化学武器知多少——化学毒剂的基本介绍及其去污技术的发展

化学武器是一种借助毒剂的毒害作用来打击敌方战斗力的武器,具有杀伤途径多、规模大、威力强、持续时间长等特点,素有"无声杀手"之称,其基本组成要素是化学毒剂(Chemical warfare agents,CWAs)。长期以来,化学武器的使用不符合伦理道德的要求,其不仅会降低对方的战斗力,而且还会导致许多无辜人员受到伤害,因此减轻化学武器的伤害至关重要。本文首先介绍了化学毒剂的分类,然后从化学的角度综述了近几年常见的检测和降解化学毒剂的方法,并对去污技术的发展趋势进行了展望。     

气相色谱-质谱联用仪对二苯氰胂的分析

<禁止化学武器公约>生效后,我国就面临着处理日军在华遗留化学武器的重大任务.据公约规定,日本将负责销毁遗弃在我国的全部化学武器.我们要配合遗弃化武销毁期间的安全保卫工作,防止因泄漏和销毁不彻底,影响当地人民群众的正常生活秩序,危及人民群众的生命和财产安全.销毁场工作区是化学检测的重点部位.因此建立销毁化学武器废气监测标准分析方法是势在必行的.     

化学毒剂探测技术发展现状

化学毒剂(CWAs)作为一种大规模杀伤性武器,具有杀伤力强、影响范围广、防护困难、易于制作施放等特征,从诞生之初即常被用于战争冲突,在现代非对称战争、恐怖袭击中也造成了巨大威胁.因此如何及时地探测化学毒剂成为世界各国国土安全的重点研究方向.该文聚焦于化学毒剂现有主流及具有潜力的各类探测技术,对各种检测技术的基本原理及其...     

南开化学院——有志青年的选择

<正>南开大学化学学科创建于1921年,1995年成立化学学院。化学学院设有3个系(化学系、材料化学系、化学生物学系),4个研究所(元素有机化学研究所、高分子化学研究所、新能源材料化学研究所、催化科学与工程研究所)、2个研究中心(分析科学研究中心、理论与计算化学中心),2个国家重点实验室(元素有机化学国家重点实验室、吸附分离功能高分子材料国家重点实验室),1个农药国家工程中心。化学学院涵盖化学、材料化学与物理、药学和植物保护4个一级学科,有8个二级学科具有博士学位授予权,其中3个是国家重点学科。 化学学院是目前国内最大的化学专业学院之一,拥有6座教学科研大楼,实验室面积超过3万平方米;目前在岗教职工370人,其中专任教师207人(其中教授、副教授174人),两院院士5人,博士生导师70人,各类国家和省部级杰出人才20多人。 化学学院培养的毕业生以基础知识扎实、实验素质高和动手能力强而受到国内外各单位的欢迎。每年有70%左右的毕业生免试推荐或考取国内外研究生,其他的分配到外资企业、科研单位、高等院校、机关及事业单位工作。 南开大学是通过国家本科教学质量优秀评估最早(1999年)的两所高校之一。化学专业1991年被原国家教委首批批准为国家理科基础科学人才培养基地,1999年通过优秀评估,是国内通过评估正式挂牌的三个化学基地之一。2001年获得国家优秀教学成果一等奖。     

化学战受害者纪念日与化学教育

化学战受害者纪念日日益受到公众关注,且与化学学科密切相关.介绍了化学战受害者纪念日的由来及意义、纪念日的主要活动、化学武器的化学成分与危害,同时对中学化学教师提出几点思考.     

现场侦检装备在应对化学威胁中的应用与发展

近年来,国内外不断发生的化学恐怖袭击和化学事故仍然是当今人类生存、国家安全所面临的重大威胁。化学侦检是防化应急处置与救援的眼睛,熟练掌握和正确使用侦检装备是应对化学威胁、降低损失和伤亡的关键因素。基于化学传感等技术的侦检装备具有响应快速、智能便携的特点,并且在远程监测和实时值守等方面具有优势。该文针对涵盖电化学传感器、质量敏感型传感器、红外传感器、拉曼传感器、离子迁移谱仪、火焰光度检测器、光致电离检测器、远程遥测传感装备等在内的现场侦检装备,从原理、性能、优势和不足等方面进行了概述,重点阐述了侦检装备在应对化学威胁方面的最新进展,并对其发展趋势、应用前景进行了展望,以期为化学侦检装备在应对化学威胁中的深入研究与应用提供参考。     

过氧化丙酮类炸药的检测方法研究进展

恐怖袭击是当今世界安全的重大隐患之一,过氧化物炸药因其难以被常规手段检测的特点常被不法分子使用,其中过氧化丙酮类炸药是恐怖分子常用的爆炸物质.本文主要简述了近20年来关于过氧化丙酮类炸药的不同检测方法,主要包括传统检测技术如荧光检测技术和质谱、色谱、拉曼光谱等波谱技术以及基于电化学法、化学比色法、物理传感器和生物免疫的...     

LCT和GCT联合鉴别未知水样中N,N-二烷基氨基乙基磺酸及其类似物

《禁止化学武器公约》生效后,化学核查技术作为检查缔约国是否履约的有效手段得到了广泛重视,而其中对化学战剂及其前体、降解产物、相关物的分析检测是核查技术的关键之一.     

一种消毒样品的电喷雾质谱分析

从《禁止化学武器公约》1997年4月正式生效以来,化学核查方法研究不断深入,从鉴定化学战剂原体逐步向降解、消毒等相关化学品方向发展,且扩展到复杂的环境基质样品。为了确保各缔约国履约,对于已被"禁止化学武器组织"(简称OPCW)指定和正在寻求指定的实验室,每年至少要参加一次水平考试,分析公约附表化学品及它们的前体和降解产物,并取得优异的成绩,只有这样,才有资格分析真实样品(从被怀疑的产品或者储藏地点或者是从宣布使用过化学武器的环境中采集的)。本文样品是OPCW组织的第十四次水平考试的"消毒"废液样品D及其空白对照DB,采用液相色谱-电喷雾质谱联用技术(HPLC-ESI-MS)对样品进行定性检测,结合其他分析方法,结果与配样清单完全一致,见表1。     

GC-MSD分析《公约》清单中的化合物

在第五轮国际联试中,禁止化学武器组织提出各参试实验室使用色谱-质谱联用仪进行分析,可见GC-MS联用技术在分析领域的重要性.应用GC-MSD对水中、沙土中含有的"禁止化学武器公约"清单中化合物的分析研究,对今后的履约核查有着重要的意义.本文就样品的提取、衍生化处理、谱图分析等进行了探讨.     

Explosive and chemical threat detection by surface-enhanced Raman scattering: A review

Acts of terror and warfare threats are challenging tasks for defense agencies around the world and of growing importance to security conscious policy makers and the general public. Explosives and chemical warfare agents are two of the major concerns in this context, as illustrated by the recent Boston Marathon bombing and nerve gas attacks on civilians in the Middle East. To prevent such tragic disasters, security personnel must be able to find, identify and deactivate the threats at multiple locations and levels. This involves major technical and practical challenges, such as detection of ultra-low quantities of hazardous compounds at remote locations for anti-terror purposes and monitoring of environmental sanitation of dumped or left behind toxic substances and explosives. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is one of todays most interesting and rapidly developing methods for label-free ultrasensitive vibrational “fingerprinting” of a variety of molecular compounds. Performance highlights include attomolar detection of TNT and DNT explosives, a sensitivity that few, if any, other technique can compete with. Moreover, instrumentation needed for SERS analysis are becoming progressively better, smaller and cheaper, and can today be acquired for a retail price close to 10,000 US$. This contribution aims to give a comprehensive overview of SERS as a technique for detection of explosives and chemical threats. We discuss the prospects of SERS becoming a major tool for convenient in-situ threat identification and we summarize existing SERS detection methods and substrates with particular focus on ultra-sensitive real-time detection. General concepts, detection capabilities and perspectives are discussed in order to guide potential users of the technique for homeland security and anti-warfare purposes.     

Chemische Kampfstoffe: Ein Überblick

For a long time people used chemicals to weaken or incapacitate their opponents. In World War I a sad peak was reached with the massive use of poisonous gas. Iraq's success using chemical weapons against Iran stimulated some emerging countries to acquire chemical weapons after the collapse of the Soviet Union. The intelligence community estimates their number of up to 30 countries. In 1997 an international law came into force to stop further proliferation and guarantee destruction of chemical weapons till 2007. So far already 147 countries ratified this treaty — but not countries like Iraq, Syria and North Korea. Even for an individual with sufficient criminal energy it is possible to spread terror with chemical weapons. So, control is mandatory, panic certainly not.     

稀溶液中化学势的计算以及渗透压公式的推导

将溶液中某组分化学势的计算方式归纳为两种:(1)利用气液平衡时,溶液中某组分的化学势和气相中该组分的化学势相等这一关系来计算;(2)利用溶液中某组分化学势的全微分表达式直接积分来计算。在此基础上,给出了渗透压公式的一种新推导方式,并指出部分物理化学教材关于渗透压定义(Π=p2-p1)的不合理性以及推导渗透压时存在的不妥之处。     

化学气相淀积法合成氮化铝薄膜及其工艺设计

对ＡｌＢｒ３－ＮＨ３－Ｎ２体系化学气相淀积法合成Ａ１Ｎ膜进行了热力学分析和工艺设计，研究了在不同淀积温度和体系总压时，体系中主要气态物种的平衡分压和Ａ１Ｎ膜的理论淀积速率与源温和载气流量的关系，并与微波等离子体化学气相淀积Ａ１Ｎ膜的实验结果进行了比较。     

Molecular Thermodynamics for Chemical Process Design

Thermodynamic properties are essential for quantitative process design to produce chemical products. Caloric properties are required for heat balances, but these properties are usually available or estimated easily. More important—and often much more difficult to estimate—are the chemical potentials of components in mixtures; it is these potentials which determine phase equilibria, as required for separation operations, and chemical equilibria, as required for chemical reactors and for separation operations based on chemical reactions. Molecular thermodynamics is an engineering-oriented science for calculating the desired chemical potentials from a minimum of experimental data. This applied science, based on classical and statistical thermodynamics, yields chemical potentials through models that are based on molecular physics and physical chemistry. Selected examples are cited to illustrate the applicability of molecular thermodynamics: group-contribution methods for obtaining chemical potentials in highly nonideal mixtures as required for distillation-column and process-safety design; equation of state for precipitation of uniform-sized crystals from supercritical fluids; molecular-orbital calculations to guide process development for alternatives to environmentally dangerous chlorofluorohydrocarbons; molecular-simulation calculations for separation of gas mixtures with porous adsorbents; equilibria in two-phase aqueous systems for separation of protein mixtures; and, finally, extended polymer-solution thermodynamics to guide synthesis of hydrogels suitable for protein recovery from soybeans and for novel drug-delivery devices.     

Ab initio study of aluminum chemical vapor deposition from dimethylaluminum hydride: a gas phase reaction mechanism

The effect of preheating of dimethylaluminum hydride (DMAH) as a gas on the epitaxial growth in aluminum chemical vapor deposition (Al-CVD) is studied theoretically. The chemical changes of DMAH in the gas phase such as unimolecular decomposition reactions, bimolecular reactions and polymerizations are treated using ab initio molecular orbital method (MP2/6-31G**) and density functional theory (B3P86/LanL2DZ). The gas phase equilibrium composed of the previous reaction products under the usual experimental conditions for Al-CVD is also investigated in detail as the initial stage of the CVD process. From the energetics point of view, unimolecular decomposition reactions and bimolecular reactions hardly occur, however, polymerizations of DMAH take place readily at the low temperatures found in Al-CVD. A large amount of DMAH-dimer and a small amount of DMAH-monomer and trimer coexist in the equilibrium state.     

化学气相沉积法制备氧化锡自组装纳米结构

采用化学气相沉积法在镀有5-10 nm厚金膜的SiO2衬底上, 通过控制生长条件, 实现了二氧化锡纳米结构的自组装生长, 成功制备出了莲花状和菊花状的二氧化锡自组装纳米结构. 利用扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射等表征分析手段对样品的表面形貌、结构及成份进行表征和研究. 并在此基础上, 讨论了两种自组装纳米结构的生长机制.     

Preparation and chemical characterization of high purity fluorapatite

High purity fluorapatite (FAP) was prepared by solid state reaction, in flowing argon gas, at 1370°C for 60 min. For chemical characterization of Ca₁₀(PO₄)₆F₂, the accuracy and reproducibility of different analytical methods were assessed. Methods with a good accuracy for the determination of Ca, P and F content were: titrations with EDTA for Ca determination (accuracy: −0.8%), spectrophotometric method for P determination (accuracy: +0.6%) and measurements with fluoride-selective electrode (accuracy +5.4%) for F determination.     

硒的化学形态分析

对硒的化学形态分析的现状(1991-2006)进行了评述,主要涉及的分析方法有紫外-可见分光光度法、荧光光度法、氢化物发生(HG)原子荧光光谱法、HG原子吸收光谱法、电感耦合等离子体(ICP)原子发射光谱、气相色译原子吸收光谱联用、ICP-质谱与多种分析技术联用等(引用文献45篇).