基于ICP-AES的膨润土胶体浓度分析方法

介绍了一种利用发射光谱测量胶体浓度的方法。研究了利用膨润土胶体的主要骨架元素定量胶体浓度的可行性和基于ICP-AES分析膨润土胶体浓度的方法。结果表明,采用HNO3-HF混合溶液浸泡的预处理方法可溶出绝大多数骨架元素;胶体含量与Si含量相关性较差,Mn的含量较低,不确定度大,而Fe和Al可作为膨润土胶体浓度检测的基准元素,其浓度与胶体浓度呈现良好的线性关系;样品的Fe/Al测量比值与荧光光谱分析法一致;加入内标元素Ni则显著提升了测量精度。     

高质量胶体晶体薄膜的快速制备及表征

通过控制温度和湿度，用垂直沉积法（vertical deposition method）快速制备出了可精确控制样品的厚度、在较大范围呈现好的有序性的密排结构的聚苯乙烯（PS）胶体晶体 薄膜.利用透射电子显微镜直观准确地确定了样品为面心（fcc）密排结构.通过控制样品干燥速度和加温处理，胶体颗粒排列更加有序,并且克服了胶体晶体干燥后易碎和在水等溶 剂中容易再分散等缺点，为胶体晶体实际应用创造了条件. 关键词： 胶体晶体薄膜 垂直沉积法 面心密排结构 再分散     

CdSe量子点膨润土复合材料的制备与表征

首先以CdCl₂·2.5H₂O、SeO₂和NaBH₄为反应物,制备巯基丁二酸稳定的CdSe量子点。然后将有机膨润土与CdSe量子点溶液混合并充分搅拌,制备负载CdSe量子点的膨润土发光材料,用荧光光谱、扫描电镜和X射线粉末衍射等分析测试手段对所得材料的光谱性能与微观结构进行表征。光谱分析表明,量子点膨润土复合材料的发光颜色与量子点溶液非常一致;X射线光电子能谱分析表明,复合后的材料中含有Cd 和 Se两种元素;此外,在量子点膨润土复合材料X射线粉末衍射谱中可见CdSe量子点（111）、（220）及（331）3个晶面的衍射峰,2θ=4.3°处出现膨润土（001）衍射峰。数据表明,在制备的CdSe量子点膨润土复合材料中,量子点和膨润土的结构都没有改变。     

微波等离子体原子发射光谱分析膨润土中总砷的研究

膨润土是由比例为2∶1的Si—O四面体和Al—O八面体交替组成具有层状结构的硅酸盐天然黏土矿物,膨润土的多孔结构、化学组成、可交换离子类型以及较小的晶体尺寸,赋予了膨润土具有化学活性表面积大、阳离子交换容量大以及孔隙率高的独特性能,广泛应用于石化、冶金、食品、医药和环保等各个领域。在膨润土的开发利用过程中,其所含元素As可能通过迁移对人体健康构成潜在风险。采用硝酸-盐酸-氢氟酸对膨润土进行微波消解,加入高氯酸在电热板上对消解溶液继续进行低温消解,利用微波等离子体原子发射光谱（MP-AES）联用多模式样品引入系统（MSIS）测定膨润土中总As含量。采用25%（w/v）碘化钾为预还原溶液对As的形态进行预还原,将As（Ⅴ）还原为As（Ⅲ）,利用硼氢化钠/氢氧化钠在MSIS中将As（Ⅲ）转变为气态氢化物（AsH₃）,通过优化MP-AES的最佳观测位置和雾化气流量,获得最佳分析性能,选择188.979 nm为As的分析波长避开了谱线重叠干扰,使用快速线性干扰校正（FLIC）模型校正了背景干扰,选择261.542 nm为内标元素Lu的分析波长校正了基体效应。As的检出限（LOD）为0.41 μg·L-1,通过测定国家标准参考物质对分析方法进行评价,As的测定值与标准参考物质的认定值一致,相对标准偏差（RSD）≤2.80%,验证了方法的准确性好,精密度高。对来自中国不同产地的12个膨润土的分析显示,所有样品中总As的浓度相对较低（As的平均含量在3.51～12.6 mg·kg-1之间）,按照中华人民共和国国家标准GB 2760—2014食品安全国家标准食品添加剂膨润土中规定的总As浓度限量标准,所有膨润土样品中的As含量均没有超标。采用大气氮气为等离子体气的MP-AES降低了运行成本,提高了分析效率,为膨润土的质量控制提供了可靠的方法,具有运行安全稳定、操作简单快速、适用性强等优点。     

二维胶体晶体刻蚀法及其应用

二维胶体晶体刻蚀法合成二维有序纳米颗粒阵列具有操作简单、成本低、易于实现规模化的优点，它可方便地控制纳米颗粒阵列的形态（即颗粒的间距、尺寸、形状甚至成分等），从而实现阵列性质的大范围调制。而二维胶体晶体的合成是这种刻蚀技术的关键，文章着重介绍其形成的基本过程、影响因素及其合成技术；概述胶体晶体刻蚀技术的应用，并对此进行展望。     

在乙醇水溶液中组装三维胶体光子晶体薄膜

近几年来，用垂直沉积法制备胶体晶体得到了人们的广泛关注。用乙醇水溶液为溶剂，用垂直沉积法制备了二氧化硅胶体晶体薄膜。用这种方法一次制备的样品厚度可达20微米以上，并且将较大微球组装成了有序性较好的胶体晶体薄膜。用扫描电镜（SEM）和光学方法检测了样品的质量和厚度。     

胶体晶体和基于胶体晶体的纳米结构

胶体晶体及基于胶体晶体的各种纳米结构的制备和物理性质是近来物理学和材料科学共同关注的一个热点，文章简要阐述了胶体颗粒间的基本相互作用，着重介绍了各种胶体晶体的制备方法；结合我们近期的工作，综合评述了胶体晶体在二维纳米颗粒阵列、二维有序孔单层膜及三维光子晶体等纳米结构材料研究中的应用，并对未来的发展进行了展望。     

CdSe量子点滤光片尺寸、温度依赖的光学特性

为了缩小光谱仪体积使之适用于军事卫星等领域,本文将胶体量子点作为滤光材料,研究了CdSe胶体量子点滤光片的光学特性。本文采用热注入法合成出了高质量的CdSe胶体量子点,经过对苯二胺消光处理制备成CdSe胶体量子点滤光片。利用透射电子显微镜(TEM)进行样品形貌结构的表征及粒径尺寸的测量,并分别在不同温度下进行了紫外-可见吸收测量和紫外-可见透过率测量。实验表明,在室温情况下,CdSe胶体量子点薄膜的吸收和透过率均随粒径尺寸的增加而增加;在给定粒径尺寸的情况下,CdSe胶体量子点薄膜吸收与透过率曲线的第一激子吸收峰峰位随温度升高发生红移,CdSe胶体量子点薄膜吸收曲线温度每增加10 K红移不超过1 nm,且半峰宽增加;此外,经反复实验验证CdSe胶体量子点滤光片的稳定性及可调谐特性,证实其适合作为截止滤光片。上述结果表明,CdSe胶体量子点滤光片在微型光谱仪方面具有良好的应用价值。     

Fe（Ⅱ）对Cr（Ⅵ）—Ⅰ—体系诱导反应机的研究

本文考查了Ｆｅ（Ⅲ）－Ⅰ－、Ｃｒ（Ⅵ）－Ⅰ－及Ｃｒ（Ⅵ）－Ⅰ－Ｆｅ（Ⅱ）体系的反应曲线，证明由于Ｆｅ（Ⅱ）的引入，体系产生Ｃｒ（Ⅴ）中间体并快速氧化Ⅰ＾－；通过实验确定Ｃｒ（Ⅵ）－Ｉ＾－－Ｒｅ（Ⅱ）体系的化学计量关系，导出了诱导反应的机理及速率方程，并通过反应曲线的研究进一步证实了反应机理，对含铬废水中铬的测定起到一定作用。     

一种考虑电荷转移的普适相互作用势的应用：NaCl结构的碱卤离子体…

对Ｓｃｈｌｏｓｓｅｒ等入提出的，基于考虑了离子间电荷转移的相互作用势的晶体结合能的普适表式中的待定参数，以１５种ＮａｌＣｌ结构的碱卤离子晶体为对象，全部进行了重新确定，同时，指出了原文［Ｐｈｙｓ．Ｒｅｖ．Ｂ４４（１９９１），９６９６和Ｐｈｙｓ，Ｒｅｖ．Ｂ４７（１９９赋），１０７３］中在确定参数时存在的问题。从得到的结合能曲线出发计算出的等温压缩曲线与实验数据都作过了比较。     

Multi-harmonic detection in wavelength modulation spectroscopy systems

Two multi-harmonic detection methods for wavelength modulation spectroscopy (WMS) systems are presented and compared. The two possibilities discussed in this paper are: simultaneous curve fitting of multiple harmonic spectra, and reconstruction of the transmission from harmonic coefficients. The optimum number of harmonics is four and 25 harmonics, respectively. Compared with standard single-harmonic curve fitting, the methods give about a factor of 3 better performance than standard second-harmonic curve fitting. Concluding, multi-harmonic detection is better than single-harmonic detection and should be used if the system bandwidth is high enough to allow for proper detection of the higher harmonics.     

Feature fusion of palmprint and face via tensor analysis and curvelet transform

In order to improve the recognition accuracy of the unimodal biometric system and to address the problem of the small samples recognition, a multimodal biometric recognition approach based on feature fusion level and curve tensor is proposed in this paper. The curve tensor approach is an extension of the tensor analysis method based on curvelet coefficients space. We use two kinds of biometrics: palmprint recognition and face recognition. All image features are extracted by using the curve tensor algorithm and then the normalized features are combined at the feature fusion level by using several fusion strategies. The k-nearest neighbour (KNN) classifier is used to determine the final biometric classification. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed approach outperforms the unimodal solution and the proposed nearly Gaussian fusion (NGF) strategy has a better performance than other fusion rules.     

Classification of breast mass lesions using model-based analysis of the characteristic kinetic curve derived from fuzzy c-means clustering

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of the representative characteristic kinetic curve of dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) extracted by fuzzy c-means (FCM) clustering for the discrimination of benign and malignant breast tumors using a novel computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) system. About the research data set, DCE-MRIs of 132 solid breast masses with definite histopathologic diagnosis (63 benign and 69 malignant) were used in this study. At first, the tumor region was automatically segmented using the region growing method based on the integrated color map formed by the combination of kinetic and area under curve color map. Then, the FCM clustering was used to identify the time-signal curve with the larger initial enhancement inside the segmented region as the representative kinetic curve, and then the parameters of the Tofts pharmacokinetic model for the representative kinetic curve were compared with conventional curve analysis (maximal enhancement, time to peak, uptake rate and washout rate) for each mass. The results were analyzed with a receiver operating characteristic curve and Student's t test to evaluate the classification performance. Accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of the combined model-based parameters of the extracted kinetic curve from FCM clustering were 86.36% (114/132), 85.51% (59/69), 87.30% (55/63), 88.06% (59/67) and 84.62% (55/65), better than those from a conventional curve analysis. The A(Z) value was 0.9154 for Tofts model-based parametric features, better than that for conventional curve analysis (0.8673), for discriminating malignant and benign lesions. In conclusion, model-based analysis of the characteristic kinetic curve of breast mass derived from FCM clustering provides effective lesion classification. This approach has potential in the development of a CAD system for DCE breast MRI.     

基于闪烁光度法测量人眼视见函数的研究

基于闪烁光度法,设计并搭建了一种新的测量人眼视见函数的实验系统,得到了人眼视见函数曲线。利用人眼对间断光的响应特性,有效地避开了白光和单色光的颜色差异对亮度的干扰,通过对比两束光视亮度的方式,使系统达到光度平衡,进而度量辐亮度得到人眼视见函数曲线,并与CIE推荐的标准视见函数进行差异比较,分析了差异原因和改进方法,从而深入了解光电探测器的光响应与人眼的差异,为今后的新型光电探测器的研究与应用打下基础。结果表明,实验系统可用于测量人眼视见函数,与CIE推荐的标准视见函数曲线吻合程度较高。     

遗传算法在变焦曲线优化中的应用

由于变焦系统的凸轮曲线对变焦过程中像面的稳定、操作的灵活性都有重要影响,因此变焦曲线的优化设计有着重要的意义。首次采用遗传算法对机械补偿类型的变焦曲线进行了优化设计,并给出了实例。这样得到的曲线比传统的让变倍组作线性移动得到的曲线要明显平滑,证明了遗传算法用于变焦曲线优化设计的可行性和有效性。     

Calibration Curve with Improved Limit of Detection for Cadmium in Soil: An Approach to Minimize the Matrix Effect in Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopic Analysis

The present article describes a working or combined calibration curve in laser-induced breakdown spectroscopic analysis, which is the cumulative result of the calibration curves obtained from neutral and singly ionized atomic emission spectral lines. This working calibration curve reduces the effect of change in matrix between different zone soils and certified soil samples because it includes both the species' (neutral and singly ionized) concentration of the element of interest. The limit of detection using a working calibration curve is found better as compared to its constituent calibration curves (i.e., individual calibration curves). The quantitative results obtained using the working calibration curve is in better agreement with the result of inductively coupled plasma–atomic emission spectroscopy as compared to the result obtained using its constituent calibration curves.     

Molecular dynamics of MgSiO3 perovskite melting

The melting curve of MgSiO分子动力学 MgSiO3钙钛矿 熔化温度 高压melting temperature, molecular dynamics, high pressureProject supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos 10274055 and 10376021),the Natural Science Foundation of Gansu Province, China (Grant No 3ZS051-A25-027) and the Scientific Research Foundation of Education Bureau of Gansu Province, China (Grant No 0410-01).2005-01-125/8/2005 12:00:00 AMThe melting curve of MgSiO3 perovskite is simulated using molecular dynamics simulations method at high pressure. It is shown that the simulated equation of state of MgSiO3 perovskite is very successful in reproducing accurately the experimental data. The pressure dependence of the simulated melting temperature of MgSiO3 perovskite reproduces the stability of the orthorhombic perovskite phase up to high pressure of 130GPa at ambient temperature, consistent with the theoretical data of the other calculations. It is shown that its transformation to the cubic phase and melting at high pressure and high temperature are in agreement with recent experiments.     

S-curve networks and an approximate method for estimating degree distributions of complex networks

In the study of complex networks almost all theoretical models have the property of infinite growth,but the size of actual networks is finite.According to statistics from the China Internet IPv4(Internet Protocol version 4) addresses,this paper proposes a forecasting model by using S curve(logistic curve).The growing trend of IPv4 addresses in China is forecasted.There are some reference values for optimizing the distribution of IPv4 address resource and the development of IPv6.Based on the laws of IPv4 growth,that is,the bulk growth and the finitely growing limit,it proposes a finite network model with a bulk growth.The model is said to be an S-curve network.Analysis demonstrates that the analytic method based on uniform distributions(i.e.,Barab’asi-Albert method) is not suitable for the network.It develops an approximate method to predict the growth dynamics of the individual nodes,and uses this to calculate analytically the degree distribution and the scaling exponents.The analytical result agrees with the simulation well,obeying an approximately power-law form.This method can overcome a shortcoming of Baraba’si-Albert method commonly used in current network research.     

Dispersion properties,birefringence and confinement loss of rotational elliptic air-hole photonic crystal fiber

Dispersion properties, birefringence and confinement loss between the circular air-hole photonic crystal fiber (CAHPCF) and rotational elliptical air-hole photonic crystal fiber (REAHPCF) are investigated numerically by means of a plane-wave expansion method and a finite element method. Results show that the performances of REAHPCF on flatter dispersion curve, single mode, high birefringence and low confinement loss is better than that of CAHPCF.     

激光诱导击穿光谱结合神经网络测定土壤中的Cr和Ba

提出了一种基于人工神经网络的激光诱导击穿光谱技术实现元素成分高准确度定量分析的方法.采用基于动量和自适应学习速率梯度下降算法的反向传播神经网络,结合激光诱导击穿光谱技术的方法测定土壤中Cr和Ba元素的含量,得到了Cr和Ba的含量以及多次重复预测的相对标准偏差,并与采用传统的内标法得到的检测结果相比较.研究结果表明:基于动量和自适应学习速率梯度下降算法的反向传播神经网络分析方法,与激光诱导击穿光谱技术相结合能更好地实现对土壤样品中Cr和Ba元素的定量检测.相对内标法,神经网络分析方法与激光诱导击穿光谱技术相结合可以很明显地提高检测准确度和精密度,对采用激光诱导击穿光谱技术定量检测土壤重金属污染具有很好的应用价值.