极谱配合吸附波测定人发微量锰和铁

采用浓硝酸-高氯酸消化法结合锰铁-乙二胺极谱配合吸附波方法测定人发微量猛铁。对各种预处理方法进行了比较研究。测定了模拟人发、混合人发、国家一级标准物质人发样品以及某些肿瘤患者的发锰铁含量,均获得了满意结果。     

Trace element analysis of airborne particulate matters in relation to air pollution in Benin City, Nigeria

The methods of neutron activation analysis (NAA) and atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) have been employed to determine the concentration levels of 18 trace elements in filter-collected airborne aerosols over an urban area in Nigeria. The highest concentrations measured in the samples were for Cl, Na, Al, Pb, Ca and Zn. The aerosol particles were found to contain higher concentrations of soil-derived trace elements, such as Al, Ti, K and Na than those derived from combustion and industrial activities such as As, Cd, Mn, Zn, Pb, Ni and Sb. The average precision of measurements varied between +/- 5.2% and 13% for most elements. Possible sources of the elements are also discussed.     

Indication of environmental pollution by means of INAA of the hair of some free living mammals

Hair samples collected from free living mammals common hare (Lepus europaeus Pall.), common vole (Microtus arvallis Pall.) and wood mouse (Apodemus sylvaticus L.) have been subjected to instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA). up to 18 elements As, Au, Br, Ce, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, K, La, Na, Sb, Sc, Se, Sm, Th and Zn have been determined in each hair sample. Animal hair samples from areas polluted by thermal power plants burning coal were taken and compared with hair samples from the animals living in relatively non-polluted control areas. The results show that animal hair samples from areas with higher level of pollution contain usually higher concentrations of toxic and essential elements as As, Co, Cr, Fe and Se. Muride rodents can be used for more detailed monitoring of environmental exposure than hare. Moreover, hair of common vole shows usually higher levels of contamination as compared with wood mouse, which could be explained by different compositions of feed. Animal hair has been shown to be a rather sensitive indicator of environmental exposure and INAA has proved to be a suitable analytical tool for this purpose.     

人发微量元素与性别关系的模式识别分类研究

通过对人发样品中22种元素含量的数据进行变量扩维及压缩筛选处理,选出了影响性别判断较显著的变量,用PLS法处理这些变量组成的数据,得到男性与女性分类清晰的二维判别图及预报模型,并根据所建立的预报模型及人发微量元素的含量判别人的性别,准确率为81%.     

XRF and TXRF techniques for multi-element determination of trace elements in whole blood and human hair samples

XRF and TXRF were established as useful techniques for multi-element analysis of whole blood and human head hair samples. Direct-XRF with different collimation units and different X-ray excitation modes was successfully used for the determination of S, P, K, Ca, Fe, and Br elements in blood samples and K, Ca, Mn, Fe elements in human hair samples. Direct analysis by TXRF was used for the determination of Rb and Sr in digested blood and human hair samples, respectively, while, the co-precipitation method using APDC for TXRF analysis was used for the determination of Ni, Cu, Zn, and Pb elements in both matrices. As a result, the improved XRF and TXRF methods were applied for multi-element determination of elements in whole blood and human hair samples in non-occupational exposed population living in Damascus city. The mean concentrations of analyzed elements in both matrices were on the reported range values for non-occupational population in other countries.     

Neutron activation analysis of neonate and maternal hair sampled in areas with different levels of pollution

Instrumental neutron activation analysis has been performed on human head hair of newborns and mothers sampled in two areas with a different level of environmental exposure. The group of neonates from the exposed area (polluted by thermal power plants burning brown coal and by chemical industry) has exhibited higher levels of several trace elements in hair, e.g. Se, Zn, Hg and Sb in comparison with the control group. Moreover, the mean concentrations of Se, Hg, Zn and Br in neonate hair have been found to be higher than in mothers hair. Although the study revealed statistically significant differences in the composition of neonate hair sampled in areas with different levels of environmental exposure, the differences are relatively small. Only a thorough long-term study both with environmental and medical observations can prove a direct connection of the elevated levels of some trace elements in neonate hair with the higher frequency of mental diseases of children living in the exposed area.     

A study of trace elements in scalp hair and fingernails of industrial workers of Ontario,Canada

Instrumental neutron activation analysis was performed on scalp hair and fingernail samples collected randomly from a group of heavily exposed healthy male industrial workers living in the cities of Hamilton and Toronto (Ont.), Canada. The concentrations of trace elements (Ag, Au, Br, Cd, Co, Cr, Cs, Fe, Hg, Lu, Mn, Mo, Rb, Ru and T₃) were evaluated and compared for scalp hair and fingernails. Various trace elements show similar variations in the two kinds of samples. The results have also been compared with those for normal subjects from USA (scalp hair) and Canada (fingernails).     

出生缺陷高发区人发元素含量分析研究

目的:寻找出生缺陷高发区病人体内含量异常的元素,为出生缺陷的干预和治疗提供理论依据。方法:在病区分别采集有出生缺陷儿童和健康儿童头发样品,经预处理后,采用ICP-电感耦合等离子发射光谱法,对16种元素进行了测定,所得数据采用SPSS 10.0进行非参数检验和多元回归分析。结果:与健康儿童头发样品相比,患儿发中Mo,Zn,Sr,Fe,Mg,Ca等含量显著偏低,V偏高;以病情为因变量,发中16种元素含量为自变量经逐步回归分析,有Mo,Zn,Ni等进入方程。提示该区病人体内Mo,Zn等含量低、Ni含量高与病情有关。结论:Mo,Zn等在人体内的缺乏可能是出生缺陷发生的重要因素,Sr,K,Cu,Sn,Mg,Se,Fe,Ca等含量偏低及V含量偏高可能与Mo,Zn,Ni等共同起到协同致病的作用。     

Hair as a monitor for environmental pollution

Variations in concentration of elements with different washing methods of hair-EDTA Method and Acetone Method-and different lead work employees (lead processing workers and lead glass-making workers) were studied by nondestructive neutron activation analysis. The EDTA Method removed not only the external, elements bound by surface adhesion but also the internal elements, such as Mg and Ca, existing in hair. With the Acetone Method, Zn, As and Sb concentrations in hair of lead processing workers show very high values (>2) and Cd and Co concentrations in hair of both groups show high values (1<<2), except for Pb. This suggests the effect of environmental pollution in that factory.     

Limitations of the scalp-hair biologic monitor in assessing selenium status in epidemiological investigations

Scalp hair is routinely used to assess exposure to toxic trace elements and nutritional status of some required trace elements. The advantages and disadvantages of hair as a biologic monitor have been comprehensively discussed in the literature for many years. Among the concerns is distinguishing between exogenous and endogenous contributions. Nested in this issue is the longitudinal distribution of a trace element along the hair strand. The typical observation for many elements of interest is that the element concentration increases from the root end to the distal end; and this is attributed to continuing contamination from exogenous sources. In this study we used neutron activation analysis to measure 14 trace elements in 6 mm segments of full-length scalp hair from three healthy members of the same household having light-urban environmental exposure. To extend the data set for selenium, we included three adult female subjects with longer than average scalp hair. From these trace-element concentrations we calculated the root-to-distal end ratios as a profile diagnostic of trace-element distributions. Ratios fall into three diagnostic categories, >1, ≈1, and <1 corresponding to profiles having decreasing root-to-distal concentrations, unchanging concentrations, and increasing concentrations, respectively. Of the 14 elements measured, only Se has R > 1, Zn and S have R ≈ 1, and the remaining 11 elements all have R < 1 in the order: As > I > Hg ≈ Au ≈ Mg ≈ Mn ≈ Sb ≈ Ca > Cu > Al ≈ Ag. R _Se is greater than 1 and increases with hair length (P = 0.02) corresponding to a continuous longitudinal loss of Se in stark and puzzling contrast to the other elements measured. An analogous loss of Se in the nail monitor was not observed leading us to conclude that the nail is less prone to misclassification of selenium status in epidemiological studies.     

Determination of trace elements in hair from Tanzanian children: Effect of dietary factors

The objective of this study was to evaluate the concentrations of essential and toxic elements in hair of children in Tanzania in order to assess their nutritional status. 141 samples of hair from boys and girls living in Tanzania were analyzed using instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA). The mean concentration levels of Zn and Cu were lower whilst those of other elements were in the same range as the hair elemental concentrations reported in the literature. The lower concentrations of Zn might be related to the diet of mainly cereals with low animal proteins consumed by most of the Tanzanian population.     

Distinguishing naso-pharingeal cancer patients by the trace element content level in hair using the maximum probable discrimination method

Guangdong Province of China is the highest incidence place of naso-pharyngeal cancer in the world. The concentrations of 19 trace elements in hair of 90 naso-pharyngeal cancer patients in Guangdong Province have been measured by the PIXE technique. By using the Maximum Probable Discrimination Method to distinguish naso-pharyngeal cancer patients from healthy people, we get up to 91.1% validity of differential diagnosis and get some indication that special trace elements participate in carcinogenesis.     

Hair analysis as a biomonitor for toxicology, disease and health status

Hair analysis receives a large amount of academic and commercial interest for wide-ranging applications. However, in many instances, especially for elemental or 'mineral' analysis, the degree of success of analytical interpretation has been quite minimal with respect to the extent of such endeavors. In this critical review we address the questions surrounding hair analysis with specific intent of discovering what hair concentrations can actually relate to in a biogenic sense. This is done from a chemistry perspective to explain why and how elements are incorporated into hair and their meaning. This includes an overview of variables attributed to altering hair concentrations, such as age, gender, melanin content, and other less reported factors. Hair elemental concentrations are reviewed with regard to morbidity, with specific examples of disease related effects summarized. The application of hair analysis for epidemiology and etiology studies is enforced. A section is dedicated specifically to the area of population studies with regards to mercury, which highlights how endogenous and exogenous incorporation relies on species dependant metabolism and metabolic products. Many of the considerations are relevant to other areas of interest in hair analysis, such as for drug and isotopic analysis. Inclusion of a table of elemental concentrations in hair should act as a valuable reference (298 references).     

Nuclear-based methods for the analysis of trace element pollutants in human hair

The trace element composition of human hair is a suitable indicator of exposure to trace element pollutants. During the implementation of an international research programme, coordinated by the IAEA, on the use of nuclear methods for detecting trace element pollutants in hair, much valuable information was collected both on normal levels of trace elements and on increased levels caused by pollution. As a result of reviewing and comparing the data, interesting observations relating to the spread of concentrations were made. Standardized procedures were elaborated for a number of analytical techniques as well as for pre-analytical preparations in the analysis of hair. Paper presented at the Second Meeting on Nuclear Analytical Procedures, Dresden (GDR), 19 to 23 March 1979.     

Growth of hair and the trace element profile a study by sectional analysis

Correlations between the growth of hair and the trace element profile have been investigated by non-destructive neuron activation analysis through gamma-ray speetrometry using NaI(Tl) as well as Ge(Li) detectors. After preliminary investigations to establish the experimental errors, the effect of washing procedures and in-person variations, hair samples belonging to ladies with known case histories, particularly with regard to dietary habits, health and profession, were examined. Scalp-hair samplex 50–100 cm in length, representing an average time span of ∼5–10 years were collected by combing. Samples in their non-anagen phase, differentiated by their roots, were analysed in 10 cm sections. The concentrations of the following elements were determined: Na, Cl, Mn, Co, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Ag, I, Au and Hg. Absolute values for the concentrations are reported for most of the elements, while for the rest relative values for the various sections are given. The values for the different sections vary by large factors for many elements although for some elements, like Cu and Mn, the variations are not appreciable. The unusually large concentrations of elements like Se ang Hg are in broad agreement with the case histories. However, detailed examination of the results with regard to time-dependent variations seem to pose serious problems in the applications to forensic science.     

Removal of exogenously bound elements from human hair by various washing procedures and determination by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

A review of the literature shows that a variety of washing procedures to remove external contamination from hair have been proposed, but as yet no standardised procedures are available. In this study, methods for the pre-treatment and determination of antimony, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, mercury and selenium in human hair by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) are developed.Investigations of various washing procedures to remove external contaminants show that in unexposed hair samples cadmium, lead and mercury are significantly removed from hair using a 0.1 M HCl wash, with 87, 73 and 5%, respectively being washed-off. The removal of antimony, arsenic and chromium from unexposed hair is, however, more efficient with 1% (v/v) sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS), with 43, 40 and 13% of each element, respectively being washed-off. Selenium is not removed from the hair by any of the washing methods studied. For the digestion of hair samples a digestion mixture of nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide is used.Experiments with simulated sweat spiked with each of these elements show that exogenously bound chromium, cadmium and lead are removed after washing with 0.1 M HCl. In contrast, antimony, arsenic, selenium and mercury irreversibly bind and, thus, are not removed with any of the washing solutions investigated. This work also compares hair levels of these elements in an unexposed and exposed group using the method developed.     

Nuclear Activation Methods in the Estimation of Environmental Pollution and the Assessment of the Industrial Plant Impact on the Citizens of Gdansk (Poland)

Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA) is a sensitive analytical technique useful for performing both qualitative and quantitative multi-element analysis of major, minor, and trace elements in samples from almost every conceivable field of scientific or technical interest. The NAA method was applied to estimate the atmospheric air quality assessment based on the analytical investigation of rainwater composition in comparison to a moss biomonitoring study performed in selected urban areas of Gdańsk, Poland, during the half-year of exposure. The main objectives of this project were: comparison of dry and alive moss abilities to bioaccumulate inorganic pollutants; and, detection and identification of natural and anthropogenic pollutant sources in this region. An impact of Gdansk Phosphatic Fertilizer Plant “Fosfory,” Poland, on occupational staff and citizens living near the plant has also been examined. The elements, Al, As, Au, Br, Ca, Cl, Cu, Dy, I, In, K, La, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, S, Sb, Sm, U, V, and Zn, have been determined by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) in the indoor workplace air; in urine, hair, and toenails collected from workers and persons living in a neighborhood near the plant; and from people from the control group not connected with the plant in any way. Analyses of hair and nails was performed at the Interfaculty Reactor Institute in Delft, The Neatherlands, at a 2MW swimming-pool nuclear reactor and at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russia. The essential differences in concentrations of elements for workers and control group were evaluated using non-parametric Mann-Whitney U-tests. Significant differences between workers/citizens of the factory neighborhood and the control group were found for some elements (i.e., Mg, Sb, S, and V), but in the base of these differences, it is hard to define if the factory impact exists. An impact of Federeal-Mogul BIMET S.A. in Gdansk, the biggest manufacturer of slide bearings in Poland, on occupational staff has been also examined. The concentrations of Cu and Pb are much higher in samples taken from workers then from the control group. These results also indicated that hair and toenail samples are useful in the evaluation of that impact. Workers of the slide bearing factory are occupationally exposed to elements, which can be harmful to their health.     

Trace element concentration in hair of Bangladesh children under normal and malnutrition conditions

The trace element concentrations of eight elements (Ca, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn and Pb) in the scalp hair of 49 normal and 55 malnourished children of the Bangladesh population, in the age group of 1 to 5 years were analyzed by the external beam PIXE method to establish their baseline values in normal children for pre-diagnostic screening of deficiency and excess in malnutrition. The results of this investigation show that the ranges of trace elements in hair are somewhat wide. For example, the normal Zn level has the range of 63–377 g·g^–1 for 49 subjects. The reasons for these large individual deviations are unknown till now. The average of the elemental concentrations between normal and malnourished groups are compared (t-test,p<0.05). A correlation study has been done on each pair of original data by a non-parametric Speaman's rank test. The frequency distributions of the elements are presented and the results are compared with the data reported in the literature. A substantive correspondence between the present data in hair of both the study groups and the literature values from different countries have been observed but they did not show any regular dependence on the nutritional status of the subjects. Only the low Cu content in the hair of malnourished group can possibly be linked with nutritional disorders as evidenced from this study.Part of a Ph.D. Thesis.     

A study of relationship of element contents in human hair with some respiratory system diseases

19 elements, such as Ca, Mg, Fe, Se, Cu, Zn, etc., in hair of 65 patients with chronic bronchitis, pulmonary emphysema and cor-pulmonale diseases and 65 healthy people have been investigated by instrumental neutron activation analysis. The results show that the contents of Ca and Mg are lower and Fe, As and Co are higher in the hair of patients than in healthy persons. The contents of Ca and Mg are lower and Fe is higher in the hair of patients during attack periods of chronic bronchitis than in relaxed periods. The differences are significant (P<0.05–0.01). The content of Ca is closely related to that of Mg in hair (P<0.01). The contents of inorganic elements in the Chinese medicine cough and asthma capsule used to treat chronic bronchitis have been determined. The results show that the contents of elements Ca, Mg, Sr, etc., are higher in this medicine than the average amounts of these elements in 120 other Chinese medicines.     

Isolation of strontium pools and isotope ratios in modern human hair

The elements of human hair record specific information about an individual's health, diet, and surrounding environment. Strontium isotope ratios of human hair have attracted interest as they potentially record an individual's environment. Yet, separating the external environmental signals from the internal dietary indicators has remained a challenge. Here, we examined the effects of five different hair-cleaning methodologies to determine the extent that internal and external strontium signals can be isolated from human hair. In the first study of its kind, we employed an in-line strontium purification methodology and a multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer to obtain high-precision strontium isotope ratio of human hair and of leachates of the different washing treatments. We found that the different applications of an individual treatment removed a consistent amount of strontium from hair and that replicate analyses showed each treatment altered the strontium isotope ratios of hair consistently. A mass-balance approach was applied to demonstrate that strontium was quantitatively removed and was accounted for in either the treated hair or the leachate. We observed that strontium isotope ratio varied as a function of treatment aggressiveness so as to suggest that there was a fine-scale structuring of strontium within hair (transverse cross-sectional variations); these variations existed as differences in strontium concentrations and isotope ratios. As a result, the Sr isotope ratio of hair and hair leachates treated with the most aggressive cleaning methods reflected the isotope ratios of the interior and total exterior strontium signatures, respectively. The results of this study indicate that external environmental strontium signals can be distinguished from the internal signals and therefore permit the application of strontium isotope ratios of modern human hair for geospatial applications.