核心素养视角下议亚里士多德的运动学观点

在高中物理学习阶段,学生对亚里士多德这个伟大的科学家有了一定的认识,但有部分教师对亚里士多德的认识存在误区,使学生对亚里士多德的认识有片面性.在大力提倡培养学生核心素养形势下,本文从亚里士多德的研究经历及物理学的发展历程,重新解读亚里士多德关于自由落体和力与运动关系的描述,使高中学生对亚里士多德的观点有一个正确、全面的...     

混沌，牛顿力学体系的再认识

混沌，牛顿力学体系的再认识邓家干，王兰芳（广西农业大学南宁）（陕西工学院汉中）本世纪前期，物理学家发现了相对论及量子力学。相对论消除了关于绝对空间与时间的幻想，使物理学对空间与时间的认识向前飞跃了一大步；量子力学则消除了关于可控测量过程牛顿式的梦，使...     

亚里士多德与物理学

物理学这门学科就是由亚里士多德创立的，研究了亚里士多德的物理学观点包括：（1）“四因说”；（2）“静止惯性和近距说”；（3）“自然界憎恶真空”学说；（4）地球球形说。     

望远镜的色差问题——小议牛顿在光学上为数不多的一次失误

我们知道，《光学》是牛顿的一本经典著作，该书副标题是“关于光的反射、折射、拐折和颜色的论文”，它集中反映了牛顿在光学研究方面的成就，其中最具代表的就是颜色理论。在光学发展的早期，人们对颜色的解释极为困难．在牛顿以前，欧洲人对颜色的认识流行着亚里士多德的观点，亚里士多德认为，颜色不是物体客观的性质，而是人们主观的感觉，一切颜色的形成都是光明与黑暗、白与黑按比例混合的结果。1663年玻义耳也曾研究了物体的颜色问题，他认为物体的颜色并不是属于物体的实质性的性质，     

关于亚里士多德落体运动结论的思考

1发现落体运动规律的传统描述谈到人类对落体运动的认识过程,不得不提到古希腊哲学家亚里士多德和意大利物理学家伽利略.从亚里士多德到伽利略再到牛顿,是人类对运动理性认识过程的几个里程碑.所有涉及落体运动的教科书上都写到,亚里士多德认为重的物体比轻的物体下落得快,而伽利略通过两种方式推翻了亚里士多德的结论.     

经典动力学与热力学的冲突

经典动力学与热力学的冲突韦文生（广西梧州师专贺州５４２８００）经典动力学与热力学关于时、空的根本观念和思维方法是冲突的。本文是作者对经典动力学与热力学的透视与比较，无意于挑起两种学说的论战，敬请同仁明鉴。１时间的可逆与时间之矢。时间的文化概念很不相同...     

阿奎那（Aquinas，Saint Thomas，约1225—1274）意大利神学家（Theologian，Italy）

阿奎那1240年进入那波利大学，以后在1244年加入多明我会（天主教派别之一），他的家庭对此竭力反对而将他软禁起来。他于1245年逃往巴黎，在阿尔伯特大师骷指导下学习。以后，他开始写关于亚里士多德^A17的评论并赢得极大声誉。他在意大利及法国各地教书，但他拒绝接受高的职位，包括那波利大主教职位。他成功建立了一种使亚里士多德哲学和天主教神学相协调的混合思想体系。     

两电极静电同心球系统的近轴电子光学及其空间-时间像差

将从近轴解出发研究两电极静电同心球系统的空-时轨迹及其像差.由近轴轨迹方程和近轴运动方程出发,先求解两电极静电同心球系统中自光阴极逸出的运动电子的近轴空间-时间轨迹,然后讨论此系统的静动态电子光学及其空间-时间像差,揭示近轴光学系统成像的一般规律.文中定义和推导了各级近轴空间像差和近轴时间像差,得到了与关于近轴空间-时间像差同样的结论,表明完全可以直接由近轴轨迹方程和近轴运动方程出发来研究理想成像及其空间-时间像差.     

激光雷达大气湍流测量方法研究

 报道了一种用激光雷达方法测量大气湍流的技术，利用发射激光束在空间所需位置产生一个聚焦光斑，通过此光斑处的大气分子瑞利散射机制形成一个空间的人造散射光源，接收系统对此光源的散射光进行探测，测量出从地面到此空间散射光源之间的大气湍流参数。给出了对武汉上空大气湍流测量的初步结果。得到了不同高度层的大气相干长度随时间的变化特性、平均值和起伏均方差，并对实验测量和模型计算的大气折射率结构常数在相应高度段的积分值进行了比较，二者积分值都在10-12量级，得到的结果基本相符。这种测量方法的实现，为测量空间不同方位、不同距离的大气湍流提供了一种新的手段。     

教学设计形成性评价与修改——物理教学设计系列讲座之五

教学设计方案是课堂教学过程设计中各要素分析和设计的终结性成果．对教学设计方案进行评价是教学设计的基本内容之一；教学设计的涵义本身就包括了对解决问题的预想方案进行评价的要求．通过评价，可以获取关于教学设计方案有效性、完整性、规范性、可实施性、创新性等方面的基本信息，     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Femtosecond Transform-Limited Pulse Generation by Compensating for the Linear Chirp of SPM Spectra in Dispersion Shifted Fibers

A simple technique of pulse compression, based on the linear chirp compensation of self-phase modulation (SPM) spectra in dispersion shifted fibers, is demonstrated. The optimization procedure is carried out, for a short span of a single-mode fiber, using a parabolic law, which describes the behavior of the squared output pulse width versus the pump peak power in the case of Gaussian pulses. The experimental results give a minimum pulse duration of 233 fs, which is in good agreement with the model. Shorter and coherent pulses, down to 90 fs, have been obtained by inserting an interference filter at the optical output.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Sorting of bending magnets for the SSRF booster

The Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF)booster ring,a full energy injector for the storage ring,is deigned to accelerate the electron beam energy from 150MeV to 3.5GeV that demands high extraction efficiency at the extraction energy with low beam loss rate when electrons are ramping.Closed orbit distortion(COD)caused by bending magnet field uniformity errors which affects the machine performance harmfully could be effectively reduced by bending magnet location sorting.Considering the affections of random errors in measurement,both ideal sorting and realistic sorting are studied based on measured bending magnet field uniformity errors and one reasonable combination of bending magnets which can reduce the horizontal COD by a factor of 5is given as the final installation sequence of the booster bending magnets in this paper.     

Measurement of nonlinear coefficient of optical fiber based on small chirped soliton transmission

We measure the waveform and phase curves of short optical pulses before and after transmission over different lengths of fibers by use of the pulse analyzer with the frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG),and numerically simulate pulse evolution under the experimental conditions.The nonlinear coefficient of the fiber is given by comparing the experimental results with the numerical ones.Difference between the experiment and numerical simulation is analyzed.     

Resonance scattering of canonical elastic shells in absorbing fluid medium

Resonance scattering of elastic spherical shell and cylindrical shell while the surrounding fluid medium has absorption is studied. The normal mode solution derived using exact elastic theory and the separation of variables is still applicable. However, the scattering form function has to be modified for the absorbing medium, otherwise the unreasonable result would be obtained. The backscattering form function in the absorbing medium is redefined, and the form function of elastic spherical and cylindrical shell with vacuum or solid matter filled is calculated in various absorption conditions. The results show that the absorption of surrounding fluid leads to notable attenuation of the coincidence resonances in the mid-frequency, but it has a little influence on the low-frequency resonance scattering induced by the filler inside the shell.     

Single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance sensor with high detection resolution

A versatile and low-cost single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance(SPR)sensing system with ultra-high resolution performance is presented.The system exhibits a root-mean-square phase fluctuation of ±0.0028.over a period of 45 min.i.e.a resolution of±5.2×10-9 refractive index units.The enhanced performance has been achieved through the incorporation of three design elements:a true single-beam configuration enabling complete self-referencing so that only the phase change associated with SPR gets detected,a differential measurement scheme to eliminate spurious signals not related to the sensor response,and the elimination of retardation drifts by incorporating temperature stabilization in the liquid crystal phase modulato .Our design should bring the detection sensitivity of non-labeling SPR biosensing closer to that achievable by conventional fluorescence-based techniques.     

Influences of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold of Ta2O5 films

Ta2O5 films are prepared on BK7 substrates with conventional electron beam evaporation deposition.The effects of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) of the films are investigated.The results show that SiO2 protective layers exert little influence on the electric field intensity(EFI)distribution,microstructure and microdefect density but increase the absorption slightly.Annealing iS effective on decreasing the microdefect density and the absorption of the films.Both SiO2 protective layers and annealing are beneficial to the damage resistance of the films and the latter is more effective to improve the LIDT.Moreover,the maximal LIDT of Ta2O5 films is achieved by the combination of SiO2 protective layers and annealing.     

A stereo matching algorithm using multi-peak candidate matches and geometric constraints

Gray cross correlation matching technique is adopted to extract candidate matches with gray cross correla- tion coefficients less than some certain range of maximal correlation coefficient called multi-peak candidate matches. Multi-peak candidates are extracted corresponding to three closest feature points at first. The corresponding multi-peak candidate matches are used to construct the model polygon. Correspondence is determined based on the local geometric relations between the three feature points and the multi-peak candidates. The disparity test and the global consistency checkout are applied to eliminate the remaining ambiguous matches that are not removed by the local geometric relational test. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is feasible and accurate.