多溴二苯醚的生物代谢机制研究进展

作为一种广泛使用的阻燃剂,多溴二苯醚(PBDEs)及其衍生物羟基化多溴二苯醚(OH-PBDEs)和甲氧基化多溴二苯醚(MeO-PBDEs)等已从环境介质、各种生物体甚至人体内检测出来.但是对于生物体内低溴代PBDEs及其羟基化和甲氧基化衍生物的来源及其是否由PBDEs在生物体内代谢形成等问题,目前仍存在较多争论.由于PBDEs进入生物体后的生物转化、代谢途径与其对生物体的毒性有密切关系,因此是研究者们关注的焦点.本文在对生物体内PBDEs及其代谢物的来源和分布进行分析的基础上,综述了PBDEs在生物体内发生脱溴还原代谢和氧化代谢的研究进展,从体内原位代谢和体外模拟代谢研究两方面探讨了PBDEs的生物代谢机制、代谢途径及还原和氧化代谢中可能涉及的代谢酶,指出进一步深入开展PBDEs的生物积累和代谢研究的方向.     

多壁碳纳米管固相萃取-高效液相色谱法测定水中四溴双酚A

四溴双酚A(TBBPA)是目前产量和用量最多的溴代阻燃剂品种[1],被广泛应用于纺织品、建筑材料、油漆及电子产品塑料高聚物中。研究表明:TBBPA是一种潜在的环境内分泌干扰物,是具有持久性、生物积聚性和毒性的化合物[2-3],对环境和人体有巨大的危害。目前,TBBPA对人体和环境     

多溴联苯的污染来源、分析方法和环境污染特征

多溴联苯（polybrominated biphenyls,PBBs）是一类曾被广泛使用的溴代阻燃剂,这类化学物质具有半挥发性,能够远距离迁移,可在环境中持久存在,并且能够在生物体内累积和放大,对全球环境和人类健康构成潜在的危害。2009年,《关于持久性有机污染物的斯德哥尔摩公约》新POPs审查委员会将六溴联苯商业产品列入其附件A,禁止六溴联苯的工业生产和使用。因此,近期对环境中多溴联苯的来源、分析方法和污染水平等相关研究引起了广泛的关注。本文介绍了PBBs的基本理化性质和毒性,对作为溴代阻燃剂的PBBs的生产量进行归纳,并提出需要开展深入和广泛研究来认识是否在工业生产过程中存在PBBs的非故意生成和排放,对当前环境中PBBs的分析方法进行了总结,并对PBBs当前的环境污染水平和污染特征进行了简要概述,最后对PBBs相关的未来研究进行了初步展望。     

母乳中溴代/氯代阻燃剂及其代谢产物的分析检测方法

建立了低分辨气相色谱-负化学源质谱法(GC/NCI-LRMS)定性与定量检测母乳中的溴代/氯代阻燃剂及其代谢产物的方法。所检测的溴代/氯代阻燃剂及其代谢产物分为中性化合物和羟基化合物两部分。采用RTX-1614(30 m)作为色谱分离柱,在优化的色谱条件下对8种多溴联苯醚PBDEs(包括BDE209)及其甲氧基代谢产物MeO-PBDEs,多种其它阻燃剂及代谢物等中性化合物同时进行了分离检测;采用DB-5(30 m)作为色谱分离柱,在优化的色谱条件下分离检测了9种羟基多溴联苯醚OH-PBDEs。在母乳样本中加入代用标准或内标,经过超声提取、液液萃取、硅胶净化和浓缩定容等预处理后,分别对中性和羟基化合物进行测定。十溴联苯醚、其它多溴联苯醚、甲氧基多溴联苯醚、得克隆及脱氯产物、其它阻燃剂等中性化合物,及羟基多溴联苯醚在两个添加浓度水平的回收率分别为66.5%～75.4%,84.2%～126.4%,60.9%～115.1%,86.7%～104.9%,42.9%～113.8%和64.7%～129.5%;中性化合物的相对标准偏差均小于22%,羟基化合物的相对标准偏差均小于30%。利用本方法对我国电子垃圾拆解区人体母乳中的目标物进行了分析检测,结果可靠。     

多溴联苯醚、六溴环十二烷和得克隆的生物差异性富集及其机理研究进展

多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)、六溴环十二烷(HBCDs)和得克隆(DPs)是三类环境中广泛存在的全球性有机污染物,具有持久性、生物蓄积性、远距离迁移和潜在毒性等持久性有机污染物的特点.PBDEs由多种不同溴取代的联苯醚同系物组成;工业品HBCDs和DPs分别由3种(-,-和-HBCD)和2种(syn-DP和anti-DP)异构体组成且立体异构体还存在手性特征.由于不同结构的化合物物理化学性质不同,加上生物栖息环境、暴露来源、对污染物的吸收排泄能力及代谢能力随物种不同而不同,导致这三类化合物在不同物种之间甚至同一物种内部出现同系物差异性富集或立体异构体差异性富集的特点.这种生物差异性富集特征表明这三类卤代阻燃剂的生物富集是一个复杂的、多因素共同作用的结果.本文对现有文献中有关这三类卤系阻燃剂的生物差异性富集特点进行了综述,对造成这种差异的原因进行了总结分析,对目前存在的问题及进一步的研究方向进行了讨论和展望.     

鱼肉组织中多溴联苯醚的定量分析

多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)是一类广泛用于家用电器、电子产品、塑料泡沫、家居装饰材料等行业的添加型阻燃剂[1],使用量最多的是五溴联苯醚(penta-BDE),八溴联苯醚(octa-BDE)和十溴联苯醚(deca-BDE)3种[2]。最近的研究表明[4-6],多溴联苯醚已广泛地存在于各种环境介质、生物体及人体中     

丙烯酸系树脂单体与三嗪系列阻燃剂的聚合研究

研究了三嗪系列阻燃剂三烯丙基异三聚氰酸酯（TAIC）、二烯丙基溴丙基异三聚氰酸酯（DABC）、二（2,3-二溴丙基）烯丙基异三聚氰酸酯（DBAC）、三（2,3-二溴丙基）异三聚氰酸酯（TBC）与丙烯酸系树脂单体的聚合情况.证明不饱和的三嗪阻燃剂确实是丙烯酸系树脂的活性阻燃剂.并对三嗪系列阻燃剂TAIC、DABC、DBAC、TBC对丙烯酸系树脂的阻燃性能进行了进一步验证.     

PBDEs研究的最新进展

多澳联苯醚(PBDEs)是一类环境中广泛存在的全球性有机污染物.由于其具有环境持久性、远距离传输、生物可累积性及对生物和人体具有毒害效应等特性,对其环境问题的研究已成为当前环境科学的一大热点.本文对最近几年来环境中PBDEs研究的进展进行综述,对多溴联苯醚在环境及生物体中的分布、时间趋势、人体暴露及途径、环境中的降解和生物代谢以及生物累积与生物放大方面的研究进行了总结,对目前存在问题及进一步的研究方向进行了讨论和展望.     

使用裂解气相色谱对几种阻燃聚丙烯材料热稳定性及阻燃机理的探讨

用裂解气相色谱（PyGC)考察了经三种类型阻燃剂（含磷、含溴、含溴和磷）改性的聚丙烯的热稳定性。利用PyGC-MS法分析不同样品的高温裂角产物,以此来推测阻燃材料受热分解时气相以及凝聚相所发生的反应,推断阻燃机理,分析影响阻燃效果的因素,为阻燃剂的开发提供有益参考。结果证实,它们都影响聚丙烯的热降解。溴系阻燃剂和磷系阻燃剂是分别从气相阻断、凝固相加速成炭实现阻止燃烧的,而磷-溴型阻燃剂同时具备单纯含磷或者含溴阻燃能力。     

凝胶渗透色谱-固相萃取结合色谱-质谱法测定乳制品中18种溴系阻燃剂

采用索氏提取、凝胶渗透色谱和固相萃取技术作为前处理方法,建立乳制品中6种新型溴系阻燃剂、8种多溴联苯醚、四溴双酚A和α、β、γ-六溴环十二烷异构体共18种溴系阻燃剂的同时提取与净化方法,并结合气相色谱-负化学源质谱法(GC-NCI/MS)和高效液相色谱-电喷雾电离-串联质谱法(HPLC-ESI-MS/MS)进行检测。奶样经冷冻干燥后以正己烷-丙酮(1：1, V/V)索氏提取,采用凝胶渗透色谱结合酸化硅胶柱净化,随后以LC-Si固相萃取柱分离气相和液相待测物。以GC-NCI/MS测定6种新型溴系阻燃剂和8种多溴联苯醚,以HPLC-MS/MS检测四溴双酚A和六溴环十二烷异构体,内标法定量。结果表明,以空白牛奶样品为加标基质,多数待测物平均回收率为80.1%~114.7%,方法具有良好的精密度(多数待测物相对标准偏差( RSD)在0.87%~14.9%)和灵敏度(检出限在0.2~119.2 pg/g之间),可满足乳制品中多种溴系阻燃剂同时提取、净化和检测需求。     

固相萃取结合超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法及气相色谱-负化学源质谱法测定人血清中的四溴双酚A、六溴环十二烷和多溴联苯醚

建立了固相萃取同时提取、净化血清中四溴双酚A(TBBPA)、α, β, γ-六溴环十二烷(HBCD)和8种多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)同系物的样本前处理方法,并结合色谱-质谱分离分析技术检测人血清样本中该类化合物的含量。试样在加入各自的同位素内标物后以甲基叔丁基醚/正己烷(1:1, v/v)混合溶剂进行萃取,再经浓硫酸去除脂肪后,以LC-Si固相萃取柱分离HBCD/TBBPA和PBDEs。采用分步检测的方式,在50 mm长BEH C18反相色谱柱上以超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)的多反应监测模式(MRM)检测HBCD和TBBPA,在15 m长的毛细管柱上以气相色谱-负化学源质谱(GC-NCI/MS)的选择离子监测模式(SIM)检测PBDEs。以胎牛血清为空白基质,当HBCD、TBBPA和BDE-209的加标水平为0.5 ng/g和5 ng/g、三溴至七溴联苯醚的加标水平为0.05 ng/g和0.5 ng/g时,它们的平均加标回收率为80.3%～108.8%,相对标准偏差为1.02%～11.42%(n=5);以信噪比(S/N)为3计算,方法的检出限(LOD)为1.81～42.16 pg/g。采用该方法对实际样品进行测定,结果表明,本方法快速、准确、灵敏度高,能够满足血清中HBCD、TBBPA和PBDEs残留的同时提取及测定的要求。     

Sample handling and analysis of brominated flame retardants in soil and sludge samples

Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) comprise diverse chemical compounds used in a variety of commercial applications. Those used most are polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA). The impact of BFRs on the environment and their potential risks for animals and humans is of concern to the scientific community. A number of studies have reported analytical methods and levels of some BFRs, especially PBDEs, in sediments and biota. However, there is much less literature relating to sewage sludge and treated soil. In this article, we discuss the use of different sample-preparation techniques applied to these matrices, as well as the different approaches to mass spectrometry (MS). Finally, we review the available data concerning the occurrence of BFRs in sewage sludges, before presenting our conclusions and outlining future perspectives.     

Development of analytical procedures for trace-level determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and tetrabromobisphenol A in river water and sediment

The aim of this work was to develop procedures for the simultaneous determination of selected brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in river water and in river bed sediment. The target analytes were polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA). To determine dissolved BFRs, a novel mixed-mode solid-phase extraction procedure was developed by combining a hydrophobic sorbent (C₁₈) with a silica-based anion exchange sorbent, so as to overcome the negative artefact induced by dissolved organic carbon. Extraction recoveries exceeded 73% for most analytes, except for BDE-183 and BDE-209 (57%). As regards suspended sediment and river bed sediment, extraction was carried out by means of ultrasonication (recoveries: 73–94%). These procedures, combined to gas chromatography coupled to negative chemical ionisation mass spectrometry (GC-NCI-MS), enabled the determination of BFRs at trace level: 3-160 pg L⁻¹ in river water, 5–145 pg g⁻¹ in bed sediment. These methods were applied to the determination of PBDEs and TBBPA in a suburban river (near Paris, France). PBDEs were systematically detected in the water column (ΣBDEs, 2,300–4,300 pg L⁻¹); they partitioned between the dissolved and particulate phases and BDE-209 was the dominant congener, followed by BDE-99 and BDE-47. TBBPA was detected in the dissolved phase only (<35–68 pg L⁻¹). All selected BFRs were ubiquitous in bed sediments and levels ranged from 3,100 to 15,100 pg g⁻¹ and from 70 to 280 pg g⁻¹ (dry weight), for ΣBDEs and TBBPA, respectively.     

New perspective on the determination of flame retardants in sewage sludge by using ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry with different ion sources

Analysis of 11 polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), tetrabromobisphenol A bis 2,3-dibromopropylether (TBBPA-bis), tetrachlorobisphenol A (TCBPA), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) was optimized by ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC–MS/MS) operating in negative ion (NI) mode. Electrospray ionization (ESI), atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) sources were tested and for PBDEs APCI gave higher sensitivity than APPI while for TBBPA-bis APCI and APPI showed similar performance. ESI was the best option for TCBPA, TBBPA and HBCDs. Detection limits were between 20 and 59 fg for the compounds analyzed by ESI, 0.10 and 0.72 pg for PBDEs and 6 pg for TBBPA-bis. The matrix effect of sewage sludge extract was also tested showing negligible ion suppression for APCI and an increase of the background level of all investigated pollutants leading to a worsening of the limits of quantification by a factor between 1.2 and 3.3. The UPLC-APCI/MS/MS method for PBDEs, after pressurized liquid extraction (PLE), was validated by comparison with the concentration values from the NIST 1944 standard reference material. The advantages of the methods include low detection limits, PBDE congeners specificity using selected multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) transitions, and the absence of thermal degradation of higher PBDE congeners, especially BDE-209. The methods were applied for the determination of the above reported flame retardants in sewage sludge in order to get more information about the degradation on PBDEs (in particular BDE-209) during municipal wastewater treatments.     

Multi-analyte method for the analysis of various organohalogen compounds in house dust

In the present study, a novel analytical approach for the simultaneous determination of 27 brominated flame retardants (BFRs), namely polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), isomers of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and several novel BFRs (NBFRs), together with 18 perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in indoor dust was developed and validated. To achieve integrated isolation of analytes from the sample and their fractionation, a miniaturized method based on matrix solid phase dispersion (MSPD) was employed. Principally, after mixing the dust (<0.1 g) with the Florisil^®, the mixture was applied on the top of a sorbent (Florisil^®) placed in glass column and then analytes were eluted using solvents with different polarities. For the identification/quantification of target compounds largely differing in polarity, complementary techniques represented by gas and liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (GC–MS/MS and LC–MS/MS) were used. The results of validation experiments, which were performed on the SRM 2585 material (for PBDEs, HBCDs and TBBPA), were in accordance with the certified/reference values. For other analytes (NBFRs and PFASs), the analysis of an artificially contaminated blank dust sample was realized. The method recoveries for all target compounds ranged from 81 to 122% with relative standard deviations lower than 21%. The quantification limits were in the range of 1–25 ng g⁻¹ for BFRs and 0.25–1 ng g⁻¹ for PFASs. Finally, 18 samples (6 households × 3 sampling sites) were analyzed. The high variability between concentrations of PFASs and BFRs in the dust samples from various households as well as collecting sites in a respective house was observed. The total amounts of PFASs and BFRs were in the range of 1.58–236 ng g⁻¹ (median 10.6 ng g⁻¹) and 39.2–2320 ng g⁻¹ (median 325 ng g⁻¹), respectively. It was clearly shown that dust from the indoor environment might be a significant source of human exposure to various organohalogen pollutants.     

Concurrent extraction,clean‐up,and analysis of polybrominated diphenyl ethers,hexabromocyclododecane isomers,and tetrabromobisphenol A in human milk and serum

A method has been developed and validated for the concurrent extraction, clean‐up, and analysis of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), α‐, β‐, and γ‐hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) in human milk and serum. Milk and serum samples were extracted using accelerated solvent extraction with acetone/hexane 1:1, v/v and liquid–liquid extraction with methyl‐tert‐butyl ether/hexane 1:1, v/v, respectively. The removal of co‐extracted biogenic materials was achieved by gel permeation chromatography followed by sulfuric acid treatment. The fractionation of the PBDEs and HBCD/TBBPA was performed using a Supelco LC‐Si SPE cartridge. The detection of the PBDEs was then performed by GC–MS and that of the HBCDs and the TBBPA was performed using UPLC–MS/MS. The pretreatment procedure was optimized, and the characteristic ions and fragmentation of the analytes were studied by MS or MS/MS. A recovery test was performed using a matrix spiking test at concentrations of 0.05–10 ng/g. The recoveries ranged from 78.6–108.8% with RSDs equal to or lower than 14.04%. The LODs were 1.8–60 pg/g. The usefulness of the developed method was tested by the analysis of real human samples, and several brominated flame retardants in different samples were detected and analyzed.     

Clean-up method for determination of established and emerging brominated flame retardants in dust

A clean-up method was developed to enable the determination of tri-decabrominated diphenyl ethers, isomer-specific hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE), decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), (2-ethylhexyl)tetrabromobenzoate (TBB), and bis(2-ethylhexyl)tetrabromophthalate (TBPH) in the same dust sample extract using reasonable amounts of solvents and without dividing the sample. After extraction, the sample was separated on a silica column into three fractions that were subsequently cleaned up individually. The polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and DBDPE were eluted in Fraction I, TBB, TBPH, and BTBPE in Fraction II, and HBCDs in Fraction III. Fractions I and II were analyzed using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and Fraction III using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. The method gave good recoveries (60-120%), precise results using (13)?C-labelled internal standards and was accurate when comparing results to certified values (PBDEs in NIST SRM 2585). The method was applied to dust samples from the Stockholm (Sweden) area. All the emerging brominated flame retardants (BFRs) studied, except BTBPE, were present in all the samples in quantifiable concentrations, often higher than the PBDEs. BTBPE was quantified in only one sample. It is evident that emerging BFRs are present in Swedish homes, and these compounds should be included in the BFR analyses of indoor environments.     

Advances in the study of current-use non-PBDE brominated flame retardants and dechlorane plus in the environment and humans

The fate of the high production volume,currently in use,and not regulated non-polybrominated diphenyl ether(PBDE) flame retardants,such as tetrabromobisphenol A(TBBPA) ,hexabromocyclododecane(HBCD) and dechlorane plus(DP),and the alternative flame retardants of PBDE,such as BTBPE and DBDPE,in the environment has attracted increasing attention and aroused concern due to the increasing regulation and phasing-out of PBDEs.This paper reviews the distribution,bioaccumulation,human exposure and environmental beha...     

母乳中多种含卤持久性有机污染物的联合检测方法

建立了母乳中多种含卤持久性有机污染物(POPs)的联合检测方法,目标化合物主要包括六溴环十二烷(HBCDs)、多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)、多氯联苯(PCBs)和有机氯农药(OCPs)等.样品的前处理采用液液萃取、凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)净化和固相萃取(SPE)等技术,目标化合物经气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)、液相色谱-三重四极杆串联质谱联用仪(LC-MS/MS)和气相色谱-三重四极杆串联质谱联用仪(GC-MS/MS)等进行检测.样品通过GPC除去脂肪,然后经SPE柱进一步净化并进行多组分分离,极大程度地减小了生物样品中复杂基质的干扰,适合样品量相对较小的人体样本中多种超痕量POPs的分析.应用灵敏度高、选择性更好的GC-MS/MS对样品中的PCBs和OCPs等进行分析,进一步降低基质的干扰.方法经过小牛血清加标实验验证,稳定可靠.POPs的加标回收率分别为88.7％～98.8％(PBDEs), 88.5％～92.5％(HBCDs), 67.9％～82.3％(PCBs)和81.7％～116.1％(OCPs),方法检出限分别为0.13～1.8 pg/mL(PBDEs), 0.31～1.2 pg/mL(HBCDs), 0.22～1.4 pg/mL(PCBs)和0.20～1.5 pg/mL(OCPs).采用本方法对潍坊地区20例母乳样品进行分析,结果显示,潍坊市母乳中HBCDs, PBDEs, PCBs、HCHs和DDTs的中值浓度分别为2.86, 7.76, 8.84、140和503 ng/g 脂重,此浓度水平与国内其它地区人群相当.