Graduation of electron spectrometer intensity scale. Part 2. How to do it

Graduation function G(E′) absolute values have been determined experimentally for the first time for the intensity scale of an ordinary Auger electron spectrometer. The determination of G(E′) includes creation of an original standard signal and measurement of the consequent reaction of the spectrometer using a “giant rectangular modulation” operation mode, integration of the measurand, and use of an original G(E′) definition. The experimental values of G(E′) are presented in the correct dimensional units for a pass energy range E′ = 150–1000 eV. A non-monotonous behaviour of G(E′), a strong dependence of G(E′) on the multiplier entrance bias voltage, and a discrepancy between the graduation functions of spectrometers of the same type with CMA are demonstrated. Possibilities are predicted for a similar G(E′) determination for other types of spectromer.     

A magnetic-free high resolution parabolic mirror time-of-flight electron energy spectrometer

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Repeatable intensity calibration of an X-ray photoelectron spectrometer

Ten years ago, NPL developed an infrastructure for calibrating the intensity response functions of electron spectrometers for Auger electron and for X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies. Two software systems were developed: one for Auger electron spectrometers or for Auger electron and X-ray photoelectron spectrometers combined, and one for X-ray photoelectron spectrometers on their own; the latter being applied if no suitable electron gun is available. The system for Auger electron and X-ray photoelectron spectrometers combined has been used regularly to calibrate the Metrology Spectrometer II at NPL and experience shows that this gives an instrumental intensity consistency of 0.4% over 10 years. Evaluations have not previously been reported at this level. The system for Auger electron and X-ray photoelectron spectrometers combined is used here in preference to the system solely for X-ray photoelectron spectrometers since it is more robust to the sample condition and can be used over a wider energy range. These issues, and how observed variations in the instrument intensity response may arise, are explained.     

A double toroidal analyzer for scanning probe electron energy spectrometer

An ultra-high vacuum(UHV) compatible electron spectrometer employing a double toroidal analyzer has been developed. It is designed to be combined with a custom-made scanning tunneling microscope(STM) to study the spatially localized electron energy spectrum on a surface. A tip–sample system composed of a piezo-driven field-emission tungsten tip and a sample of highly ordered pyrolytic graphite(HOPG) is employed to test the performance of the spectrometer.Two-dimensional images of the energy-resolved and angle-dispersed electrons backscattered from the surface of HOPG are obtained, the performance is optimized and the spectrometer is calibrated. A complete electron energy loss spectrum covering the elastic peak to the secondary electron peaks for the HOPG surface, acquired at a tip voltage of-140 V and a sample current of 0.5 pA, is presented, demonstrating the viability of the spectrometer.     

HL—1装置表面分析站的研制

等离子体与表面相互作用的重要性是人们公认的。我们试图在HL-1装置上原位测量表面状态,本文叙述了为HL-1研制的表面分析站及测得的一些结果。为装置提供了实验数据。     

A decision theoretical approach for diffusion promotion

In order to maximize cost efficiency from scarce marketing resources, marketers are facing the problem of which group of consumers to target for promotions. We propose to use a decision theoretical approach to model this strategic situation. According to one promotion model that we develop, marketers balance between probabilities of successful persuasion and the expected profits on a diffusion scale, before making their decisions. In the other promotion model, the cost for identifying influence information is considered, and marketers are allowed to ignore individual heterogeneity. We apply the proposed approach to two threshold influence models, evaluate the utility of each promotion action, and provide discussions about the best strategy. Our results show that efforts for targeting influentials or easily influenced people might be redundant under some conditions.     

A study of some instrument characteristics of an LHS-10 electron spectrometer

The transmission function of a Leybold-Heraeus hemispherical electron spectrometer has been measured for various instrument modes. Additional data concerning peak/background ratios and peak widths are extracted from these measurements. A comparison is made between various methods of background subtraction.     

低能电子解离贴附质谱装置的设计

本文报道了一台低能电子解离贴附质谱装置的设计.此装置采用余摆线型电子单色器和四极质谱计等技术,用于研究低能电子与分子的解离性贴附动力学过程.与其它国外类似装置相比,本装置的设计具有高低能电子单色器能量分辨率、优化电源系统、实现计算机控制等特点.     

Reshape scale method: A novel multi scale entropic analysis approach

The Reshape Scale (RS) method was introduced in this article as a novel approach to perform multi scale transition of sample entropy. This method was able to quantify the orderliness in the signal by determining the distance over which the subsequent data points can remain affiliated to one another. Entropic Half Life (EnHL)   was introduced to characterize such an affiliation. The method was tested for 1/f^α$1/f^{\alpha }$ processes for different α$\alpha$ values. Furthermore, the dependency of the multi scale entropy analysis developed by Costa et al. (2002) [6] to the probability density function and the standard deviation of autoregressive signals was studied and discussed.     

Role of hot electron transport in scintillators: A theoretical study

Despite recent intensive study on scintillators, several fundamental questions on scintillator properties are still unknown. In this work, we use ab‐initio calculations to determine the energy dependent group velocity of the hot electrons from the electronic structures of several typical scintillators. Based on the calculated group velocities and optical phonon frequencies, a Monte‐Carlo simulation of hot electron transport in scintillators is carried out to calculate the thermalization time and diffusion range in selected scintillators. Our simulations provide physical insights on a recent trend of improved proportionality and light yield from mixed halide scintillators. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Improvements on the third generation of electron momentum spectrometer

The significant modifications to our recently constructed electron momentum spectrometer have been implemented. Compared with our previous report, the energy and the angle resolutions are significantly improved and reach △E = 0.45 eV, △θ = ±0.53° and △φ = ±0.84°, respectively. Moreover, the details of data reduction and the relation between azimuthal angle range and the sensitivity are discussed.     

Electron emission from charged surfaces of ferroelectrics-electrets: Part 1. Properties of the electron emission

The present paper describes properties of the electron emission from negatively charged surfaces of poled ferroelectrics-electrets. This emission results from the irradiation of the surface with X-rays of weak intensity. It has been shown both experimentally and theoretically that the mechanism of its emergence differs from the photoemission mechanism, it rather roots in the ferroelectric state of the surface layer.     

Defects in a TGBA phase: A theoretical approach

Following our experimental observations of disclination lines in freely suspended droplets and free-standing films (Yu.A. Nastishin et al., Eur. Phys. J. E 5 353 (2001)), topological defects of the twist grain boundary (TGBA) phase are considered according to two aspects: topological and energetical. There are two classes of line defects, disclinations (as in the cholesteric (N*) phase and the liquid vortices phase (NL*), relating to the directors tripod symmetries) and dispirations (relating to the translation-rotation symmetries); there are no topological point defects. Differences between N*, NL* and TGBA disclinations are physical, not topological. The absence of focal conic domains in the TGBA phase is an immediate consequence of the materialization of the helical axis (along the χ-director); the same feature, coupled to the trend to parallelism of the smectic layers, accounts for the predominance of λ-lines. Finally, the presence of defects akin to developable domains is explained in the frame of the leastcurvaturemodel, that requires the introduction of a third type of defects: the densitiesofedgedislocations of the smectic layers. Received 20 February 2002     

On a low intensity <Superscript>241</Superscript>Am Compton spectrometer for measurement of electron momentum density

In this paper, a new design and construction of a low intensity (100 mCi) ²⁴¹Am γ-ray Compton spectrometer is presented. The planar spectrometer is based on a small disc source with the shortest geometry. Measurement of the momentum density of polycrystalline Al is used to evaluate the performance of the new design. The measured profile is in good agreement with the existing theoretical data and our density functional calculations.      

A theoretical and experimental investigation of sound intensity distribution within a splitter silencer

Results are presented of an investigation into the sound intensity distribution in a ventilation duct splitter silencer subject to plane waves incident in the axial direction, under conditions of zero flow. A theory is developed which accounts for the generation of nonplane fields at the cross-sectional discontinuities of the duct-silencer-duct system. A local reaction model of the splitter material is employed, and analytical solutions and numerical results are presented for the sound intensity distribution within the silencer. Experiments were conducted to measure the distribution of sound intensity in a silencer subject to incident plane waves. The conventional cross-spectral method of measuring sound intensity could not be used because of the practical difficulties in manoeuvring the two-microphone assembly through the narrow air passage and obtaining measurements at positions close to the wall of the splitters. Instead, a modified cross-spectral method was devised which employs only one microphone for measurement. In this method, the transfer functions between the loudspeaker input signal and the microphone output signal were measured at an array of microphone positions within the air passages of the silencer. The divergence equation for sound intensity was employed to infer transverse intensity distributions from the computed axial distribution. Reasonable qualitative agreement is obtained between theoretical and observed sound intensity distribution, but the local reaction model of the splitter is found not to be satisfactory at the lower frequencies.     

Modeling, measuring, and minimizing the instrument response function of a tunable diode laser spectrometer

The instrument response function (IRF) of a spectrometer limits the accuracy of measured spectroscopic parameters by broadening recorded spectral lines/features. We describe methods to model the effects of the IRF on spectral data, to minimize the IRF widths, and to measure the resulting width of the spectrometer IRF. We have modeled the IRF of our Tunable Diode Laser Spectrometer as a Voigt function. A real-time method of eliminating the effects of low-frequency spectrometer drift has been implemented and has resulted in a substantial reduction in the width of the IRF, its residual Gaussian component reduced from about to about . An accurate measurement of the IRF Gaussian width utilizes a computationally simple method making use of the spectral dependence of the RMS noise of each signal-averaged data point. Various noise sources affecting the spectrometer (preamp/detector noise, laser AM noise, and laser FM noise) are identified and separately quantified by use of the same method. The IRF Gaussian-width measurement can be automatically applied to each measured spectrum of an experimental data set. A related method is discussed which allows accurate determination of the spectral dependence of statistical noise appropriate for use in quantitative Chi-square fitting of absorption spectra. We explore simple, efficient numerical processes which can dramatically enhance the quality and usefulness of acquired spectral data, improving the ability to apply TDL spectroscopy to high-precision, quantitative measurements and the determination of detailed spectroscopic lineshape parameters. This paper provides a guide for interested readers to implement these developments in their own spectrometers.