广东省高校大学生膳食调查及营养配餐推荐

本调查报告采用问卷法了解广东主要高校大学生一周内熟食进食量及用餐情况，计算出每人每日热量和各种营养素的摄人量，采用Microsoft Excel软件进行数据处理和统计分析，并用中国营养学会制订的DRIs(膳食营养素参考摄人量)和中国居民膳食指南及平衡膳食宝塔进行比较分析，且通过微量元素检测对结果进行了验证，最后提供了为期一周的营养配餐作为膳食参考。主要调查结果如下：男女生的蛋白质、尼克酸、维生素C、维生素E、碘和男生锰的摄入量已经满足人体需要。男生铁和锰的摄入量基本满足需要。男女生的能量、脂肪、膳食纤维、维生素A、硫胺素、核黄素、钙、锌的摄人量都不足，且女生铁的摄人量同样不足。男女生一日三餐热量分配结构十分不平衡，早餐的热量摄入均偏低，膳食结构也不合理。在分析广东省大学生膳食状况的基础上，推出五套营养配餐方案供高校膳食部门和大学生参考选用。     

Heavy metal content of a medicinal moss tea for hypertension

The content of various heavy metals (arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, lead, mercury, nickel, manganese and zinc) in the moss species Rhodobryum ontariense (Kindb.) Kindb. and its tea are presented in this study. Pursuant to the use of this tea in traditional Chinese medicine for hypertension, the aim of this study was to examine its safety in regard to the metals. All heavy metals were determined by adequate EPA methods. The concentrations of all metals for daily intake in its tea were below the safety levels for human consumption. These results indicate the importance of manganese in R. ontariense tea traditionally used for hypertension and other heart disorders.     

Der Mangangehalt des Haares,ein Kriterium für die Bewertung des Expositions Risikos der Elektroschweißer

Manganese has been determined in the hair of welders and not exposed subjects by means of INNA. Geometric mean for non welders was (1.4×2.1) ppm and for welders (7.0×2.3) ppm. Manganese values correlated well with daily welding time, working place conditions and welding procedure. Correlations were weak for years of exposure and age. While for some clinical data relations to manganese concentrations could be shown by analysis of mean values, there were no significant coefficients of correlation between manganese content in the hair and lung function data.      

Total Diet Study: Mg and Mn content estimation of a Market Basket of São Paulo state (Brazil) by Instrumental Neutron Activation

Total Diet Studies (TDS) have been carried out to estimate dietary intakes of the essential and toxic elements for a large-scale population over a specific period of time. In this study, the TDS was based on the evaluation of food representing a Market Basket (MB), which reflected the dietary habits of the São Paulo State population, corresponding to 72 % of the average food consumption for the state of São Paulo. In the present Total Diet Study, magnesium and manganese concentrations were determined in 30 of the most consumed food groups of a MB of São Paulo State, Brazil. Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA) has been successfully used on a regularly basis in several areas of nutrition and foodstuffs. Element concentrations were determined by INAA in freeze-dried samples and ranged in mg kg^?1. Mg 41.4 (fats)–5287 (coffee) and Mn 0.12 (prime grade beef)–32.9 (coffee). The average daily Mg and Mn intake was calculated by multiplying the concentration of each element in each table-ready food group by the respective weight (g day^?1) of the food group in the MB and adding the products from all food groups. The results of daily dietary intakes in this study were: Mg 174.8 and Mn 1.34 mg day^?1. Theses values were lower than the adequate intake (AI) proposed by the Food and Nutrition Board of the Institute of Medicine (USA National Academy) for adults. The low levels of Mg and Mn intakes presented in this TDS are probably due to the fact that MB of this study represented only 72 % of the weight of the most consumed household foods of São Paulo State.     

Daily dietary selenium intake of selected Brazilian population groups

Due to its essential characteristics, the daily dietary selenium intake of individuals should be monitored accurately. In the current work, daily selenium intake of different Brazilian population groups based on duplicate portion diet analysis was evaluated and compared with the new estimated average requirement values (EAR), to assess if selenium deficiency or excess could be observed in these groups. Selenium content was determined by neutron activation analysis (NAA). The average daily dietary selenium intake found was 26.3 (±8.3) ·g/day for children from the city of São Paulo, 37.4 (±16.0) ·g/day for children from Belém, 107 (±107) ·g/day for children from Macapá, 28.4 (±7.5) ·g/day for institutionalized elderly, 32 (±6) ·g/day for non-institutionalized elderly and 37 (±17) ·g/day for university students from São Paulo. Most daily dietary selenium intake range observed were below the EAR values. The values obtained for children groups from Belém and Macapá cities, whose intake levels were much higher than the recommendation, were an exception.     

双份饭法评估广州某高校学生膳食硼摄入情况

为研究用改良姜黄素分光光度法测定双份饭食物中硼含量,以评估高校学生膳食硼摄入情况,用双份饭法收集10名学生3d的食物样品,记录饮水量;食物样品在用饱和Ca(OH)2调至碱性后灰化,然后在酸性条件下硼转化为硼酸,与姜黄素反应生成红色络合物,比色定量;饮用水中硼采用国标姜黄素分光光度法测定.然后计算出调查对象硼摄入量.结果...     

Investigation of uptake processes in a soil/mushroom system by AES and AAS methods

Investigations were carried out to explore how much Cd, Cs, Hg, Se, Ni and Pb trace elements cultivated mushrooms take up of the amount previously put into their soil. The intake of elements differs considerably to the extent that: on the one hand, mushrooms might be observed to behave practically as a filter for Mn, Ni and Pb; and on the other hand they accumulate Hg, Cd and Cs. The way manganese gets into the fruit body was also investigated and, in addition, the element effect on the increase of production was measured. All the experiments were carried out in the knowledge of the significant role manganese has in the decomposition of cellulose.     

Nutritional values of trace elements in dried desserts

Desserts are the most aromatic and delicious parts of meals, and also a source of nutrient trace elements for the human body. In this work, instrumental neutron activation analysis has been applied to determine the trace elements antimony, chromium, cobalt, iron, manganese, potassium, rubidium, scandium, sodium and zinc in creme caramel, ice-creams, jellies and mousse dried desserts from the Greek market. According to our results, their classification as nutrient trace element sources for the human body is: mousse>ice-cream>creme caramel>jelly. Among the different studied flavours, chocolate and its derivatives are the richest in nutrient trace elements. Moreover, the consumption of one portion of a chocolate mousse dessert can offer to the human body about 60% of the daily required chromium, 40% of the daily required iron, 10% of the daily required manganese and potassium and 4% of the daily required sodium.     

Determination of Metals in Fruits of Cucurbitaceae Species from South Korea,to Characterize Potential Effects on Human Health

Recent research studies have confirmed that the dietary intake of vegetables and fruits has a positive and profound impact on human health, performance, and disease. This research was designed to determine the concentrations of essential trace elements; cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), selenium (Se), vanadium (V), and zinc (Zn), toxic metals; cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), and lead (Pb); and a metalloid; arsenic (As) in fruits of seven species of Cucurbitaceae family including gourd, zucchini, pumpkin, sweet pumpkin, melon, watermelon, and oriental melon commonly consumed in South Korea. The concentrations of As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Pb, Se, and Zn were determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, and Hg by a mercury analyzer. To analyze the samples after microwave digestion for the validation of analytical techniques, satisfactory values of all quality parameters of linearity, detection limits, precision, accuracy, and recovery experiments were obtained in all cases. On the whole, all analyzed elements were found in accordance to the published literature around the world and well within the critical recommended standards by CODEX and Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Korea. The estimated daily intake values, and hazard quotients and indices of the analyzed samples were all below the World Health Organization, Joint Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization Expert Committee on Food Additives, and European Food Safety Authority limits.     

Assessment of iodine content in Brazilian duplicate portion diets and in table salt

Excess dietary intake may increase the risk for the hyperthyroidism in the elderly. This study investigated iodine dietary intake by epithermal neutron activation analysis (ENAA) analyzing duplicate portion diet and fortified table salt samples. Duplicate diet samples were obtained from a group of twenty-five steel mill workers from the city of São Paulo, over a 3-day period. The samples were freeze dried, mixed and homogenized. Fortified table salt brands were collected from the market and were analyzed with no pre-treatment. Assays for the iodine concentration in the table salt samples revealed values between 24 to 65 mg/kg. The average iodine daily intake for the worker’s diets was 813 μg/day, ranging from 402 to 1363 μg/day. In some cases daily intakes were around 10 times higher than the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) value (150 μg/day).     

Trace elements in Taiwanese diet in different seasons

The trace element contents of Taiwanese diet were determined using conventional neutron activation analysis. Sample were prepared with duplicate portion technique by collecting food items ate and drank during a 3 day period in winter. Samples were homogenized, freeze-dried, and elemental concentration of trace elements were determined by instrumental neutron activation analysis. The interference from fast neutron induced reactions were corrected. Concentrations and daily dietary intake of the elements were compared with those collected in the summer, resulting less daily intake of K, Ca, Mn, Fe, and Zn among Taiwanese than the values recommended by WHO and RDA. Alarming low intake of Fe for females and Zn among Taiwanese were indicated.     

Simultaneous determination of232Th and238U in biological samples. Application to the estimation of their daily intake through diet

A simple method employing neutron activation and radiochemical separation was developed for simultaneous determination of the concentrations of²³²Th(Th) and²³⁸U(U) in biological materials. Using this method, it is possible to detect 0.05 and 0.2 ng of Th and U, respectively, in the samples. This method was applied to determine the daily dietary intake of these two nuclides by the population living in the high background areas of India (Monazite area), where the soil contains very high levels of these two nuclides. The comparison of the daily intakes by the population living in high and normal background areas showed significantly higher intake of these two nuclides by the high background population.     

Selenium content in selected foods from the Saudi Arabia market and estimation of the daily intake

This study was conducted to create a selenium database for the representative food items in Saudi diet and to estimate the dietary selenium intake of Saudi Arabians. Three samples for each food item selected were purchased from the markets. Each pooled sample was analyzed in triplicate by ICP–MS after thorough homogenization. The rich sources of selenium were meats (0.216–0.658 μg/g), eggs (0.226 μg/g) and cereals and cereals products (0.043–0.165 μg/g). Vegetables and fruits contained trace amounts of selenium (0.001–0.067 μg/g). The major food sources of selenium intake were cereals and cereals products (30.2%), legumes (24.7%) and meats (20%). The daily intake of Se was calculated taking into account the concentration of this element in the edible part and the daily consumption data which were derived from two sources, (a) the food balance sheet of KSA given by Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and (b) from questionnaires distributed among 200 families in Jeddah. The results showed that the daily intake of Se according to the two sources is 75.00–121.65 μg/person/day.     

Determination of selenium daily intakes in two small groups of the Portuguese population by replicate sample neutron activation analysis

Selenium daily intake was determined for two small groups of the Portuguese population, based on the analysis of duplicate diet portions. The total amount of food ingested during a day was collected for 18 workers of the Technological and Nuclear Institute (ITN-Sacavém) and for 6 females of Reguengos de Monsaraz, a small town in the south-eastern hinterland. The average selenium daily intake was 43 ± 20 and 32 ± 13 μg per person, respectively, both lower than the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) of 55 μg day⁻¹. Selenium in diet samples was determined by replicate sample neutron activation analysis (RSINAA). The method was considered accurate for the selenium determination.     

Determination of trace elements in chewing gum by neutron activation analysis

Six trace elements of nutritional or toxicological interest (aluminium, calcium, chlorine, manganese, sodium and strontium) have been determined in three different brands of chewing gum by instrumental neutron activation analysis. Unlike graphite furnace atomic absorption, neutron activation requires essentially no treatment of the gum sample prior to analysis. As a result, most of these elements may be quantitated in only a few minutes. For the particular brands of gum examined, none of the detected elements was found to be present at a level representing a substantial contribution to the total dietary intake of the element for an American adult.     

Assessment of Iodine in the Diet of People Living Around a Nuclear Reprocessing Plant: Dose-Related Consequences of an Intake of 129I

It is important that in radioiodine dosimetry for low levels of daily intake, allowance must be made for the normal daily intake of stable iodine. This intake varies from one region to another, and variations are observed from one person to the next within a region, depending on eating habits. Measuring iodine in the urine over 24 hours can indirectly assess these variations. Analysis of the total iodine in the urine was carried out for 69 French people living in a temperate maritime region or in mainland France. This study justifies individual assessment of the coefficient of iodine transfer to the thyroid by means of this survey based on the urinary iodine analysis. The consequences for man of the release of ¹²⁹I around a nuclear reprocessing plant were analyzed by applying the methodology published previously by the authors. A software program based on the iodine biokinetic model recommended by the ICRP was used to calculate the daily urine excretion of ¹²⁹I for five different diets of total iodide in a ratio of 10^-4 for ¹²⁹I/¹²⁷I. This model makes it possible to set a practical detection limit of 20 mBq (0.003 µg). This approach is important from a practical point of view for health physicists involved in routine monitoring of workers in the nuclear field and members of the public exposed to radioiodine released into the environment.     

Caesium contamination in human milk and transfer factor from diet.

A study on caesium contamination in human milk, as a consequence of the Chernobyl fallout, was conducted in 1989 on a group of women from one of the areas of northern Italy most heavily affected by the radioactive fallout. Their diet was studied, and the caesium intake was calculated by using the mean food activity concentration in that area. The caesium transfer factor was evaluated both as the ratio of caesium concentration in mother's milk to the daily intake, and by using a simplified milk compartment model.     

重庆市某高校学生膳食铬摄入水平的测定

为了解重庆市某高校学生膳食铬的摄入水平,随机选取调查对象120人,双份饭法采样食物,用火焰原子吸收分光光度法测定了膳食中铬的含量。结果表明,大学生膳食铬的平均摄入量男生为4.68 mg/d,女生为3.80 mg/d,分别是适宜摄入量(adequate Intake,AI)的23.4倍和19倍,也显著超过了铬的每日允许摄入量(acceptable daily Intake,ADI)1.0 mg/d。可见高校学生膳食铬摄入水平超过了推荐膳食摄入量和安全限量,但其对健康的影响有待进一步明确。     

Elemental analysis of traditional medicinal seeds by instrumental neutron activation analysis

Traditional medicinal seeds prescribed for specific treatment purposes, were purchased from local markets and analyzed by INAA. The samples were irradiated at Es-Salam research reactor, at a power of 5 MW for 6 h. The accuracy of the method was established by analyzing reference materials. Twenty elements were measured, with good accuracy and reproducibility. The concentration of elements determined, was found to vary depending on the seeds. The daily intake of essential and toxic elements was determined, and compared with the recommended values. The probable cumulative intake of toxic elements is well below the tolerance limits.     

Dietary exposure of Thais to pesticides during 1989-1996

To monitor the exposure of the Thai to pesticide residues in foods, the intake of pesticides based on the total diet approach has been studied in Thailand continually since 1989. Food items were chosen and their proportions of daily consumption were calculated from the national food consumption survey conducted by the Department of Health in 1986. Seventy-seven items of food including drinking water were classified into 12 groups according to their sources of contamination and the analytical methods used. Shopping lists and standard procedures for collecting samples and cooking were developed. Twelve food composites from each of the 4 regions were analyzed for nearly 100 pesticides. All analyses used multiresidue analytical methods, and the total daily dietary intakes of pesticide residues were estimated from the average amount of food consumed by Thais. Among 24 pesticides found in the 8 year study, DDT, dimethoate, methamidophos, and parathion methyl were found every year. However, dietary intakes of all pesticides were far below the established acceptable daily intake. In 1999, the study methodology was redesigned to accommodate the new national food consumption survey data.