Design and test of the microwave cavity in an optically-pumped Rubidium beam frequency standard

We are developing a compact rubidium atomic beam frequency standard with optical pumping and detection.The cavity for microwave interrogation is an important part of the clock.The cavity in our design is a Ramsey-type,E-bend one,which is the same as the conventional method in most cesium beam clocks.Requirements for the design are proposed based on the frequency shift associated with the cavity.The basic structure of the cavity is given by theoretical analysis and detailed dimensions are determined by means of electromagnetic field simulation with the help of commercial software.The cavity is manufactured and fabricated successfully.The preliminary test result of the cavity is given,which is in good agreement with the simulation.The resonant frequency is 6.835 GHz,equal to the clock transition frequency of87Rb,and the loaded quality factor is 500.These values are adjustable with posts outside the cavity.Estimations on the Ramsey line width and several frequency shifts are made.     

Optical devices based on materials with negative refraction

The Abbe invariant is obtained for media with negative refractive index, which allows calculations of optical devices with elements characterized by negative refraction. Formulas for calculating the source-image distances and the magnification provided by various lenses with negative refraction are derived. Block diagrams are given for the focusator, microscope, and spectrograph in which materials with negative refraction are used. The microscope and focusator magnifications are estimated. The linear dispersion is calculated for the spectrograph in which a plane-parallel plate with negative refraction is used as a spectral element.     

Jefferson国家实验室（JLab）简介

简要介绍了JLab的一般情况、JLab高性能加速器CEBAF（Continue Electron Beam Accelerator Facility）和3个实验大厅的主要实验设备。着重介绍了CEBAF的连续束流与实验大厅的高密靶及高精度谱仪结合所得到的高精度实验结果，介绍了JLab实验室要解决的根本问题、相应的物理课题以及中国组正在参与数据分析和正在做的实验。最后简要介绍了CEBAF升级至12 GeV及其带来新的研究机会和新的物理课题，以及中国组与JLab的合作情况。The general situation of JLab is briefly introduced. The accelerator CEBAF with high quality and the equipments in the three Halls are described. The experimental results with high accuracies, which were obtained by using continue beam with high energy resolution, and high density target and high resolution spectrometers in the halls, are presented with two examples. The basic physics problems which JLab intends to solve, and the programs which JLab completed and is going to do, are stated. The programs which China group is cooperating with other groups are emphasized. The energy escalation for CEBAF will bring new opportunities for scientific researches.     

带宽对平顶高斯宽带激光传输特性的影响

研究了横向分布为平顶高斯模式的宽带激光在自由空间的传输特性,分析了频带宽度对其强度分布的影响。首先推导了平顶高斯模式宽带激光的每一频率分量在自由空间的传输公式,然后将频率域的传输公式通过傅里叶变换得到时间域的传输公式。基于推导的公式通过数值算例给出了不同频带宽度激光光束的强度分布结果,详细分析了空间模式的变化和时空耦合现象。研究结果表明:随着传输距离增大,平顶高斯空间模式趋于高斯分布。同时随着带宽增大,平顶高斯模式宽带激光表现出更强的时空耦合现象,并导致其空间横向分布发生明显变化。变化的主要特征为波前的强度分布随带宽增大而变窄,波后的强度分布则随带宽增大而远离轴中心向外扩展。     

菲涅耳波带板扫描全息术透过高散射介质成像

将菲涅耳波带板扫描全息术用于高散射介质成像技术中。对于编码函数非负给物体的再现像带来的背景噪音．提出采用构造复合全息图的方法来消除。在实验中运用该方法得到了信噪比和衬比度较好的物体的再现像。计算并测试了系统的点扩展函数,实验结果与理论计算结果相吻合．其结果都接近于二维的δ函数。用菲涅耳波带板扫描全息成像系统进行了成像实验．得到了嵌埋在浓度为1％、深度为1．7cm的脂肪乳剂中的吸收体清晰的再现像,吸收体为直径0．4mm的金属丝和内径为6．0mm的金属环,另外．也得到了直径为2．5mm的黑塑料球的再现像。     

Diffractional Nuclear Processes Involving Composite Particles

The diffractional picture of nuclear processes at high energies involving composite particles is given. The solution of the Lippmann-Schwinger equation for the problem on scattering in the scattering center systems is considered in the high-energy approximation. The general formulas for the cross section of different diffractional processes with particle transmission are obtained. The effects of multiple scattering and their mutual compensation are discussed. The applicability conditions of the diffractional approach are discussed. The diffractional processes during the interaction of high-energy deuterons with nuclei are considered in detail. Without the assumption of deuteron size smallness compared to nuclear size, the cross sections of different diffractional processes are calculated with nuclear boundary diffusion taken into account. The nonmonotonic dependence of the diffractional disintegration cross section for deuterons on the mass number is shown due to the influence of nuclear boundary diffusion. The role of the diffractional and the Coulomb mechanisms of interaction depending on the nuclear mass number is discussed. The calculated dependences are compared with experimental data. The interference during the multiple scattering and its relationship with the diffractional structure of the angular scattering during the scattering on the composite systems are considered. The comparison the between diffractional approximation and different variations of the impulse approximation is made.     

Model of a polaron superconductor

This paper studies the mechanism of superconductivity in the case where the electrons are strongly coupled to lattice vibrations and, therefore, are in the state of small polarons. The consideration is based on the Holstein model with zero lattice-vibration dispersion and represents a consistent realization of the BCS approach (with no need arising for boson introduction). The ground state and the excitation spectrum are found. The current states are studied and the criterion of their stability is formulated. The superconducting transition temperature is shown to increase without limit with increasing electron-phonon coupling constant. This is accompanied by an exponential decrease in the critical current. Some fundamental properties of high-temperature superconductors are shown to follow directly from this model.     

Solving Dirac Equation with New Ring-Shaped Non-Spherical Harmonic Oscillator Potential

A new ring-shaped non-harmonic oscillator potential is proposed. The precise bound solution of Dirac equation with the potential is gained when the scalar potential is equal to the vector potential. The angular equation and radial equation are obtained through the variable separation method. The results indicate that the normalized angle wave function can be expressed with the generalized associated-Legendre polynomial, and the normalized radial wave function can be expressed with confluent hypergeometric function. And then the precise energy spectrum equations are obtained. The ground state and several low excited states of the system are solved. And those results are compared with the non-relativistic effect energy level in Phys. Lett. A 340 （2005） 94. The positive energy states of system are discussed and the conclusions are made properly.     

Master equations for time correlation functions of a quantum system interacting with stochastic perturbations and applications to emission and absorption line shapes

The stochastic and quantum dynamics of open quantum systems interacting with stochastic perturbations in considered. The master equations for one time and multi-time correlation functions of such a system are derived to all orders in the interaction with the stochastic perturbations. The importance of the non-markovian character of such equations in the study of various problems in optical resonance is discussed. The simplified form of the non-markovian master equations in Born approximation is also given. It is shown that such non-markovian master equations in Born approximation are exact if there is only one random perturbation, of the telegraphic signal type, acting on the system. The master equations for the linear response functions of an open system interacting with stochastic perturbations are also derived. The non-markovian master equations for multitime correlations are used to study the behaviour of two level atoms interacting with fluctuating laser fields. Both amplitude and phase fluctuations are taken into account. Explicit results are presented for the spectrum of resonance fluorescence, absorption spectrum, photon antibunching effects etc. The calculations are done for arbitrary values of the relaxation parameters and intial conditions. In general the fluorescence spectrum is found to be asymmetric for off resonant fields.     

Measurement of Argon-Density Nonuniformities in Argon-Cesium MHD Plasmas

The heavy particle-density nonuniformities correlated with the observed arc structure of closed-cycle magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) generators are measured with a quantitative schlieren technique called the laser-beam deflection method. The experiments are performed with a shock-tube MHD generator working with an atmospheric cesium-seeded argon plasma. The evaluation of argon density and temperature profiles from the experiments is discussed and the results are presented. It is shown that an argon-density nonuniformity is associated with every arc, and that the argon density within the arc is about 25 percent lower than the density outside.     

Pion production in central high energy nuclear collisions

A model for pion production is studied in the context of a cascade calculation. The pions are produced through Δ-resonances which are allowed to decay. The emitted pions are assumed to interact with the other nucleons by forming new Δ -resonances. The time evolution of the pion and Δ-population is studied; it is found that Δs are always more numerous than pions during the sequence of baryon-baryon collisions. The spectrum of the pions is in considerably better agreement with experiment than the one obtained with frozen Δ-isobars. The presence of Δ-resonances appears to be important for the cooling of the pion system. The pion multiplicity is found to deviate from a Poisson distribution. The pion yield is overestimated by at least 25%; this result is discussed within the framework of conventional dynamics.     

Elastic scattering of slow positrons on atoms

The results of calculations of the elastic scattering cross section of positrons on noble gas and alkali atoms are presented. The calculations are performed within the one-electron Hartree-Fock approximation with multielectron correlations in the so-called random phase approximation with exchange taken into account. Virtual positronium formation is taken into account and proved to be very important. Arguments are presented that the positron polarization potential is repulsive for alkali atoms. The results obtained are in a reasonable agreement with experiment and with some previously reported calculations.     

Periodic solution of the generalized Rayleigh equation

The periodic solutions of a strongly cubic nonlinear oscillator whose motion is described with the generalized Rayleigh equation are studied. Approximate analytic solving methods are introduced. A new method based on homotopy and averaging is developed to determine the limit cycle motion. The obtained analytical solutions are compared with those calculated by the elliptic harmonic balance method with generalized Fourier series and Jacobian elliptic functions. Three types of cubic nonlinearity are considered: the coefficients of the linear and cubic terms are positive, the coefficient of the linear term is positive and that of the cubic term is negative and the opposite case. Comparisons of the analytical solution and numerical solution, obtained by using the Runge-Kutta method, are illustrated with examples.     

β射线在铝膜中的吸收研究

利用磁谱仪得到不同能量的单能电子束,让这些电子束穿过不同厚度的铝膜,研究不同能量的电子在铝膜中的吸收系数和能损,得出吸收系数与电子能量的经验公式,与已有的吸收系数经验公式进行了比较,测量到的能损和Fluka软件模拟计算的结果进行了对比,观察到它们之间都能够较好地符合。说明该实验测量的数据和得到的质量吸收系数公式是可靠的,对β射线的防护具有重要参考价值,Fluka软件能够用于较高能量电子能损的计算。     

Fibre position effects on the operation of opto-pair fibre displacement sensors

In this article, two optical-fibre probes used in displacement measurements are reported. In one arrangement, two optical fibres with protective buffer jackets are placed together, while in the second arrangement, the protective buffer jackets are removed and the two fibres are placed with the claddings in contact, with a concomitant smaller centre-centre distance. As the core and cladding diameters are the same in both probes, the effect of the centre-centre distance on double-fibre designs can be investigated. The reflected output powers are recorded for the probes as a function of the axial distance from a reflective surface. A theoretical model is also implemented, which considers the effect of centre-to-centre separation of the optical fibres on the sensor performance, and the experimental results are compared with the theoretical predictions. The computed response curve includes a dead region where there is no response to displacement, an active region with an increasing reflection power with increasing displacement and a decaying region in which the reflected power decreases with increase in displacement. The operational performance criteria of the two probes are also investigated. The hysteresis, reproducibility and time stability of the probes are investigated. The hysteresis is approximately 1%, reproducibility approximately 1.1% and time stability is better than 1.5% (600 s time scale) in both probes.     

二维Janus结构的PdSSe/石墨烯接触特性的第一性原理探究

Janus结构由于其两侧的原子不同,存在一个内建电场.在本工作中,将具有Janus结构的六角PdSSe与石墨烯复合,构成范德瓦尔斯异质结构.通过基于密度泛函理论的第一性原理计算对其几何结构和电子结构进行了研究.计算中考虑了两种堆叠方式,即Se侧与石墨烯接触和S侧与石墨烯接触.当S侧与石墨烯接触时,体系具有更小的平衡间距和更大的电荷转移,结合能更低. S侧与石墨烯接触时形成了为n型欧姆接触;Se侧与石墨烯接触时形成了势垒极低的n型肖特基接触.最后,讨论了垂直应变对接触特性的影响.通过施加垂直应变,PdSSe/石墨烯的接触类型具有显著的可调性.     

Locally ordered regions in the phase transition in the systems with a finite-range correlated quenched disorder

The locally ordered regions (LOR) in the phase transition in disordered systems are studied. There are two parts in this paper. One part is to report our numerical results on the one-dimensional saddle point equation of the Ginzburg-Landau Hamiltonian with random temperature in the presence of an ordering field. The disordered system is modelled as a lattice, on which each cell has a local reduced temperature. The random part of the local reduced temperature is distributed in the Gaussian form. The one-dimensional saddle point equation is solved numerically. The average, the fluctuation and the correlation length of the solution are calculated. The scaling relations for these quantities with the temperature, the ordering field and the disorder strength are derived. The numerical data are fitted with the scaling relations well. Another part is to discuss qualitatively the phase diagram of the finite-range correlated disordered systems. There are two proposed classes for the phase transition in connection with the LOR. One class is described by the percolative scenario, in which the phase transition is inhomogeneous. In the percolative scenario the percolation of the LOR dominates the phase transition. In another class, the phase transition is homogeneous, and can be described by the renormalization group (RG) with replica symmetry breaking (RSB). In the RG with RSB, there is nothing to do with the percolation of LOR. We shall show that these two theories, which seem contradictory, may describe two parts of the whole phase diagram. Whether the phase transition is homogeneous or inhomogeneous depends on the interaction between the LOR. If the interaction between the LOR is strong enough, the phase transition is percolative and inhomogeneous. If the interaction between the LOR is weak, the phase transition is homogeneous. The interaction between the LOR is discussed with the numerical solution on the saddle point equation.     

Statistic and collective properties of the fireball formed in relativistic reactions of very massive ions

Some recent analyses performed with the FOPI Detector at GSI for the Au(150–600 AMeV)+Au reactions are presented and discussed. The emphasis is put first on the quality of the fireball selection. To this aim, several approaches are examined and compared. Different aspects of the fireball decay are presented. The thermal and chemical equilibrium of the fireball are examined and the baryonic entropy is determined. The extracted values depart from those of earlier measurements and agree well with hydrodynamic predictions. The collective flow (sideward and squeeze-out) is measured as a function of centrality, charge of the ejectiles and bombarding energy. Comparisons with quantum molecular dynamical model predictions are shown and discussed. The shape of the flow in the particular case of highly central reactions is presented. A transverse flow, mostly contained in the azimuthal plane, is evidenced for the first time. In all these analyses the relevance of the cluster measurements is underlined.