高CuO/CeO2催化剂富氢条件下CO选择性氧化的活性,其中以MnOx的改性效果最好,80 ℃时CO转化率达58%,140℃为100%.与其他CuO/CeO2-MOx催化剂相比,CuO/CeO2-MnOx催化剂中活性组分与载体的相互作用较强,铜原子外电子云密度升高,表面Cu和晶格氧含量较多,CO的吸附量较大.     

Anaerobic digestion of municipal solid waste

Tuna processing wastes (sludges high in fat, oil, and grease [FOG]) and municipal solid waste (MSW) generated on Tutuila Island, American Samoa, represent an ongoing disposal challenge. The biological conversion of the organic fraction of these wastes to useful products, including methane and fertilizer-grade residue, through anaerobic high-solids digestion is currently in scale-up development. The suitability of the anaerobic digestion residues as a soil amendment was evaluated through extensive chemical analysis and greenhouse studies using corn as an indicator crop. Additionally, native Samoan soil was used to evaluate the specific application rates for the compost. Experiments established that anaerobic residues increase crop yields in direct proportion to increases in the application rate. Additionally, nutrient saturation was not demonstrated within the range of application rates evaluated for the Samoan soil. Beyond nutrient supplementation, organic residue amendment to Samoan soil imparts enhanced water- and nutrient-binding capacities.     

Lignocellulose degradation in mushroom composts

The edible mushroomAgaricus bisporus is grown commercially on composted manure/straw mixtures. However, this proven composting procedure is wasteful of raw materials. A nonmanure compost was developed (Smith, 1980) with two main aims:

1. To conserve raw materials, while still producing a compost favoringAgaricus bisporus colonization and giving an economic yield of mushrooms.
2. To speed up composting, hence making more efficient use of labor, farm equipment, and buildings.

A “conservation compost” (wheat straw, bran, whey, urea, peat, and gypsum) is ready for inoculation with mushroom mycelium (spawning) after 7 d preparation, i.e., 2 d pre-wetting of straw, then 4–5 d composting under controlled conditions. Whereas a traditional manure/wheat straw compost is produced by composting in windrows (8–11 d) followed by a controlled pasteurization phase (5–7 d). In the preparation of a traditional mushroom compost, as much as 60% of the initial dry matter is lost by microbial degradation prior to spawning. By shortening the composting process to 7 d conservation of cellulose and hemicellulose is achieved with only some 30% loss in dry matter. Straw hemicelluloses are degraded much quicker than cellulose during composting. Hence, the measurable extracellular laminarinase and xylanase activities of the compost microflora appear much greater than their cellulase activities at this period in both composts. A peak in laminarinase and xylanase activity after 48 h in manure compost corresponds with the increase in microbial populations. A pronounced increase in thermophilic bacterial and actinomycete populations occurs in “conservation composts” as readily available soluble carbohydrates are assimilated. Initially, this results in higher uniform compost temperatures (60?C+) and leads to a reduced thermophilic fungal population (10³ viable propagules g^-1 dry wt compost), which may explain the lowered enzyme activities found in the “conservation composts” and thus the reduced degradation of lignocellulose. The compost microflora showed no laccase activity during composting, and little if any lignin was degraded. However,Agaricus bisporus does possess a moderately active lignolytic system and a strongly active cellulolytic system. Subsequent experiments have shown that increased mushroom yields may be obtained from these composts when urea is replaced by chicken manure as the nitrogen supplement (Smith, 1983); this has not affected compost “selectivity” for mushroom growth, dry matter loss, or the duration of the process. Although yield of mushrooms, based on compost weights at spawning tend to be lower than what would be expected from traditional composts, yield calculated on the basis of weight of starting materials is usually much higher.     

低品质生物质的热解及低温催化气化研究

利用TG及小型固定床反应器对不同来源的三种低品质生物质--禽畜粪便样品的热解特性及其低温催化气化过程进行了研究。结果表明,各种粪便的主要热解温度为473K~823K。猪粪与禽粪中的有机组分及矿物质组分性质的不同,导致了它们的热解行为存在着较大的差异。在其主要热解区间内,猪粪的热解经历两个明显的失重过程,表明猪粪中的有机成分包括半纤维素、纤维素和木质素。鸡粪中的主要有机组分为纤维素,导致其有一个明显的热解失重过程。鸡粪中含有大量的CaCO₃,在热解过程中受热分解以CaO的形式存在于鸡粪半焦中。禽畜粪便的低温催化气化过程可以将热解焦油全部转化为小分子气相产物和碳,气相产物中有效组分(H₂和CO)产率明显增加。每克猪粪(daf.)低温催化气化过程氢的产量为960mL,鸡粪的氢气产率为680mL/(g鸡粪(daf.))。     

Representative commodity for five brassica vegetables based on the determination and dissipation of six pesticide residues

A Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe method for determination of thiophanate-methyl, carbendazim, metalaxyl, fluazifop-P-butyl, chlorpyrifos and lambda-cyhalothrin in five brassica vegetables by high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-electron capture detector has been developed. The average recoveries of six pesticides in five brassica vegetables were in the range of 77.4%–117.4% with relative standard deviation of 3.7–10.8%. Residues of thiophanate-methyl, carbendazim, metalaxyl, fluazifop-P-butyl, chlorpyrifos and lambda-cyhalothrin in five brassica vegetables were studied with the developed method for the classification of crop group and selection of representative commodity of five brassica vegetables. Totally 48 open field trials on five brassica vegetables were conducted at two locations in two different seasons. The residue dynamics and final residues of the six pesticides at three preharvest intervals in different vegetables were compared. All six pesticides had the longest half-lives in cabbage (2.1–3.5 days). Residues of carbendazim (sum of thiophanate-methyl and carbendazim), metalaxyl, chlorpyrifos and lambda-cyhalothrin had similar trend in different brassica vegetables. The maximal concentrations of these pesticide residues were found in kale (0.28–10.9 mg kg^?1). Fluazifop-P-butyl residues were at low levels in all five brassica vegetables (<0.01–0.03 mg kg^?1). Cabbage, red cabbage, Brussels sprouts and kohlrabi had no significant difference in all six pesticide residues and could be classified in a subgroup of Head Brassicas. Cabbage should be selected as the representative commodity. Considering the highest residues in kale and its different morphology, kale should not be classified into the subgroup of Head Brassicas.     

Pesticide residues on fruits and vegetables from Ontario, Canada, 1991-1995

For the 5-year period 1991 to 1995, 1536 vegetable and 802 fruit samples were analyzed. The purpose of this study was to determine if pesticides were present on Ontario-produced fruits and vegetables, and if so, to determine if residues violated maximum residue limits (MRLs). Overall, 31.5% of the samples had no detectable pesticide residues, whereas 68.5% contained one or more residues. Most of the residues were present at very low concentrations; 48% of the detections were < 0.1 parts per million (ppm), and 86% were < 1 ppm. However, violations of MRL were observed in only 3.2% of the vegetables samples and 3.1% of the fruit samples. In addition, 4.8% of the samples contained a "technical" violation, that is, there was no specified MRL for the pesticide-commodity combination and the residues exceeded 0.1 ppm. Of the detectable residues, 63% were < 10% of the MRL, whereas 89% were < 50% of the MRL. More fruit samples (91.4%) had a detectable residue, compared with vegetable samples (56.6%). Fruit is often treated close to harvest or post harvest to ensure that wholesome produce reaches the consumer. Forty-six percent of the samples contained 2 or more residues, and 2% of all samples had more than 5 different pesticides detected; fruit samples tended to have more multiple residues. The most frequently found pesticides were captan, the dithiocarbamate fungicides, endosulfan, azinphos-methyl, phosmet, parathion, and iprodione. These pesticides were also used in the greatest quantity for crop production. Overall, the data agree fairly closely with those reported for the U.S. Department of Agriculture Pesticide Data Program because the 2 programs have similar analytical goals and objectives.     

Quantification of veterinary antibiotics (sulfonamides and trimethoprim) in animal manure by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry

A fast and cost effective method was developed to extract and quantify residues of veterinary antimicrobial agents (antibiotics) in animal manure by liquid-liquid extraction and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The compounds investigated include six sulfonamides, one metabolite, and trimethoprim. The method was performed without sample clean up. Recoveries from spiked manure slurry samples (spike level = 1 mg/kg) were as follows: sulfaguanidine (52%), sulfadiazine (47%), sulfathiazole (64%), sulfamethazine (89%), its metabolite N4-acetyl-sulfamethazine (88%), sulfamethoxazole (84%), sulfadimethoxine (51%), and trimethoprim (64%). Relative standard deviations of the recoveries were less than 5% within the same day and less than 20% between days. The limit of quantification was below 0.1 mg/kg liquid manure slurry for all compounds and calibration curves obtained from extracts of spiked samples were linear up to a level of 5 mg/kg liquid manure, except for trimethoprim (0.01-0.5 mg/kg). Analysis of six grab samples taken in Switzerland from manure pits on farms where medicinal feed had been applied revealed total sulfonamide concentrations of up to 20 mg/kg liquid manure.     

Evaluation of organic molecules originated during composting process

The composting process using sugarcane bagasse, animal manure, and urea as source of organic matter, microorganism, and nitrogen, respectively, were evaluated regarding the thermal behavior considering the maturation period: 0 (raw), 15, 22, 30, and 60 days. Thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis curves were obtained in a synthetic air atmosphere and heating rate of 10 °C min⁻¹ in the range of 30–600 °C. The raw compost showed 80% organic matter, which was reduced up to 58% to 60 days compost. Two main mass losses were verified, corresponding to characteristics exothermic peak in differential thermal analysis curves depending on the maturation period. The variation in organic composition was evaluated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy verifying the structures (lignin, cellulose, and hemicelluloses) changes with composting process, and the gas chromatography–mass spectrometry was used to identify substance soluble in hexane.     

Biodegradation and hydrolysis rate of aliphatic aromatic polyester

The biodegradation and hydrolysis rates of an aliphatic aromatic copolyester were measured in manure, food, and yard compost environments and in phosphate buffer solution (pH = 8.0) and vermiculite at 58 °C. Mineralization, molecular weight reduction, and structural changes determined by DSC, FTIR, and ¹H NMR were used as indicators of the biodegradation and hydrolysis rates. Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate), PBAT, film biodegraded at distinctive rates in manure, food, and yard compost environments having different microbial activities. The highest biodegradation rate was found in manure compost, which had the highest CO₂ emissions and lowest C/N ratio. The possible presence of extracellular enzymes in manure and food composts may facilitate the hydrolytic reaction since greater molecular weight reduction rates were observed in these composts. ¹H NMR and thermal analysis revealed that, while PBAT is a semi-crystalline copolyester with cocrystallization of BT and BA dimers, the soft aliphatic domain (BA) and the amorphous region are more susceptible to hydrolysis and biodegradation than the rigid aromatic domain (BT) and the crystalline region.     

Evaluation of the aerobic composting process of winery and distillery residues by thermal methods

The possibility of using thermal analysis for a quick characterization of chemical changes was tested in the organic matter from composting materials. Differential thermal analysis (DTA), thermogravimetry (TG) and the first derivative of the TG (DTG) were calculated in oxidizing conditions on compost samples obtained from three composting piles. The composting piles were made by mixing winery and distillery residues with sewage sludge (pile 1), with cow manure (pile 2) and hen droppings (pile 3). The temperature values in the pile 1 showed a different evolution during the thermophilic stage of the composting process in relation to the piles 2 and 3. The thermophilic stage for pile 1 was 17 days, meanwhile for the piles 2 and 3 were around 80 and 110 days, respectively, and probably pile 1 was not well composted. The curves of ion current of CO₂ have been recorded in order to shed light on changes occurring in organic matter during composting. Particularly DTG curves allowed us to distinguish between well (piles 2 and 3) and poor (pile 1) stabilized organic matter. The energy released was calculated for each sample by integrating the DTA curves and these results are agreed with the previous hypothesis. Information deriving from weight losses, registered by the TG and DTG curves, enables to follow the evolution state of the organic matter and therefore changes in its stability. These data could determine the final point of the composting process of winery and distillery residues and then reduce the time for compost harvest.     

Phosphorus and Energy Recovery from Manure and Digestion Residues

Abstract

Human and animal excrements, in particular manure, stand for a significant and undisputable source of plant nutrients and renewable energy. In Europe, only 36% of P-inputs to soils originate from primary resources (rock phosphate) whereas 63% come from animal and human excretions applied to cropland as manure, digestion residues and sewage sludge. Simultaneously these waste flows represent a potential hazard to human health and aquatic bodies because of pathogens and eutrophication. Management of these waste flows is far from being sustainable, in part due to the lack of efficient processing technologies. A cooperative InnoEnergy—EIT financed KIC Knowledge and Innovation Community—research project pursues development and demonstration of highly efficient technologies to overcome the constraints and to yield renewable phosphate fertilizers and energy from waste flows that may have a combined technical energy potential of 3,600 PJ/year and an annual phosphate recovery potential of 4.5–5.5 million tonnes (as P₂O₅) in Europe.