爆破荷载下新型胶凝原料胶结分级尾砂充填采场的动态响应分析

某矿山在下向分层胶结充填采矿法中拟采用新型胶凝原料GSX代替水泥,为了研究爆破振动是否对新型尾砂胶结充填体顶板造成损伤,在爆破振动试验、理论基础分析、实验结果回归分析的基础上,采用FLAC3D软件模拟了回采进路巷道顶板充填体在爆破振动荷载下的动态响应,对3种方案制备的充填体(水泥胶结充填体、灰砂比为1∶6和1∶12的新型尾砂胶结充填体、灰砂比为1∶8的新型尾砂胶结充填体)的稳定性进行对比。模拟结果表明:当爆破振动荷载相同时,水泥胶结充填体和新型尾砂胶结充填体在x、y、z方向的峰值振速差别不大;灰砂比为1∶6和1∶12的新型尾砂胶结充填体的振速略大于水泥胶结充填体,且差值在6.8%以内;灰砂比为1∶8的新型尾砂胶结充填体的振速略小于水泥胶结充填体。因此,以GSX胶结剂为新型胶凝原料,选用两种充填方案,均可达到原工程爆破设计要求。     

由27Al的核磁共振谱看高岭土与针铁矿的胶结本质

通过对高岭土与针铁矿的人工胶结样的²⁷ Al核磁田共振谱的分析,认为氢键生成是胶结本质。     

由29Si NMR谱看高岭土与针铁矿的胶结本质

通过对高岭土与针铁矿的人工胶结样的²⁹Si NMR谱的分析,认为氢键生成是胶结本质.     

套管井体胶结状态对井孔中声传播的影响

从波动方程出发,利用匹配边界条件,木文推导出套管井中由单极子和多极子声源激发的井内声场定解表达式及相应的导波色散方程．利用实轴积分法和快速傅里叶交换数值方法,具体计算了套管井中不同胶结情况时由单极子声源和偶极子声源激发的井轴上不同源距处的全波列波形。结合套管井中的轴对称导波模式,分析了胶结状况对套管井中单极子和偶极子声源激发的声场的影响．研究结果表明：仅利用普通单极子声源或偶极子声源进行套管井测井,难以区分出套管胶结良好、套管与水泥为滑移胶结和自由套管情况三种不同的胶结情况;只有把普通单极子声源测井与偶极子声源测井结合起来,才有可能准确评价套管的胶结情况。     

一种用声幅补偿来判断套管井的水泥胶结质量的方法

本文在声波水泥胶结质量测井中根据声等效衰减系数的概念和一种采用双发双收原理进行声幅补偿来判断套管井水泥胶结质量的方法。作者根据这种概念和方法建立了实验装置,进行了室内试验和声波幅度的数据测量。这种装置大大减小井下仪器在油井中的倾斜偏心,声波换能器的发射,接收灵敏度和井壁透射系数等因素对接收的声波幅度的影响,和目前国产的水泥胶结质量声波测井仪器相比较,提高了声波幅度的测量准确性,从而也就提高了水泥胶结质量声波测井的可靠性。     

分扇区水泥胶结测井胶结质量的定量评价研究*

为了实现分扇区水泥胶结测井仪(SBT)对第二界面(水泥-地层界面)的检测,本文在SBT的声系结构基础上,通过优化声源入射角提出检测水泥胶结质量的新方法。本文首先分析了不同充液条件下薄壁管激发的模态波频散特征;之后应用三维有限差分算法模拟薄壁管和实际套管井在斜入射声源激励下的声场,由计算结果提出激励速度"平台"上的模态有利于检测界面胶结质量;最后通过一系列波场模拟与分析来论证应用接收信号定量评价一二界面胶结质量的可行性。结果表明,特定的入射角可激励出对应速度"平台"处的模态,该模态波的特征较好的体现在接收信号中,可利用其幅度衰减程度判断水泥的胶结质量。该成果为套管井二界面水泥胶结质量的定量检测提供了研究基础。     

CBMT第二界面成像理论和实验研究

长期以来,固井质量测井主要利用声波法探测水泥环第一界面进而评价固井质量,水泥环第二界面是水泥封隔系统的最薄弱环节,其胶结状况评价则一直是固井质量评价的重大难点,通常只能根据声波变密度测井曲线进行定性评价,第二界面胶结评价是测井追求的目标。该文在中海油服自主研发的扇区水泥胶结成像测井仪器CBMT基础上,利用CBMT仪器测量的贴壁全波波形,采取系统的数值模拟配以适当的实验室物理模拟相结合的方式,研究了利用水泥环外侧反射波进行第二界面胶结状况评价的技术可行性及影响因素,得出了在CBMT仪器贴壁全波波形中,来自于水泥环外侧的反射波幅度与第二界面胶结差扇区大小关系明显,利用其对水泥环第二界面胶结状况进行评价是可行的结论,并对第二界面胶结差扇区分辨率、适应的水泥环厚度及地层条件进行了探讨。     

通过滤波检测水泥胶结质量的超声反射法

为防止流体沿井轴向窜槽,水泥与套管和地层的胶结必须是良好的。在固井质量检测中,超声反射法因具有较强的方位指向性而被广泛使用。但套管的高声阻抗导致了套管后的反射波信号比较微弱,使得水泥胶结质量的判别变得困难。为提高超声反射法的识别能力,我们以套管的共振频率为中心频率对反射全波进行滤波,降低套管的前表面反射波幅度,凸显套管后面携带水泥胶结信息的反射波。滤波后的波形呈现出数个波包,不同胶结情况下这些波包的幅度存在明显差异,通过这些差异可以判断水泥胶结质量。我们还利用有限声束模型计算了斜入射时的反射全波,探讨了入射角对超声反射波的影响。     

通过滤波检测水泥胶结质量的超声反射法

为防止流体沿井轴向窜槽,水泥与套管和地层的胶结必须是良好的。在固井质量检测中,超声反射法因具有较强的方位指向性而被广泛使用。但套管的高声阻抗导致了套管后的反射波信号比较微弱,使得水泥胶结质量的判别变得困难。为提高超声反射法的识别能力,我们以套管的共振频率为中心频率对反射全波进行滤波,降低套管的前表面反射波幅度,凸显套管后面携带水泥胶结信息的反射波。滤波后的波形呈现出数个波包,不同胶结情况下这些波包的幅度存在明显差异,通过这些差异可以判断水泥胶结质量。我们还利用有限声束模型计算了斜入射时的反射全波,探讨了入射角对超声反射波的影响。      

光学结构胶胶结法的应用原则及设计问题

<正> 光学镜片与金属座子传统的固定方法是压圈法和辊边法,这两种方法一直为设计者所采用。光学结构胶胶结法就是将光学镜片用光学结构胶直接胶结在金属座子里,这种方法具有金属座子加工简单、零件少、光学镜片应力小的优点,因此国内外厂家大都用光学结构胶胶结法来替代传统的方法。     

高岭土与针铁矿胶结样中27Al、29Si NMR谱与其原子电荷关系

由NMR谱实验得高岭土与针铁矿胶结样中²⁷Al、²⁹Si的化学位移较单一高岭土分别正移了2.7ppm和2.33ppm.由CNDO/2方法计算得到胶结样中Al、Si原子电行比高岭土分别减少了0.0787和0.0286.胶结样中Al、Si原子电荷的减少与²⁷Al、²⁹Si NMR谱化学位移相吻合,可以认为在高岭土与外铁矿的界面上形成了氢键而呈现胶结态.     

THE ADSORPTION OF ANIONIC AND CATIONIC SURFACTANTS BY THE DIFFERENT CLAY MINERALS: FTIR SPECTROSCOPIC STUDY

The adsorption of an anionic surfactant LABS (Linear alkyl benzene-sulphonate) and a cationic surfactant DDAC (Distearly dimethyl ammonium chloride) by kaolinite, bentonite and sepiolite clays was investigated by vibrational spectroscopy. The samples prepared at different concentrations, and clay-surfactant spectra in the natural state, were recorded. The spectroscopic results indicate that the LABS and DDAC adsorbed on sepiolite and kaolinite. Bentonites are coordinated to either surface hydroxyls by H-bonding interacti on (sepiolite) or to exchangeable catoins (kaolinite, bentonite) through both sulphur and nitrogen atoms as ligands. Interactions of both surfactants showed similarities, in that LABS was coordinated on clay surfaces with broken ends, and the DDAC molecule was adsorbed on the clay surface.     

Vibrational Spectroscopy of Intercalated Kaolinites. Part I.

Abstract

The industrial application of kaolinite is closely related to its reactivity and surface properties. The reactivity of kaolinite can be tested by intercalation; that is, via the insertion of low-molecular-weight organic compounds between the kaolinite layers resulting in the formation of a nano-layered organo-complex. Although intercalation of kaolinite is an old and ongoing research topic, there is limited knowledge available on the reactivity of different kaolinites and the mechanism of complex formation, as well as on the structure of the complexes formed. Grafting and incorporation of exfoliated kaolinite in polymer matrices and other potential applications can open new horizons in the study of kaolinite intercalation. This article attempts to summarize (without completion) the most recent achievements in the study of kaolinite organo-complexes obtained with the most common intercalating compounds such as urea, potassium acetate, dimethyl sulphoxide, formamide, and hydrazine using vibrational spectroscopy combined with X-ray powder diffraction and thermal analysis.     

First-principles study of atomic and electronic structures of kaolinite in soft rock

Kaolinite is a kind of clay mineral which often causes large deformations in soft-rock tunnel engineering and thus causes safety issues.To deal with these engineering safety issues,the physical/chemical properties of the kaolinite should be studied from basic viewpoints.By using the density-functional theory,in this paper,the atomic and the electronic structures of the kaolinite are studied within the local-density approximation(LDA).It is found that the kaolinite has a large indirect band gap with the conduction band minimum(CBM) and the valence band maximum(VBM) being at the Γ and the B points,respectively.The chemical bonding between the cation and the oxygen anion in kaolinite is mainly ionic,accompanied by a minor covalent component.It is pointed that the VBM and the CBM of kaolinite consist of oxygen 2p and cation s states,respectively.The bond lengths between different cations and anions,as well as of the different OH groups,are also compared.     

苯甲酰胺对高岭石插层的FTIR和XRD研究

苯甲酰胺在熔融状态下取代前驱体中的DMSO分子插层高岭石,产物经丙酮洗涤,得到纯净的高岭石/苯甲酰胺插层复合物。XRD结果显示高岭石层间距从0.717 nm膨胀到1.437 nm。插层作用使高岭石内表面羟基红外伸缩振动峰由3 696和3 657 cm-1移动至3 701和3 651 cm-1处;苯甲酰胺3 368和3 172 cm-1处NH₂基伸缩振动峰红移至3 474和3 184 cm-1处,1 659 cm-1处羰基峰移至1 640 cm-1处,这些表明原高岭石层间氢键的损失及与苯甲酰胺分子之间氢键的形成。插层反应于30 min迅速达到平衡,插层率随反应温度的增加先增加后减小,180 ℃时有最大插层率;以丙酮作为洗涤剂可以消除表面吸附和残余的苯甲酰胺晶体而不影响复合物的结构。     

First-principles study of atomic and electronic structures of kaolinite in soft rock

Kaolinite is a kind of clay mineral which often causes large deformations in soft-rock tunnel engineering and thus causes safety issues. To deal with these engineering safety issues, the physical/chemical properties of the kaolinite should be studied from basic viewpoints. By using the density-functional theory, in this paper, the atomic and the electronic structures of the kaolinite are studied within the local-density approximation (LDA). It is found that the kaolinite has a large indirect band gap with the conduction band minimum (CBM) and the valence band maximum (VBM) being at the Γ and the B points, respectively. The chemical bonding between the cation and the oxygen anion in kaolinite is mainly ionic, accompanied by a minor covalent component. It is pointed that the VBM and the CBM of kaolinite consist of oxygen 2p and cation s states, respectively. The bond lengths between different cations and anions, as well as of the different OH groups, are also compared.     

改性高岭土填充聚丙烯的光谱分析

采用湿法对高岭土进行表面改性,熔融共混法制备了PP/高岭土/PP-g-MAH复合材料.利用傅里叶变换(FTIR)红外光谱仪、热重分析(TGA)、X射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)手段表征和力学、热学性能测试.结果表明:改性剂很好地与高岭土反应,并且与PP-g-MAH产生良好的协同作用.复合材料的拉伸强度提高...     

Impacts of CO2 on the pyrite–kaolinite interaction and the product sintering strength

Interactions between pyrite and silicates are very critical to ash slagging in coal-fired boilers. However, no work has been reported regarding the impacts on such interactions of CO₂, the dominant component in the oxy–fuel combustion gas. This was investigated in the present work by using mixtures of pyrite and kaolinite, a prevailing silicate mineral in coal. Furthermore, the sintering strength of the generated products was also evaluated. The pyrite–kaolinite mixtures were treated on a fixed bed reactor in both N₂ and CO₂ for comparison. The treating temperature was 1050, 1150 and 1250 °C while the reaction time was 3, 6 and 12 min, respectively. The solid products were characterized by techniques such as X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). Sintering tests of these products were carried out as well. It was found that some interactions between pyrite and kaolinite took place in the N₂ atmosphere. This was evidenced by the formation of iron aluminosilicate and attributed to the effects of water vapor released from kaolinite dehydroxylation. Nevertheless, pyrite–kaolinite interactions in N₂ were limited and had insignificant effects on product sintering strength development. In CO₂, pyrite–kaolinite interactions were significantly enhanced, compared with those in N₂. Although the kaolinite-derived water vapor had some effects, CO₂ was found to play a dominant role. Enhanced pyrite–kaolinite interactions resulted in an increase of eutectic phases. Consequently, the product sintering strength development was greatly elevated. It was further found that, under the conditions investigated, the interactions between pyrite and kaolinite were actually through reactions between FeO, rather than other intermediates, and aluminosilicate. This new finding enabled us to develop the mechanisms for pyrite–kaolinite interactions in N₂ and CO₂.