共焦显微系统中光学超分辨光瞳滤波器的设计

利用矢量衍射理论设计了适用于共焦显微等大数值孔径系统的三区二元相位型超分辨光瞳滤波器.数值模拟了等效数值孔径为1.4的共焦显微系统焦点附近的光强分布,根据系统所需要的斯特雷尔比和轴向分辨率,采用优化搜索算法求解了能够实现光学超分辨的三区二元相位型光瞳滤波器结构.结果表明,利用所设计的三区二元相位型光瞳滤波器可以在较低旁...     

利用二元光学器件消二级光谱设计

二元光学器件除了能减小成像系统的体积、重量和成本外,还具有许多传统光学元件无法比拟的优越性,如独特的色散特性。通过采用基于二元光学器件的折衍射混合设计以及等效玻璃的方法,设计了长焦距宽波段望远系统,并对其二级光谱进行校正。最后通过光学软件模拟结果表明:利用二元光学元件能很好地实现消二级光谱,并且实现了系统的轻量化。     

二元光学超光谱成像仪分光系统设计

二元光学元件用作透镜在原理上色差非常大,若不在设计上做出补偿,则会限制其在宽波段上使用。阐述了利用二元光学元件色散特性的新型超光谱成像仪的基本原理和应用前景。由于国内加工衍射透镜工艺条件的限制,提出利用折衍混合透镜代替衍射透镜来实现色散和成像,介绍了此透镜系统的设计方法,利用光学设计软件进行分析和评估,希望对二元光学超光谱成像仪的设计具有指导意义。     

一种高推力和低红外特征的双S形二元排气系统

基于某轴对称排气系统,建立了一种小中段偏径比(S_m/D)、出口偏径比(S_o/D)大于0的双S形二元排气系统模型。该双S形二元排气系统在除了上方探测面0°到20°的角度范围内,所研究的其余方位角均做到了喷管型面对排气系统内部涡轮等高温部件的遮挡。通过数值计算研究了双S形二元排气系统的推力和红外特性,并与基准轴对称排气系统进行了对比。结果表明:小中段偏径比和大长径比使双S形二元排气系统避免了推力损失,相比基准轴对称排气系统,该双S形二元排气系统的推力增加了0.2%;双S形二元排气系统的红外辐射强度在侧向探测面上最小,在上方探测面最大;相比基准轴对称排气系统,双S形二元排气系统在0°方位角降低了97%以上,在侧向、上方和下方探测面90°方向分别降低了62.1%、26.1%和34.9%。     

宽光谱超大孔径反衍望远系统设计

二元光学元件具有许多传统光学元件无法比拟的优越性。利用2个二元光学元件作为系统的物镜和目镜,通过确定各元件的基本结构、孔径大小,设计了25m的超大孔径反衍混合望远系统。所设计系统的弥散斑大小及MTF函数都能够达到设计要求。使用谐衍射透镜代替普通衍射透镜,对系统进一步改进,使望远系统获得了较宽的光谱范围。试验结果表明:改进后的系统无论在单一光谱、多频带光谱或者连续光谱范围,都能够获得接近衍射极限的成像质量。     

基于非正交二元相位板的多焦点阵列光镊

提出了一种基于非正交二元相位板的阵列光镊系统,此系统可以实现对非正交排列的多个粒子的稳定捕获。通过对高数值孔径物镜在紧聚焦条件下的傅里叶变换理论和遗传算法来设计二元相位,优化得到具有不同分束比的,具有高衍射效率、高均匀度的归一化相位转折点,进而根据相位转折点设计出具有不同倾斜角度的非正交二元相位板。利用此二元相位板可以获得高数值孔径物镜聚焦下的各种非正交分布的阵列光斑。利用此类非正交阵列光斑,在光镊实验中实现了对二氧化硅微球的稳定捕获。理论模拟与实验结果表明,此方法可以实现对非正交排列的大量粒子的稳定捕获,在纳米粒子阵列的外延生长领域有着良好的应用前景。     

光散射法同时测量气液二元体系的黏度、界面张力和热、质扩散系数的研究

当气液二元体系处于宏观热力学平衡状态时,表面与体相的波动弛豫时间具有不同量级,通过调节散射体积和改变采样时间,利用表面光散射实验系统可以同时探测到来自界面处表面波及体相中温度和浓度的波动信息。本文在已有的表面光散射实验系统上,以正庚烷与二氧化碳二元系统为例,同时实现了该体系黏度、界面张力和热、质扩散系数的测量,其扩展不确定度分布为3.0%,3.7%,20%,4.3%(k=2)。实验所得到的数据与文献进行了对比,其偏差在不确定度范围内,证明了本文提出的测量方法可以实现气液二元体系四种性质的同时测量,且测量精度可以满足一般工程应用。     

放大率恒定的二元光学超光谱成像仪光学系统设计

二元光学元件具有多种应用。用作透镜，在原理上色差非常大，若不在设计上做出补偿，则会限制其在宽波段上的使用。从理论上简单阐述了利用具有独特色散特性的二元光学元件的新型超光谱成像仪的基本原理和应用前景。在此超光谱成像仪中，二元光学透镜焦距随波长的变化改变了系统的F数，因此改变了系统的放大率，既系统放大率是波长的函数，这将引起光谱图像的像元配准误差，得到并不精确的相对光谱信号强度，从而限制了光谱图像重建算法的精度，为了补偿这一缺点，通过光学二组元法设计的变焦系统成功地解决了这一问题，并给出了理论设计公式。     

混合流体浸润相变的研究(Ⅲ) 二元系统的四相共存态

本文讨论二元Sullivan系统的一个特殊状态——二元四相系的浸润相变性质,该系统的许多性质可以通过对两个二元二相系的讨论而得到。结果表明:这一系统同时存在一级相变和二级相变。     

混合流体浸润相变的研究(Ⅲ)——二元系统的四相共存态

本文讨论二元Sullivan系统的一个特殊状态——二元四相系的浸润相变性质,该系统的许多性质可以通过对两个二元二相系的讨论而得到。结果表明:这一系统同时存在一级相变和二级相变。 关键词：     

The two-dimensional alternative binary L-J system: liquid——gas phase diagram

A two-dimensional (2D) binary system without considering the　Lennard-Jones (L-J) potential has been studied by using the　Collins model. In this paper, we introduce the L-J potential　into the 2D binary system and consider the existence of the　holes that are called the ``molecular fraction". The liquid--gas　phase diagram of the 2D alternative binary L-J system is obtained. The　results are quite analogous to the behaviour of 3D substances.     

关于二维二元替换式系统相图的极值等浓度点的几点讨论

本文从二维二元替换式Collins模型系统的两相平衡曲线方程出发,求得了形成极小等浓度点或极大等浓度点类型相图原子间相互作用势所必须满足的条件,证明了极值等浓度点的唯一性。计算结果还表明,4-原子所占百分数对极值等浓度点的位置有显著影响。 关键词：     

THE CRITICAL STATE OF THE TWO-DIMEMSIONAL ALTERKATIVE BINARY SYSTEM

The equation of state and the isothermal line for the two-dimensional alternative binary system are discussed in this paper. We found the regularity of variance of the critical state with the composition of binary system, and obtained the linear relationship between the critical pressure and the critical temperature. We showed that the value of the critical coefficient is independent of the composition and coincides with the experimental data for the three-dimensional substances in quantitative 1eve1 .     

Conductivity of the Two-Dimensional Rayleigh Model Near the Percolation Threshold: A Subthreshold Region of Concentrations

The conductivity of the two-dimensional Rayleigh model near a critical point, the percolation threshold, is investigated. The effective conductivity of the model with a metal–prefect conductor phase transition is calculated in the binary (pair) approximation. For the alternative model with a metal–insulator phase transition the corresponding effective conductivity is determined from the Keller–Dykhne reciprocity relation.     

Planar infrared binary phase reflectarray

A reflective, binary phase reflectarray is demonstrated in the infrared, at a wavelength of 10.6 microm. The unique aspect of this work, at this frequency band, is that the specific desired phase shift is achieved using an array of subwavelength metallic patches on top of a ground-plane-backed dielectric stand-off layer. This is an alternative to the usual method of constructing a reflective Fresnel zone plate by means of a given thickness of dielectric. This initial demonstration of the reflectarray approach at infrared is significant in that there is inherent flexibility to create a range of phase shifts by varying the dimensions of the patches. This will allow for a multilevel phase distribution, or even a continuous variation of phase, across an optical surface with only two-dimensional lithography, avoiding the need for dielectric height variations.     

Statistical modeling of the phase stratification of a binary solution with a triangular lattice

The phase stratification of a binary two-dimensional solution with a triangular lattice is modeled statistically. The influence of the size of a system of 10 × 10 and 40 × 40 sites on the modeling results is clarified. The time evolution of the system energy, the mean size of a cluster, the correlation function in the tenth coordination sphere, and the cluster-size distribution function are investigated. Criteria distinguishing the phase stratification below the binodal from the short-range stratification above the binodal are established.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 6, pp. 44–50, June, 1979.     

Competition in low ordered smectics between incommensurate phases and two-dimensional modulated ones for dimesogenic compounds

Systematic physical chemistry studies are in progress concerning the occurrence of incommensurate low ordered smectic phases in non-symmetric dimesogens varying molecular parameters from the standard compound KI-5. In the present study, the selected molecules possess the same spacer length and the same cholesteryl unit. By means of X-ray diffraction on orientated samples, commensurate phases, incommensurate fluid smectics and two-dimensional ones are clearly evidenced depending both on temperature and molecular parameters. So these dimesogenic compounds respond to the frustration connected to the competition between two incommensurate lengths with the formation either of an incommensurate phase or of a two-dimensional modulated phase. A new topology in a phase diagram results from this competition in a binary system composed of two homologous dimesogens. Received: 26 June 1997 / Revised: 7 October 1997 / Accepted: 29 October 1997     

Fluid–triangular solid phase transitions in a system of two-dimensional nematic quadrupoles

Density functional theory of freezing is used to study the phase transitions in a system of spherical colloidal particles dispersed in nematic host confined to two dimensions. We have considered both the one-component and two-component systems of the colloidal dispersions. Particles are assumed to interact via director distortion-mediated purely repulsive potential which scales as the fifth power of the inverse interparticle separation. The pair correlation functions needed as input information in the density functional theory are calculated by solving Roger–Young integral equation theory. In one-component system, a triangular crystalline phase is found to be stable. On the other hand, considering the freezing of the fluid phase of the binary mixture into a substitutionally disordered triangular solid, the temperature–composition phase diagram is found to have spindle shape for the ratio of quadrupole moment of the particles of the components being 0.9 and 0.8. The phase diagram changes to an azeotrope at a ratio 0.7. The results are verifiable in real-space experiments on nematic quadrupoles confined to a two-dimensional plane.     

THERMODYNAMICS OF EQUILIBRIUM AND STABILITY

The dependence of the entropy of a homogeneous system on the composition is investigated with the help of a reversible adiabatic process which allows the change of composition by means of a semipermeable wall. The conditions of equilibrinm for phase transition and for homogeneous chemical reaction are derived in a new way. Next the criterion of minimum energy for constant entropy and volume is derived from the principle of increase of entropy. This criterion is then applied to obtain the conditions of equilibrium and stability with the help of Lagrange's multipliers. The conditions of stability are expressed in several alternative forms. Next the equilibrium properties of a binary system arc considered, and some types of phase diagram are explained by means of equations. The theory is extended to the general heterogeneous equilibrium of a system consisting of any number of independent components. A system of equations for the change of temperature, pressure, and composition are obtained and are solved by means of determinants. Next Planck's theory of a binary solution is extended to a solution consisting of several solnte components, with the same conclusion regarding the lowering of freezing point as for a binary solution. Finally Planck's theory on the number of coexisting phases for aone-component system is extended to a system consisting of k components with the result that a state with, σ coexisting phases is more stable than one with σ-1 phases: where σ is an integer not greater than k + 2.     

Decentralized Cooperation Strategies in Two-Dimensional Traffic of Cellular Automata

We study the two-dimensional traffic of cellular automata using computer simulation. We propose two type of decentralized cooperation strategies, which are called stepping aside (CS-SA) and choosing alternative routes (CS-CAR) respectively. We introduce them into an existing two-dimensional cellular automata (CA) model. CS-SA is designed to prohibit a kind of ping-pong jump when two objects standing together try to move in opposite directions. CS-CAR is designed to change the solution of conflict in parallel update. CS-CAR encourages the objects involved in parallel conflicts choose their alternative routes instead of waiting. We also combine the two cooperation strategies (CS-SA-CAR) to test their combined effects. It is found that the system keeps on a partial jam phase with nonzero velocity and flow until the density reaches one. The ratios of the ping-pong jump and the waiting objects involved in conflict are decreased obviously, especially at the free phase. And the average flow is improved by the three cooperation strategies. Although the average travel time is lengthened a bit by CS-CAR, it is shorten by CS-SA and CS-SA-CAR. In addition, we discuss the advantage and applicability of decentralized cooperation modeling.