环境友好海洋防污体系的研究进展

海洋污损是海洋资源开发与利用中遇到的一个国际性难题,发展环境友好海洋防污体系是该领域最重要的方向。本文综述了近年来环境友好海洋防污体系的研究进展,并探讨了未来的发展方向。     

绿色海洋防污涂料技术及其研究进展

海洋生物污损给人类海洋生产和运输活动带来了严重的影响,涂覆防污涂料是解决这一问题根本办法。近年来大量使用的有机锡和氧化亚铜涂料,对海洋生物的生存环境造成了危害。因此,研究高效、低毒、绿色的海洋防污涂料成为目前发展的主要方向。本文综述了当前绿色环保型防污涂料的发展状况及研究进展,重点介绍了含氟、含硅低表面能防污涂料、天然产物防污涂料和新型无锡自抛光防污涂料的发展状况,并分析了今后绿色海洋防污涂料的发展趋势。     

新型防污剂释放率测试技术研究

建立新型防污剂N-辛基-2-羟基苯甲酰胺释放率测试方法。防污剂用丙酮溶解,通过紫外光谱法建立N-辛基-2-羟基苯甲酰胺的吸光度–浓度标准曲线。将含有防污剂的涂层置于水中,使其释放防污剂,定期获取溶液,利用冷冻干燥除水,然后用丙酮溶解释出的防污剂,进行紫外光谱测试。利用标准曲线法测定防污剂释放量,计算得到释放率。结果表明,在330 nm波长下,防污剂浓度与吸光度线性关系良好,相关系数r2=0.999 1。方法的检出限为5μg/m L,测定结果的相对标准偏差为0.4%(n=5),加标回收率为97%~105%,样品在4 h内稳定。该方法测试稳定性较好,定量准确,操作简便,为防污剂检测提供了可靠的评价方法。     

纤维素基水处理剂研究进展

根据纤维素基水处理剂的结构特点对其进行了分类和划分,从载体形态、接枝链与载体接枝方法、功能吸附/脱附基团选取及功能化方法、吸附/脱附性能的影响因素和脱附方法等五个方面综述了国内外在该领域的研究现状;并对其发展前景进行了展望.     

水性防污涂料的研究进展

海洋污损生物是海洋资源开发首先要面对的问题。防污涂料是防除海洋污损生物的关键材料。传统的防污涂料虽然发展成熟,但以油性溶剂为介质,存在挥发性有机物(VOC)排放过高、环境污染严重的问题。不释放VOC的水性涂料符合绿色无污染的环保要求,是防污材料领域研究的热点。本文对最重要的四种水性防污涂料(污损释放型水性低表面能防污涂料、自抛光型水性防污涂料、污损阻抗型水凝胶海洋防污涂料、强碱释放型水性硅酸盐防污涂料)从防污机理、制备方法和存在的问题等几个方面进行了综述,并对水性防污涂料的发展趋势进行了展望。     

海洋污损生物粘附机制及防污涂层表面工程

任何浸入海水的结构物均会受到海洋污损生物的附着。 在物体表面涂覆防污涂料是最广泛的防污方式,无毒污损脱附型防污涂料已成为当前的研究热点。 分析了污损生物的粘附过程及界面粘结作用,探讨了表面能、涂层模量、表面化学成分、微观形貌、颜色等因素对涂层防污效果的影响,并指出涂料工程化中必须解决的问题。     

多糖及多糖衍生物水处理剂的研究进展

叙述了国内外多糖及多糖衍生物水处理剂的现状,简单地介绍了多种新型多糖及多糖衍生物水处理剂的原料、合成方法及其在水处理中的应用,并对多糖及多糖衍生物水处理剂的发展方向进行了展望。     

海洋防污高分子材料的综合设计和研究

综述了海洋防污高分子材料与技术的发展现状.简介了海洋生物污损的形成过程,概述了杀生防污涂料、污损可脱附性涂层、阻止附着型防污技术以及其它现存的防污方法,并在此基础上提出了一种新的海洋防污高分子材料的综合设计方案,最后展示了有关海洋防污材料研究的最新成果.     

吲哚衍生物的合成及其海洋防污性能

以吲哚和酰氯(苯甲酰氯及苯磺酰氯)为原料，合成了7个N-酰基取代吲哚类化合物(a~g)，其结构经¹H NMR和元素分析确证。研究了化合物对球等鞭金藻、亚心形扁藻和舟形藻以及藤壶幼虫的生长抑制活性。结果表明：当吲哚结构连接电负性较高的基团时，化合物对藻类和藤壶幼虫的生长抑制性较好，其中以连接苯磺酰基化合物的抑制效果最佳。目标化合物对藤壶幼虫12 h和24 h的半致死浓度(LC₅₀)明显低于底物吲哚，其中以苯磺酰基取代的化合物最低。采用目标化合物制备的海洋防污涂料，浅海挂板90 d后，对海洋污损生物的附着表现出明显的抑制作用。     

包埋苯甲酸钠微球的制备及在海洋防污涂料中的抑菌研究

用溶剂挥发法制备了可以包埋海洋防污剂苯甲酸钠的聚苯乙烯聚合物微球,并实现了防污剂在海洋防污涂料中的的缓慢释放.讨论了影响微球性能的一些因素,聚合物微球的粒径分别随着温度的降低,分散剂浓度的升高以及搅拌速度的提高而减小.采用标准曲线法,对防污剂释放速度进行了分析,并与未用微球包埋的苯甲酸钠释放速度进行对比,缓释效果明显....     

用于抑制海洋微生物附着的过渡金属配合物研究进展

许多金属配合物具有杀菌、抗病毒和抗癌的活性,在医疗卫生等领域占有重要地位,其生物活性机理也得到了较深入系统的研究.虽然一些过渡金属配合物也在防止海洋微生物附着方面得到应用,但是专门从配位化学和生物无机化学的角度对其进行总结分析的研究还未见报道.以配体的不同类型对这类过渡金属配合物进行分类,简介了其用于防海洋微生物附着的实验室研究和实际应用情况,并对未来研究前景进行了展望.     

Long lasting marine antifouling polyurethane coating chemically bonded with poly(hexamethylene guanidine)

In order to protect the marine environment, traditional marine antifouling coatings such as tributyltin (TBT)-based antifouling coatings have been phased out. There is an urgent need to develop environmentally friendly marine antifouling coatings. In this work, the antibacterial poly(hexamethylene guanidine) (PHMG) was introduced into polyurethane (PU) through chemical bond to prepare a green environmentally friendly marine antifouling coating (PU-PHMG). The morphology, antimicrobial properties, mechanical properties and thermostability of the PU-PHMG films were investigated. The antimicrobial rates of PU-PHMG films against E. coli and S. aureus were both more than 99.9% when PHMG content in the films reached 1.0 wt%. The excellent antimicrobial activities can be maintained for more than 90 days due to the non-leaching characteristic of PHMG. The growth of algae was also inhibited on the surface of PU-PHMG films. The PU-PHMG coating is promising for the applications in marine antifouling field.     

超疏水表面研究进展

综述了超疏水表面研究进展,简述了超疏水表面研究的理论基础,归纳总结了超疏水表面的制备方法及存在的问题,并介绍了功能超疏水材料研究的最新进展.指出超疏水表面因其独特的自清洁性能而成为功能材料及表面界面科学领域的研究热点之一,并就其今后的发展进行了展望.     

Structures and antifouling properties of low surface energy non-toxic antifouling coatings modified by nano-SiO_2 powder

Antifouling coatings are used to improve the speed and energy efficiency of ships by preventing or- ganisms, such as barnacles and weed, building up on the underwater hull and helping the ships movement through the water. Typically, marine coatings are tributyltin self-polishing copolymer paints containing toxic molecules called biocides. They have been the most successful in combating bio- fouling on ships, but their widespread use has caused severe pollution in the marine ecosystem. The low surface energy marine coating is an entirely non-toxic alternative, which reduces the adhesion strength of marine organisms, facilitating their hydrodynamic removal at high speeds. In this paper, the novel low surface energy non-toxic marine antifouling coatings were prepared with modified acrylic resin, nano-SiO2, and other pigments. The effects of nano-SiO2 on the surface structure and elastic modulus of coating films have been studied, and the seawater test has been carried out in the Dalian Bay. The results showed that micro-nano layered structures on the coating films and the lowest surface energy and elastic modulus could be obtained when an appropriate mass ratio of resin, nano-SiO2, and other pigments in coatings approached. The seawater exposure test has shown that the lower the sur- face energy and elastic modulus of coatings are, the less the marine biofouling adheres on the coating films.     

聚苯胺防腐涂料研究进展

综述了聚苯胺防腐涂料研究进展;浅析了聚苯胺涂料独特的防腐机理,概述了其防腐应用;指出导电聚苯胺具有可逆的氧化还原特性,对金属具有优良的防腐性能,作为新一代无毒无污染的防腐材料而逐渐成为当前防腐蚀领域的一大热点;并就聚苯胺涂料的防腐发展方向进行了展望.     

低分子量聚丙烯酰胺研究进展

综述了低分子量聚丙烯酰胺的合成方法及应用研究进展,同时对其未来的发展方向进行了展望.     

驱油用磺酸盐表面活性剂的研究进展

综述了驱油用石油磺酸盐、重烷基苯磺酸盐、脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚磺酸盐及磺酸盐双子表面活性剂四种磺酸盐表面活性剂的研究进展,指出了这四种表面活性剂在油田应用中存在的问题以及未来的发展方向;阐述了油水乳化提高原油采收率的机理,初步分析了影响表面活性剂乳化能力的因素,强调了从分子结构的角度研究表面活性剂性能的重要性.     

Novel marine antifouling coatings inspired by corals

Biofouling is a major problem facing the marine industry. Since toxic antifouling coatings were banned globally due to their negative impacts on the marine environment, the development of environmental-friendly and efficient antifouling coatings has been identified as a pressing need. As an alternative, the antifouling coatings inspired by corals have attracted a great deal of attention over these years. within the marine environment, corals have evolved an excellent antifouling capability. There are five major antifouling strategies applied by corals, including natural antifoulants, foul release effect, sloughing effect, soft tentacles, and fluorescence effect. In this paper, a brief review is conducted to introduce the antifouling coatings inspired by the five strategies. Moreover, a discussion is conducted about the existing problems with the five strategies and the direction of their further development is indicated.     

Structures and antifouling properties of low surface energy non-toxic antifouling coatings modified by nano-SiO<Subscript>2</Subscript> powder

Antifouling coatings are used to improve the speed and energy efficiency of ships by preventing organisms, such as barnacles and weed, building up on the underwater hull and helping the ships movement through the water. Typically, marine coatings are tributyltin self-polishing copolymer paints containing toxic molecules called biocides. They have been the most successful in combating biofouling on ships, but their widespread use has caused severe pollution in the marine ecosystem. The low surface energy marine coating is an entirely non-toxic alternative, which reduces the adhesion strength of marine organisms, facilitating their hydrodynamic removal at high speeds. In this paper, the novel low surface energy non-toxic marine antifouling coatings were prepared with modified acrylic resin, nano-SiO₂, and other pigments. The effects of nano-SiO₂ on the surface structure and elastic modulus of coating films have been studied, and the seawater test has been carried out in the Dalian Bay. The results showed that micro-nano layered structures on the coating films and the lowest surface energy and elastic modulus could be obtained when an appropriate mass ratio of resin, nano-SiO₂, and other pigments in coatings approached. The seawater exposure test has shown that the lower the surface energy and elastic modulus of coatings are, the less the marine biofouling adheres on the coating films. Supported by High-Tech Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2004AA001520)     

羟基聚合铝晶体研究进展

羟基聚合铝的研究在环境化学中具有重要作用。自然条件下存在的无机单核铝本身具有毒性,而多核铝是比单核铝更毒的铝形态,它们很容易进入人体和植物产生毒害作用。因此,水解聚合铝形态研究一直是环境化学、地球化学和材料催化等众多研究领域的前沿热点课题。本文综述了在新环境材料开发中羟基聚合铝晶体研究的进展,对已获得表征的典型羟基聚合铝的结构特点进行了对比与评述,讨论了不同羟基聚合铝晶体的科学意义和应用价值。