空孔与运动裂纹相互作用的动焦散线实验研究

为研究预制裂纹不同偏移距离时运动裂纹与空孔的相互作用规律,采用动态焦散线实验系统,将预制裂纹的偏移距离设定为唯一变量,对含空孔的有机玻璃(PMMA)试件进行冲击三点弯实验。研究表明,存在两个临界距离:（6 mm (2 R )、9 mm (3 R )）,在该偏移距离下,裂纹扩展轨迹、动态断裂特性发生显著改变:(1) 预制裂纹偏移距离不大于3 mm时,裂纹贯穿空孔,发生二次起裂,且二次起裂的速度与应力强度因子显著大于一次起裂,无偏移时裂纹轨迹的分形维数为最小值;(2) 偏移距离增大至6 mm时,裂纹不再贯穿空孔,空孔对裂纹先吸引后排斥,裂纹速度与应力强度因子先减小后增大,裂纹轨迹的分形维数达到最大值;(3) 偏移距离大于6 mm时,空孔对裂纹的吸引作用逐渐减小,大于9 mm后,空孔对裂纹的吸引不再显著,裂纹起裂后即向落锤加载方向扩展直至贯穿试件。     

冲击载荷下扩展裂纹尖端动态能量释放率分布的焦散线分析

借助高速摄影捕捉裂纹瞬态扩展过程，利用动态焦散线研究了含有裂纹的三点弯曲梁在冲击载荷作用下扩展裂纹尖端的动态能量释放率分布规律；综合分析了裂纹扩展时间、长度、速度，以及扩展裂纹尖端动态应力强度因子与它的变化关系，表明了动态能量释放率在裂纹扩展过程中的驱动作用。     

缺陷介质切槽爆破断裂行为的动焦散线实验

利用数字激光动态焦散线实验系统,对含缺陷介质在切槽爆破和普通炮孔爆破中爆生裂纹的断裂行为进行对比研究。结果表明,切槽爆破中沿切槽方向起裂的主裂纹比非切槽方向早10 μs,有利于能量优先沿切槽方向释放;切槽方向主裂纹的起裂韧度为0.58 MN/m3/2,其裂纹扩展的平均速度为277 m/s,分别是普通爆破时主裂纹相应值的54%和86%;当切槽方向主裂纹与缺陷介质贯通后,为爆生气体提供了足够的膨胀空间,诱导爆生气体向预制裂纹两端释放,翼裂纹起裂以Ⅰ型拉伸破坏为主,并在裂纹扩展的60~250 μs内,Ⅰ型动态应力强度因子保持在0.6~0.8 MN/m3/2,形成了明显的平台,延缓了翼裂纹扩展速度的衰减,最终较普通炮孔翼裂纹扩展时间和扩展长度分别增加了22.7%和17.8%。     

节理岩体爆生裂纹扩展动态焦散线模型实验研究

应用动态焦散线测试系统，模拟含节理岩体断裂爆破过程，进行了PMMA模型透射式动态焦散线实验，着重研究了爆炸初始裂纹与节理面夹角不同的情况下，裂纹尖端动态强度因子的变化规律、裂纹穿过节理面的扩展规律、以及炮孔与节理距离不同时裂纹穿过节理扩展的规律。实验结果分析表明，爆生裂纹穿过节理面时，裂纹尖端的动态强度因子和裂纹扩展速度显著下降，穿过节理面后，强度因子又增强；裂纹穿过节理面时，裂纹会沿节理面偏离一段距离后沿原方向继续扩展。实验结果还表明，炮孔与节理间距适宜的情况下，裂纹才会穿过节理继续扩展，间距太小和过大都不利于裂纹的扩展。     

确定裂纹尖端形状及张开位移的焦散线—伪焦散线法实验研究

本文根据反射式焦散线－伪焦散线法和弹塑性断裂力学的基本原理，推导出裂纹尖端形状方程，为测量裂纹尖端的张开位移，提供一种全新的实验方法，本文还引用实例来进行验证．     

切槽孔爆破动态力学特征的动焦散线实验

应用爆炸加载的透射式动焦散线测试系统,分析了有机玻璃切槽孔爆破模型的裂纹动态特征变化规律。比较了不同切槽角度、切槽深度的定向断裂裂纹尖端的扩展长度、扩展速度和动态应力强度因子。初步探讨了切槽爆破的动态效应,研究表明切槽孔爆破早期裂纹破坏模式为爆炸拉应力波作用下的I型快速扩展裂纹,裂纹尖端拉应力集中积聚的较大应变能维持了爆炸裂纹进一步扩展,裂纹尖端扩展后期表现为P波、S波共同作用下的复合型扩展特征。切槽角为60时获得的定向断裂效果最好,合理切槽深度为炮孔半径的1/4～1/2。     

反射焦散线实验中斜入射光对应力强度因子测试精度的影响

本文用空间解析几何方法,推导了在一般非平行斜入射光条件下,裂纹体表面所形成的反射焦散线和初始曲线的方程.分析了倾斜入射光造成的焦散线畸变,给出了这种畸变造成的裂端应力强度因子测量误差的解析表达式.     

动态焦散线实验方法及其在断裂力学中的初步应用

本文给出了静、动态的焦散线方程,和确定裂纹尖端位置、动应力强度因子K_1~d的计算公式,并证明了在裂纹扩张速度较低时,可用静态公式计算,还研究了带预裂纹的三点弯曲梁和圆环在冲击载荷下的断裂问题,得到了系列动态焦散线照片、裂尖位置和动应力强度因子随时间的变化曲线。     

爆炸应力波作用下动、静裂纹相互作用的实验研究

采用数字激光动态焦散线测试系统,研究爆炸应力波作用下动裂纹与预制静裂纹(水平夹角为90°、150°)相互作用机理,以及裂纹扩展的动态行为。结果表明:(1)在动、静裂纹贯通之前,静裂纹两端便出现焦散斑,动、静裂纹贯通以后,静裂纹沿爆炸应力波传播方向扩展,并且扩展速度小于动裂纹扩展速度,也小于无静裂纹时动裂纹扩展速度; (2)静裂纹存在时,动裂纹扩展的总体长度减小。动裂纹起裂时间缩短,扩展速度基本不受静裂纹的影响,裂纹应力强度因子值大于静裂纹两端值; (3)随着静裂纹水平夹角的增大,动、静裂纹贯通时动裂纹沿水平方向偏转距离增大,静裂纹B端反向扩展与动裂纹相互“咬合”,C端裂纹扩展位移和速度增大。     

节理充填物厚度对运动裂纹扩展的影响

为研究冲击载荷作用下节理充填物厚度对裂纹扩展行为的影响,以石膏为有机玻璃预制裂纹充填物,利用新型数字激光动态焦散线实验系统,对3种不同节理充填物厚度的有机玻璃进行三点弯冲击实验。实验结果表明,相同冲击载荷作用下,竖向预制裂纹均竖直向上扩展,是典型的Ⅰ型裂纹,充填物越厚,竖向裂纹越容易起裂。竖直裂纹扩展至水平预制裂纹后,充填物厚度为1、3、5 mm的试件的水平预制裂纹汇聚能量的时间分别为433、2 200、2 580 μs,起裂时的应力强度因子分别为635.2、742.4、906.8 kN/m3/2,表明充填物越厚,水平裂纹越难起裂。水平预制裂纹扩展过程中共发生2次曲裂,是典型的Ⅰ-Ⅱ复合型裂纹,节理充填物越厚,其扩展轨迹越弯曲;当裂纹扩展至距离试件上边界3 mm时,扩展方向偏离第1次裂纹曲裂切线而朝向试件上边界扩展,试件最终断裂,测量发现充填物厚度为1、3、5 mm的试件的断裂点与冲击载荷作用点的距离分别为16.5、11.0、6.0 mm。     

炮药断裂韧性初探

高膛压炮的问世,对炮药的力学性能提出了更高的要求。本文根据炮药的性质、加工和使用的特点,探讨炮药断裂韧性的测定。     

Strain energy release rate for interfacial cracks in hybrid beams

The finite element modeling and fracture mechanics concept were used to study the interfacial fracture of a FRP-concrete hybrid structure. The strain energy release rate of the interfacial crack was calculated by the virtual crack extension method. It is shown that the crack growth has three phases, namely, cracking initiation, stable crack growth and unstable crack propagation. The effects of geometric and physical parameters of the hybrid beam on the energy release rate were considered. These parameters include Young’s moduli of the FRP, the concrete and the adhesive, thickness of the FRP plate and adhesive, and the distance of FRP plate end from the beam end. The numerical results show that the energy release rate of the interfacial crack is influenced considerably by these parameters. The present investigation can contribute to the mechanism understanding and engineering design of the hybrid structures.     

A rigid triangular inclusion partially bonded in an elastic matrix

The two-dimensional problem of a rigid rounded-off angle triangular inclusion partially bonded in an infinite elastic plate is studied. The unbonded part of the inclusion boundary forms an interfacial crack. Based on the complex variable method for curvilinear boundaries, the problem is reduced to a non-homogeneous Hilbert problem and the stress and displacement fields in the plate are obtained in closed form. Special attention is paid in the investigation of the stress field in the vicinity of the crack tip. It is found that the stresses present an oscillatory singularity and the general equations for the local stresses are derived. The singular stress field is coupled with the maximum circumferential stress and the minimum strain energy density criteria to study the fracture characteristics of the composite plate. Results are given for the complex stress intensity factors, the local stresses, the crack extension angles and the critical applied loads for unstable crack growth from its more vulnerable tip or two types of interfacial cracks along the inclusion boundary.     

A numerical method for crack growth analysis in linearly viscoelastic materials

This paper presents a numerical method for the analysis of crack initiation and extension in linearly viscoelastic materials undergoing Mode I plane stress deformation. Plastic deformation near the crack tip is considered by a strip-yielding model. The crack initiation and growth are taken to follow a critical energy release rate fracture criterion, and the plastic work per unit crack extension is included in the calculation of the total energy release rate. The resulting numerical method is presented in algorithmic form and two example problems are solved to demonstrate its application. The two example problems represent unstable and stable crack propagations respectively. The results obtained lend insight into the effect of creep deformation on the initiation and growth of a crack.     

Growth of an arc-crack in bonded dissimilar materials

The problem of growth of a crack lying along the interface of a circular inclusion embedded in an infinite plate is studied within the framework of linear elasticity. The plate is subjected to a uniform uniaxial stress at infinity at any angle of inclination relatively to the crack. The critical load for unstable crack growth, the angle of initial crack extension and the subsequent crack path are investigated using the strain energy density fracture criterion. The combined effect of crack length and orientation on the fracture stress is considered for the case of an aluminum-epoxy composite.     

A new model for fatigue crack propagation in 4340 steel

An investigation on fatigue crack propagation under mode I loading has been performed. Fatigue crack growth data in the case of plane strain mode I have been obtained by performing experiments on compact tension specimens of 4340 steel for increasing ΔK_I, decreasing ΔK_I, and constant ΔK_I loading conditions. Fatigue crack extension predictions have been obtained for Khan's proposed equation [1989], together with the widely used and [1963] and [1967] equations. Khan's equation overcomes the drawbacks associated with the Paris and Forman equations, such as the inclusion of all the three stages of fatigue crack propagation, the nondimensionality of the constant, “C”, and also the accuracy in life prediction. Within the context of Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics and the types of loading performed at the crack tip, it has been shown that Khan's model can accurately predict the crack growth data from near threshold value to the unstable fracture; these predicted values are much more accurate than those from the Paris and Forman equations.     

Fatigue and fracture of bovine dentin

In this paper, the fatigue and fracture properties of bovine dentin are evaluated usingin vitro experimental analyses. Double cantilever beam (DCB) specimens were prepared from bovine maxillary molars and subjected to zeroto-tension cyclic loads. The fatigue crack growth rate was evaluated as a function of the dentin tubule orientation using the Paris law. Wedge-loaded DCB specimens were also prepared and subjected to monotonic opening loads. Moiré interferometry was used to acquire the in-plane displacement field during stable crack growth, and the instantaneous wedge load and crack length were acquired to evaluate the crack growth resistance and crack tip opening displacement (CTOD) with crack extension. The rate of fatigue crack growth was generally larger for crack propagation occurring perpendicular to the dentin tubules. The Moiré fringe fields documented during monotonic crack growth exhibited non-linear deformation occurring within a confined region adjacent to the crack tip. Both the wedge load and CTOD response provided evidence that a fracture process zone contributes to energy dissipation during crack extension and that dentin exhibits a risingR-curve behavior. Results from this preliminary investigation are being used as a guide for an evaluation of the fatigue and fracture properties of human dentin.     

Subcritical and fatigue crack growth in anti-plane strain state

Assuming elastic-plastic material behavior the slow growth of Mode III crack under both monotonic and pulsating loadings is considered. Rice's idea of universal R-curve is employed while the mathematical analysis is based on the one-dimensional plasticity model suggested by Kostrov and Nikitin. Motion of a quasi-static Mode III crack is studied and the stable/unstable transition points are found through application of the final stretch failure condition proposed in 1972 by Wnuk. A logarithmic formula for fatigue crack extension rate is derived. Results are compared to other well-known solutions.     

Theoretical and experimental studies on the extension of cracks subjected to concentrated loading near their faces to compare the criteria for mixed mode brittle fracture

The criteria of maximum tangential stress (MTS), maximum tangential principal stress (MTPS), maximum tangential strain (MTSN) and strain energy density (SED) are applied to problems of infinite sheets with straight cracks loaded at or very near their faces by in-plane point loads. Prediction of the direction of initial crack extension, critical load and unstable crack path are made. Unlike the results reported earlier by various investigators predictions by the four criteria differ substantially. The accuracy in respect of prediction of crack path is checked experimentally for a particular loading. The results indicate that a modification of the definition of the criteria of MTSN and SED is beneficial.     

A boundary element modeling of fatigue crack growth in a plane elastic plate

This paper presents an extension of a boundary element method to fatigue growth analysis of mixed-mode cracked plane elastic bodies. The method consists of the non-singular displacement discontinuity element presented by Crouch and Starfield and the crack-tip displacement discontinuity element due to the author. In the boundary element implementation the left or the right crack-tip element is placed locally at the corresponding left or right crack tip on top of non-singular displacement discontinuity elements that cover the entire crack surface and the other boundaries. Crack growth is simulated with an incremental crack extension analysis based on the modified maximum strain energy density criterion. In numerical simulation, for each increment of crack extension, remeshing of existing boundaries is not required because of an intrinsic feature of the boundary element method. Crack growth is simulated by adding new boundary elements on the incremental crack extension to the previous crack boundaries. At the same time, the element characters of some related elements are adjusted according to the manner in which the boundary element method is implemented. Some numerical results of fatigue growth in a plane elastic plate with a center-inclined crack under uniaxial cyclic loading are given.