微波辐射下碘代芳烃与乙酰乙酸乙酯反应研究

2-芳基乙酸及乙酸酯具有显著的生物生理活性[1],是合成异黄酮[2]、异喹啉[3]衍生物的重要原料.苯乙腈水解法、苯乙酰胺水解法都曾用于芳基乙酸的合成[4].二羰基化合物的直接芳基化是合成该类化合物的最直接有效的方法.这些方法一般需要过渡金属催化剂的催化和配体的参与[5].     

取代戊二烯Ti,V羰基化合物的谱学研究

利用IR，EPR和UV-VIS方法对系列取代戊二烯基钛，钒羰基化合物进行了表征，用EHMO方法对开环夹心化合物[2,4-(CH_3)_2C_2H_5]_2VCO和开、闭环夹心化合物[2,4(CH_3)_2C_5H_5](C_5H)5)VCO进行了计算，对开环夹心羰基化合物，开、闭环夹心羰基化合物及闭环夹心羰基化合物进行了比较．结果表明，开、闭环夹心羰基化合物的性质介于开环夹心羰基化合物和闭环夹心羰基化合物之间，且更接近于开环夹心羰基化合物，开环配体与Ti，V间的化学键较强，对于化合物性质影响较大．     

邻醌与噁唑的光化[4+4]环加成反应

虽然[2+2]和[4+4]环加成反应都是光化学允许的,但[4+4]环加成远不及[2+2]反应普遍.已知的[4+4]环加成主要为蒽、萘、吡啶-2-酮和吡喃-2-酮衍生物的光化二聚以及它们与某些1,3-二烯的环加成.羰基化合物与烯烃一般发生[2+2]环加成(Peterno-B點hi反应).邻醌和α-二羰基化合物与富电子烯烃则已知可进行[2+2]或[4+2]的光化环加成反应,分别得到α-羰基氧杂环丁烷和1,4-二氧杂环己烯.但未知有光化[4+4]环加成反应.     

微波辐射下干反应脱肟成酮的一种新方法

肟已被广泛用于羰基化合物的表征、纯化以及酰胺的合成[1 ] 。人们可以从羰基和非羰基化合物来制备肟 (Ｂａｒｔｏｎ反应[2 ,3] )。因此 ,肟的脱肟成酮也是合成羰基化合物的一种方法。近年来 ,文献中不断有各种脱肟试剂和催化剂 ,如 :三氧化铬 硅胶[4] 、镍 (Ⅱ )复合物[5] 等的研究报道。但这些方法都是在液相中进行的 ,通常需要计量或过量的有机试剂 ,而且反应时间长、产率低[6] 。为了寻找高效的脱肟方法 ,微波辐射下的干反应脱肟研究已愈来愈引起人们的兴趣[1 ,7] ,它具有反应速度快、副反应少、产率高等优点。前文[8] 我们报道了用甲酸…     

噻吩并[2,3-b]吡啶类化合物的合成及生物活性

用邻氨基噻吩腈与不同结构的二羰基化合物反应,合成了新的多取代噻吩并吡啶类衍生物4-氨基-5-取代羰基噻吩并[2,3-b]吡啶-6-酮。用元素分析、红外光谱、核磁共振氢谱和质谱等测试技术对所合成化合物的结构进行了表征。初步生物活性测试表明,该类化合物有较好的杀菌活性和一定的除草活性。     

聚苯乙烯二醋酸碘苯的合成及其在缩氨脲去保护基形成羰基化合物反应中的应用

缩氨脲不仅可用于羰基化合物的分离和纯化[1] ,而且在有机合成中也常用于保护羰基[2～ 5] .因此 ,研究缩氨脲去保护基再生成相应的羰基化合物的方法仍然是有机合成方法中重要的研究课题 .文献报道使缩氨脲去保护基的常用试剂有邻苯二酐[1] 、浓盐酸[6] 、阳离子交换树脂[6,7] 、氯化亚钛[8] 、溴酸钾[9] 和氯化铜 ( )二水合物[10 ] 等 .　　最新研究[11] 发现 ,二醋酸碘苯在含水的乙腈溶液中是酮缩氨脲去保护基形成酮的有效试剂 ,具有反应条件温和 ,产率较高的特点 .但是 ,利用二醋酸碘苯进行反应时 ,同时生成副产物碘苯 ,它难于从产物中分…     

α-溴代二硫缩烯酮的制备及其反应

α-羰基二硫缩烯酮 ( 1 )是一类重要的有机合成中间体 ,作为 1 ,3-亲核体用于酯环、苯系芳烃及芳杂环化合物的合成[1～ 4 ] .Hosomi等 [5～ 7] 用有机铜试剂或二碘化钐和 α-羰基与二甲硫缩烯酮反应 ,将与硫相连的缩烯酮碳原子转化为亲核中心 .用不同的烷硫基作为调控基团将该类中间体用于二萜 pseu-dopterosins的合成 [8～ 10 ] ,并作为替代 Peterson法合成 1 ,1 -二烷硫基 - 1 ,3-丁二烯或 1 ,1 -二烷硫基 - 1 ,3,5 -己三烯 [11,12 ] ,从不同的角度对 α-羰基二硫缩烯酮在合成上的应用进行了新的探索 .Junjappa等 [13,14 ] 曾用 NBS和 …     

关于吖啶氮氧化物与烃、醇、酮等之间的光化夺氢反应中的自由基的研究

有关吖啶及其某些衍生物在亲核加成反应中生成的各种自由基或离子基,曾由J.W.Happ等人予以研究^[1],吖啶本身与某些化合物之间的光化夺氢反应也曾被研究过^[2],而吖啶氮氧化物及其衍生物与烃类等化合物之间的光化夺氢反应研究,则尚未见文献报导。我们用吖啶氮氧化物、9-氯代吖啶氮氧化物和9-氰基吖啶氮氧化物分别与包括环烯烃、芳烃、烷烃、醇及羰基化物在内的15种化合物进行光化学反应,用ESR技术检出了很强而又相当稳定的氮氧自由基信号。     

在FAP存在下氯仿对α-β-不饱和羰基化合物的Michael加成反应

含三氯甲基的化合物是精细有机合成的重要中间体,因为三氯甲基能进行多种的官能团转移。通常直接引入三氯甲基的方法是氯仿与羰基化合物在碱存在下进行亲核加成而得^[1];而氯仿与α,β-不饱和羰基化合物通过Michael加成,引入三氯甲基,尚未见过文献报道。作者在前文^[2,3]已报道了在附载型氟离子试剂KF/Al₂O₃/PEG 4000(简称FAP)的存在下,硝基烷可与α,β-不饱和羰基化合物顺利地进行Michael加成反应,并且发现FAP具有很强的喊性和弱的亲核性。据文献报道^[7],KF/Al₂O₃是环境友好的碱性催化剂,可催化多种有机反应的进行。而作者发现,FAP的表面碱性比KF/Al₂O₃高。因此,作者用FAP做碱,考察氯仿与不饱和羰基化合物的Michael加成;实验发现,可顺利得到含三氯甲基的Michael加成产物,用GC跟踪反应没有发现产生的三氯甲基负离子进一步衰减为二氯卡宾,与双键加成生成三员环化合物。并且用过的FAP经lmmHg,150℃重新活化2小时后可重新使用,不影响反应效果。     

阳离子半径的计算

本文提出阳离子半径计算的新公式.计算结果与文献报道的相近.阳离子半径的数值在文献上已有许多报道.早已被广泛引用的有Pauling^[1]的计算半径与Goldschmidt^[2]由化合物实测数据的归纳值,但这两种数据之间有较大相差,而且还有许多离子(尤其是变价离子)未包含在内.     

Negative ion mass spectra and structure of 4-substituted 1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolones

This is the first study of the electron capture dissociative resonance (ECDR) mass spectra of 4-substituted 1-phenyl-3-methyl-5=pyrazolones. The major features of the fragmentation of these compounds under ECDR. conditions were found relative to their substituent properties. After loss of the methyl group from the nitrogen atom, the pyrazolone ring isomerizes to a pyrazole ring with localization of the negative charge on the oxygen atom of the carbonyl group. The intensity of the [M - Ch₃]^– fragment depends on the substituent properties.Communication 5 in the series on the Mass Spectroscopy of Biologically Active Compounds, For Communication 4, see [1].Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 12, pp. 1663–1670, December, 1985.     

Theoretical study of the acid-promoted hydrolysis of oxazolin-5-one: a microhydration model

The acid-promoted hydrolysis of 2,4,4-trimethyloxazolin-5-one (TMO) is studied employing the density functional theory (B3LYP) method in conjunction with the 6-31++G(d,p) basis set. Two types of reaction mechanism, N-protonated and O-protonated, are considered, involving protonation at the nitrogen and carbonyl oxygen of TMO to activate the C2 and C5 atoms, respectively, in favor of attack by water molecules. In the N-protonated pathway, the nucleophilic water molecule attacks the activated C2 atom, with a proton transfer from the water molecule to the oxygen atom attached to C2 and the fission of the C2-O bond, leading to a cis ring-opening product (N-acyl-alpha-amino isobutyric acid). While, in the O-protonated pathway, the nucleophilic water molecule attacks the activated carbonyl C5 atom, accompanied by a proton transfer from the water molecule toward the nitrogen atom of oxazole ring and the cleavage of C5-O bond; as a result, a corresponding trans product is generated. The water-assisted hydrolysis reactions are also examined together. A local microhydration model, in which an extra water molecule was added to obtain a continuous H-bond network around the reaction centers, was adopted to mimic the system for the two types of reaction processes. In addition, bulk solvent effect is introduced by use of the conductor-like polarizable continuum model (CPCM). Our computational results in kinetics and thermodynamics clearly manifest that the O-protonated pathway with the nucleophilic attack at the carbonyl C5 atom is more favorable than the N-protonated one, in nice agreement with the available experimental conclusion.     

13C NMR spectra of the bases and conjugate acids of 3- and 5-formyl-,acetyl-, and carbethoxypyrroles

The effect of protonation of the oxygen atom of the carbonyl group and the carbon atom of the pyrrole ring on the ¹³C chemical shifts in a series of 3- and 5-formyl-, 3-acetyl-, and 3-carbethoxypyrroles was studied. The structures of the conjugate acids of the 5-carbethoxypyrroles was established on the basis of measurement of the ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectra. It is shown that protonation of the 5-carbethoxypyr roles occurs at the ring 5-C atom in 28–35 N H₂SO₄. The effect of structural factors and the acidity of the medium on the relative stabilities of the CH conjugate acids of the investigated compounds is examined.Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 4, pp. 485–492, April, 1979.     

Regioselectivity in the addition of vinylmagnesium bromide to heteroarylic ketones: C- versus O-alkylation

The reactivity of heteroarylic ketones toward vinylmagnesium bromide (2) and the regiochemistry of the addition were investigated. The reactivity drastically increases when the carbonyl is conjugated with at least one aza group and the regiochemistry of the addition of the vinyl Grignard reagent depends on the carbonyl compound: in the series of di(heteroazolyl) ketones the O-alkylation product was observed as unique with di(1,3-benzothiazol-2-yl) ketone, and in different relative ratios with respect to the classic C-alkylation product with di(1,3-thiazol-2-yl) ketone, (1,3-benzothiazol-2-yl) (1,3-thiazol-2-yl) ketone, and di(1,3-benzoxazol-2-yl) ketone, whereas di(N-methylbenzimidazol-2-yl) ketone gave the exclusive formation of the carbinol. This behavior can be explained by the intervention of the delocalization power of the heterocyclic ring and this was confirmed by the results obtained from the reaction between vinylmagnesium bromide and a series of mixed (1,3-benzothiazol-2-yl) (para-substituted phenyl) ketones, that showed a relative O-/C-alkylation ratio dependent on the nature and on the electronic effect of the substituent on the phenyl ring. The results are in agreement with the existence of intermediate species bearing a negative charge on the benzylic carbonyl carbon atom, and make the O-alkylation reaction between vinyl Grignard reagents and carbonyl compounds no longer a rare case, since it was observed with a number of heterocyclic carbonyl compounds, such as (1,3-benzothiazol-2-yl) aryl ketones and di(heteroaryl) ketones of the pentatomic 1,3-heteroazolic series.     

Reactivity of pyrrol-2-ones. (review)

Published data on the chemical transformations of pyrrol-2-ones are reviewed and analyzed. The extensive synthetic possibilities of compounds containing a pyrrolone ring in the synthesis of various heterocyclic compounds with complex structures are demonstrated. The reactions are arranged according to the reaction centers of the pyrrol-2-ones: The methylene unit, the C=C double bond, the electron-deficient carbon atom of the carbonyl group.Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 10, pp. 1443–1463, October, 2004.     

<!?tlsb=‐0.06pt>Bromido(η5‐carboxycyclopentadienyl)dinitrosylchromium(0) and (η5‐benzoylcyclopentadienyl)bromidodinitrosylchromium(0)

In the structures of each of the title compounds, [CrBr(C₆H₅O₂)(NO)₂], (I), and [CrBr(C₁₂H₉O)(NO)₂], (II), one of the nitrosyl groups is located at a site away from the exocyclic carbonyl C atom of the cyclopentadienyl (Cp) ring, with twist angles of 174.5 (3) and 172.5 (1)°. The observed orientation is surprising, since the NO group is expected to be situated trans to an electron‐rich C atom in the ring. The organic carbonyl plane is turned away from the Cp ring plane by 5.6 (8) and 15.2 (3)°in (I) and (II), respectively. The exocyclic C—C bond in (I) is bent out of the Cp ring plane towards the Cr atom by 2.8 (3)°, but is coplanar with the Cp ring in (II); the angle is 0.1 (1)°.     

Theoretical studies on four-membered ring compounds with NF2, ONO2, N3, and NO2 groups

Density functional theory (DFT) method has been employed to study the geometric and electronic structures of a series of four-membered ring compounds at the B3LYP/6-311G** and the B3P86/6-311G** levels. In the isodesmic reactions designed for the computation of heats of formation (HOFs), 3,3-dimethyl-oxetane, azetidine, and cyclobutane were chosen as reference compounds. The HOFs for N(3) substituted derivations are larger than those of oxetane compounds with --ONO2 and/or --NF2 substituent groups. The HOFs for oxetane with --ONO2 and/or --NF2 substituent groups are negative, while the HOFs for N3 substituted derivations are positive. For azetidine compounds, the substituent groups within the azetidine ring affect the HOFs, which increase as the difluoroamino group being replaced by the nitro group. The magnitudes of intramolecular group interactions were predicted through the disproportionation energies. The strain energy (SE) for the title compounds has been calculated using homodesmotic reactions. For azetidine compounds, the NF2 group connecting N atom in the ring decrease the SE of title compounds. Thermal stability were evaluated via bond dissociation energies (BDE) at the UB3LYP/6-311G** level. For the oxetane compounds, the O--NO2 bond is easier to break than that of the ring C--C bond. For the azetidine and cyclobutane compounds, the homolyses of C--NX2 and/or N--NX2 (X = O, F) bonds are primary step for bond dissociation. Detonation properties of the title compounds were evaluated by using the Kamlet-Jacobs equation based on the calculated densities and HOFs. It is found that 1,1-dinitro-3,3-bis(difluoroamino)-cyclobutane, with predicted density of ca. 1.9 g/cm(3), detonation velocity (D) over 9 km/s, and detonation pressure (P) of 41 GPa that are lager than those of TNAZ, is expected to be a novel candidate of high energy density materials (HEDMs). The detonation data of nitro-BDFAA and TNCB are also close to the requirements for HEDMs.     

Intramolecular hydrogen bonding in imidazole-4(5)-alkoxycarbonyl-5(4)-carboxamide derivatives

The ir spectrum of imidazole derivatives, which have an alkoxycarbonyl group and a carboxamide group at the 4- and 5-positions of the imidazole ring respectively, exhibits the shift of the ester carbonyl band to a lower wave number. This phenomenon was investigated by spectroscopic measurements of a group of relevant compounds. The results indicate that the shift is caused by the intramolecular hydrogen bonds between the hydrogen atom of the amide and the carbonyl oxygen of the ester which is enhanced by the resonance stabilization of the imidazole ring.     

Factors governing intrinsic chemical reactivity differences between clavulanic and penicillanic acids

To help elucidate why penicillin-G is inactivated by certain bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes, whereas clavulanic acid (Clav, which is similar to penicillin-G except at positions 1, 2, and 6) inhibits beta-lactamase, the intrinsic chemical reactivities of these two antibiotics were assessed in this work. Ab initio and continuum dielectric methods were used to map out the gas-phase and solution-phase free-energy profiles for the alkaline hydrolyses of Clav and penicillanic acid (Peni, which is similar to penicillin-G except at position 6) as well as of a fictitious hybrid compound, Peni-db, which is similar to Clav and Peni except at positions 1 and 2, respectively. Furthermore, the ring strain energies of various lactam rings and the five-membered rings of Peni and Clav as well as their respective rate-limiting transition states were computed to assess the contribution of four- and five-membered ring strains to the antibiotic's activity. The predicted product distribution, rate-limiting step, and relative reaction rates for the alkaline hydrolysis of Peni and Clav are in accord with the experimental findings. The rate-limiting step in the alkaline hydrolysis of Peni, Clav, or Peni-db is the approach of the negatively charged hydroxide ion toward the anionic reactant to form a tetrahedral intermediate. The alkaline hydrolysis of Clav generates more stable products than that of Peni mainly because the O1 atom and the hydroxyethylidene group in Clav facilitate the opening of the five-membered ring; furthermore, the O1 atom can abstract a proton easier than the less polar S1 in Peni. Clav undergoes basic hydrolysis faster than Peni mainly because its hydroxyethylidene group leads to an increase in the positive charge on the carbonyl C7 atom, therefore enhancing favorable electrostatic interactions with the incoming hydroxide anion. To a lesser extent, the oxygen at position 1 in Clav also contributes to the rate acceleration because of the greater solvent stabilization of the oxygen-containing transition state as compared to the respective ground state. The inherent strain of the four-membered beta-lactam ring or five-membered ring does not enhance the alkaline hydrolyses of beta-lactam molecules such as Peni or Clav, consistent with the observation that the rate-limiting step does not involve a breakdown of the four-membered beta-lactam ring or five-membered thiazolidine/oxazolidine rings.     

Syntheses of Cyclopropylcarbonyl Compounds

There are three important direct routes to cyclopropylcarbonyl compounds: 1. Cyclization of chains of three carbon atoms, the first or third of which is adjacent to a carbonyl or potential carbonyl carbon atom (this type includes syntheses by intramolecular alkylation of γ-halogeno ketones or related compounds in alkaline media); 2. insertion of a methylene group or substituted methylene group into the olefinic double bond of an α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compound; and 3. introduction of an acetonyl group into the double bond of an olefin. However, cyclopropylcarbonyl compounds can also be obtained from 1,2-epoxycyclobutane and 2-bromocyclobutanone derivatives by ring contraction. Another possibility is the dehalogenation of α,α-bis(bromomethyl) cycloalkanones. This review concludes with a discussion of these little known routes and of a particularly suitable method which involves the reaction of methylene iodide, a Zn? Cu couple, and α,β-unsaturated ketones.