Preface: Centennial Physics at Peking University

The Year 2013 is probably as much remarkable for the development of modern physical science in China as it is for School of Physics at Peking University. One hundred years ago, the physics division was born in Peking University, as the very first physics higher education unit having appeared in modern national universities of China. Ill tile first one hundred years, the School has made distinguished contributions to the nation and to the world in both education and academia. As we celebrate the birthday of its first century and set our sights on the next, it is my great pleasure to invite you to this special issue of Frontier of Physics on ＂Centennial Physics at Peking University＂. In 1913, the ＂WuLi Men＂ （Physics Division） was established at Peking University, and was later renamed the Department of Physics in 1919. With the reorganization of the Chinese system of higher education in 1952, the new Physics Department of Peking University was created from the merger of the physics departments of Peking University, Tsinghua University and Yenching University. This became the premier center for physics in China. The School of Physics was established in 2001, and includes not only the traditional fields of study in physics, but also related physical sciences. Throughout its history, the School has educated and hosted many prominent physicists, including figures such as Ta-You Wu, C. N. Yang, T. D. Lee, and Kun Huang. Today, the School of Physics includes Physics, Astronomy, Atmospheric ＆： Oceanic Sciences, and Nuclear Science ~： Technology. Research is devoted not only to tile frontiers of fundamental physics but also to the innovation of advanced technology. Major research fields include high energy physics, astroptwsics and cosmology, radioactive nuclear physics, high energy-density physics, key technologies for advanced light sources and particle beams, the interaction of particle beams with materials, mesoscopic semiconductor light emission and laser physics, ultra- fast physics, optical properties of artificial microstructures and mesoscopic devices, electro-magnetic properties of mesoscopic functional systems, mesoscopic theory and material computation, high-temperature superconductivity physics and devices, nano-material and devices, near-field optics, quantum materials and quantum manipulation, soft condensed matter physics, biophysics, medical physics and imaging, atmospheric physics and the environment, meteorology and climate change, physical oceanography, and many others. The School consists of eleven divisions and seven related research institutes as follows, especially in which Daniel Chee Tsui Laboratory at Peking University was established in 2012, as Prof. Tsui, 1988 Nobel Prize Laureate, became a member of the School.     

北京大学物理学本科人才培养模式改革的探索

基于社会发展和学生素质的新特点,探讨了新的历史条件下人才培养的思路和模式：以人为本,尊重人才素质和发展目标的多样性与自主性,更加突出优秀创造性人才的培养;在确保高水准的基本知识传授和基本训练的同时,给学生以多样化的选择自由.对课程体系进行了模块化、结构化的改造,以适应多样化的需要.加强了学生选课指导和专业发展指导,以保障新的教学计划的实施.课外科技活动的范围逐步扩大,研究型学习成为培养学生创新能力的重要环节.     

北京大学加速器质谱计

北京大学重离子物理研究所和技术物理系研制的加速器质谱计于１９９２年圆满建成并投入使用．在两年多的运行中,性能不断得到改进,并取得了大量的应用成果．简要介绍其性能特点、运行情况和应用概况.The accelerator mass spectrometry studied by the Institute of Heavy Ion Physics and the Department of Technical Physics,Peking University,was successfully manufactured in 1992.In the two years routine operation,the machine performances have been improved and some application achievements have been obtained.In this paper feature of the machine,opeartion and some applications are given.     

大学物理实验与中学物理实验衔接的研究

大学物理实验是检验学生动手能力的重要标志,大学物理实验与中学物理实验的有效衔接是顺利完成教学任务,提高学生的动手能力,创造性和积极性的重要标志。因此针对刚入学的大学生所存在的问题,根据教育测量的理论,结合南京邮电大学大学物理实验课程的教学实际,我们提出了大学物理实验教学的具体措施。     

中学物理到大学物理的过渡教学研究

大学物理是理工类学生的必修课,往往因为学习或教学过程忽略与中学物理结合等问题,成为大部分学生的难点课程.因此,文章对中学物理到大学物理的过渡教学进行研究,主要为学生对大学物理的学习提供帮助,为教师教学提供参考.     

北京大学DC-SC光阴极注入器的升级设计

 基于直流电子枪-超导加速腔（DC-SC）光阴极注入器样机的初步实验结果,北京大学提出了新的注入器的改进设计。新注入器核心结构包括皮尔斯枪和3+1/2超导腔。文章给出了它们的详细结构参数,然后采用程序,对注入器的束流动力学进行了模拟。结果发现：新注入器可以提供具有高束流品质、高平均流强的电子束,束团的电荷量100 pC,横向发射度低于2 mm·mrad,脉宽5 ps,rms束斑可达0.5 mm,重复频率81.25 MHz;也可以提供电荷量为300 pC低重复频率的高峰值流强的电子束,其横向发射度小于3 mm·mrad,脉宽约为9 ps,以满足北京大学自由电子激光（PKU-FEL）实验平台的要求。     

北京大学DC-SC光阴极注入器的升级设计

基于直流电子枪-超导加速腔（DC-SC）光阴极注入器样机的初步实验结果,北京大学提出了新的注入器的改进设计。新注入器核心结构包括皮尔斯枪和3+1/2超导腔。文章给出了它们的详细结构参数,然后采用程序,对注入器的束流动力学进行了模拟。结果发现：新注入器可以提供具有高束流品质、高平均流强的电子束,束团的电荷量100 pC,横向发射度低于2 mm·mrad,脉宽5 ps,rms束斑可达0.5 mm,重复频率81.25 MHz;也可以提供电荷量为300 pC低重复频率的高峰值流强的电子束,其横向发射度小于3 mm·mrad,脉宽约为9 ps,以满足北京大学自由电子激光（PKU-FEL）实验平台的要求。     

Kavli Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics at Peking University

The Kavli Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics at Peking University （KIAA-PKU） was found in 2007. which was jointly supported by Peking University and Kavli Foundation （USA）. KIAA-PKU is dedicated to promoting basic research in China with the highest international standards,     

北京大学国产大晶粒铌材超导腔的性能研究

大晶粒铌材是射频超导领域的研究热点之一. 采用大晶粒铌材的射频超导谐振腔, 其后处理工艺可以大大简化. 北京大学对此进行了深入细致的研究, 自主研制了采用国产大晶粒铌材的射频超导腔, 对这些超导腔进行了简单的表面处理, 包括标准的化学抛光(BCP)和120℃低温烘烤处理, 未进行非常复杂的电抛光处理, 低温性能测试结果表明其低温超导性能优越, 大晶粒1.3GHz超导腔的加速梯度达到了43.5MV/m, 为我国超导加速器的国产化打下了基础.     

北京大学1MeV RFQ加速器性能优化研究

在入口归一化均方根发射度为0.05mm.mrad时, 北京大学1MeV 射频四极场加速器ISR-1000束流传输效率为97%. 当更换新的ECR源时发射度增加到0.2mm.mrad, 此时束流传输效率下降为89%. 在不改变腔体结构的前提下, 对入口参数及极间电压进行了优化调整, 将效率提高到98%. 还进行了ISR-1000对入射束流参数的敏感性分析, 给出了各参数允许的变化范围.     

Recent progress of laser driven particle acceleration at Peking University

Recently, radiation pressure acceleration （RPA） has been proposed and extensively studied, which shows that circularly polarized （CP） laser pulses can accelerate mono-energetic ion bunches in a phase-stable-acceleration （PSA） way from ultrathin foils. It is found that self-orgizing proton beam can be stably accelerated to GeV in the interaction of a CP laser with a planar target at 1022 W/cm2. A project called Compact LAser Plasma proton Accelerator （CLAPA） is approved by MOST in China recently. A prototype of laser driven proton accelerator （1 to 15 MeV/1 Hz） based on the PSA mechanism and plasma lens is going to be built at Peking University in the next five years. It will be upgraded to 200 MeV later for applications such as cancer therapy, plasma imaging and fast ignitiou for inertial confine fusion.     

对大学物理与中学物理教学衔接的调查分析与改进建议

用教育教学的系统科学理论原理论证大学物理与中学物理教学衔接的科学性和重要性,从学生学的角度,对大中学物理教学现状进行问卷调查,呈现目前学生对课程衔接的适应现状,分析调查结果并提出几点改进建议．     

原子钟与相关物理学的研究

文章介绍了半个多世纪以来北京大学在原子钟与相关物理学研究方面的简况,其中包括光抽运碱金属汽室型、原子束型、激光抽运频率标准以及冷原子物理的研究.文章阐明了原子钟的基本工作原理、主要性能及其与各种物理因素的关系,叙述了提高汽室频标光抽运效率与降低各种频移和减少谱线增宽因素影响的方法.此外,还介绍了原子束频标中的Majorana跃迁研究、光抽运铯钟中解决长期工作与长期频率稳定度难题以及冷原子钟的一些设想等研究成果.     

A miniaturized 2.45 GHz ECR ion source at Peking University

A miniaturized 2.45 GHz permanent magnet electron cyclotron resonance(PMECR) ion source, which has the ability of producing a tens-m A H+beam, has been built and tested at Peking University(PKU). Its plasma chamber dimension is Φ30 mm×40 mm and the whole size of the ion source is Φ180 mm×130 mm. This source has a unique structure with the whole source body embedded into the extraction system. It can be operated in both continuous wave(CW) mode and pulse mode. In the CW mode, more than 20 m A hydrogen ion beam at 40 k V can be obtained with the microwave power of 180 W and about 1 m A hydrogen ion beam is produced with a microwave power of 10 W. In the pulse mode, more than50 m A hydrogen ion beam with a duty factor of 10% can be extracted when the peak microwave power is 1800 W.     

北京大学国产大晶粒铌材超导腔的性能研究

大晶粒铌材是射频超导领域的研究热点之一.采用大晶粒铌材的射频超导谐振腔,其后处理工艺可以大大简化.北京大学对此进行了深入细致的研究,自主研制了采用国产大晶粒铌材的射频超导腔,对这些超导腔进行了简单的表面处理,包括标准的化学抛光(BCP)和120.C低温烘烤处理,未进行非常复杂的电抛光处理,低温性能测试结果表明其低温超导性能优越,大晶粒1.3GHz超导腔的加速梯度达到了43.5MV/m,为我国超导加速器的国产化打下了基础.     

原子钟与相关物理学的研究

文章介绍了半个多世纪以来北京大学在原子钟与相关物理学研究方面的简况,其中包括光抽运碱金属汽室型、原子束型、激光抽运频率标准以及冷原子物理的研究.文章阐明了原子钟的基本工作原理、主要性能及其与各种物理因素的关系,叙述了提高汽室频标光抽运效率与降低各种频移和减少谱线增宽因素影响的方法.此外,还介绍了原子束频标中的Majorana跃迁研究、光抽运铯钟中解决长期工作与长期频率稳定度难题以及冷原子钟的一些设想等研究成果.     

大学与中学物理实验教学衔接问题研究

分析了中学物理实验教学现状，指出大学物理实验教学与中学物理实验教学衔接存在的问题，根据现代教育理论，提出了解决该问题的具体办法．     

山东大学(威海)开展的核物理研究

综述了山东大学威海校区原子核物理研究团队在原子核精细谱学、核天体物理、探测器研制和高能核物理等方向开展的研究工作及最新进展;尤其重点介绍了$A\sim 110$核区原子核的形状共存和带交叉延迟,“订书机”和“雨伞”模式转动带,碳氮氧循环过程中关键核反应的测量进展,中子星参数化的状态方程及双中子星并合引力波研究,带电粒子探测器的设计与制作,相对论重离子碰撞物理中量子输运理论和高阶反常输运等研究工作,并展望了下一步的工作重点。