Isotope shifts and electronic configurations of the odd parity energy levels of singly ionised samarium

Isotope shift ΔT (148–154) has been evaluated for twelve low-lying even and 89 odd parity levels of singly ionised samarium (Sm II) from the isotope shift (IS) studies in 182 spectral lines of Sm II in the 3890–4525 Å region. These studies were carried out on a recording Fabry-Perot spectrometer using eriched isotopes¹⁴⁸Sm (96%) and¹⁵⁴Sm (98%) excited in liquid nitrogen-cooled hollow-cathodes. Earlier data on isotope shifts are available for only eight lines in this region. It has been found that for a few spectral lines there are errors both in magnitudes and signs of isotope shifts, reported earlier. Most of the 89 odd parity levels of Sm II, for which ΔT values have been evaluated presently, have in literature either no electronic configuration assignments or only tentative assignments. We have suggested the leading configuration for most of these odd levels of Sm II on the basis of ΔT values evaluated in the present studies.     

Isotope shift studies in the UV spectrum of singly ionised gadolinium

Isotope shift Δσ(¹⁵⁶Gd-¹⁶⁰Gd) are reported for 33 spectral lines of singly ionised gadolinium (Gd II) in the 3315–3930 Å region, making use of a photoelectric recording Fabry-Perot spectrometer and highly enriched isotopic samples of ¹⁵⁶Gd and ¹⁶⁰Gd Isotope shift values for these lines have not been reported earlier. Using this data, term isotope shift ΔT(¹⁵⁶Gd-¹⁶⁰Gd) have been evaluated for the even and odd parity energy levels involved in these transitions. We report here ΔT values of only 10 odd parity energy levels lying above 35 000 cm⁻¹, which have been evaluated for the first time. Configuration assignments of six of these levels to 4f⁸6p have been confirmed and probable configurations suggested for four unassigned levels.     

Isotope shift studies in the second spectrum of neodymium in UV region

Isotope shift (IS) Δσ (142–150) have been measured in 92 spectral lines of Nd⁺ in the region 3290–3955 Å, employing recording Fabry-Perot spectrometer and highly enriched isotopic samples excited in a liquid-nitrogen cooled hollow cathode. Earlier IS measurement in UV region of Nd II spectrum is available for only a few lines, New classification has been made for several of the spectral lines studied presently. We have also revised the earlier suggested classification for some of the Nd II lines on the basis of observed isotope shifts. The transitions presently studied mostly involve high lying odd parity energy levels above 30,000 cm^?1 having neither electronic configuration assignment nor term isotope shifts (ΔT) evaluated. The present study would thus enable to evaluate ΔT values of some of these high lying odd levels, which should be helpful in suggesting possible electronic configurations.     

Isotope shifts in energy levels of the neutral neodymium atom

Isotope shift ΔT(142–144) have been evaluated for 281 odd and 110 even levels of the neutral neodymium atom from the isotope shift measurements made in the classified lines of Nd I spectra covering the region 3930–6510 Å. These investigations were carried out on a recording Fabry—Perot spectrometer using enriched isotopes excited in liquid-air cooled hollow cathodes. Electronic configurations of the energy levels have been discussed and probable configurations assigned to many odd and even levels. Most of the high even levels could be assigned to 4f³5d²6p configuration.     

Isotope shift studies in the spectra of Gadolinium in UV region and term shifts of high even levels of Gd I

Isotope shift Δσ(¹⁵⁶Gd?¹⁶⁰Gd) is reported in 70 spectral lines of neutral gadolinium atom (Gd I) in the 3290- 3920 Å region providing isotope shift data in UV lines of Gd I spectrum for the first time. The measurements were carried out on a photoelectric recording Fabry-Perot Spectrometer using highly enriched isotopic samples of gadolinium. Term isotope shifts ΔT(¹⁵⁶Gd?¹⁶⁰Gd) have been evaluated for 48 high lying even parity energy levels of Gd I using this data; new ΔT values have been obtained for 24 levels. Electronic configurations 4f⁷5d6s6p, 4ff⁷5df²6p and 4f⁸5d6s assigned earlier to these even levels have been either confirmed or configuration mixing pointed out in some of these levels. Probable assignment of 4f⁸5d6s configuration to 8 even levels between 32 930 and 35 500 cm^-1 have been confirmed.     

Isotope shifts in spectral lines of Yb+ in 322-615nm region and term shifts of odd and even parity energy levels of Yb II

Isotope shift Δσ(¹⁷²Yb - ¹⁷⁶Yb) has been measured in 79 classified lines of Yb II in the region 3225-6155 Å. Earlier studies provide isotope shift data in just six lines of Yb II. Term isotope shift ΔT (¹⁷²Yb-¹⁷⁶Yb) have been evaluated for 38 even and 30 odd parity levels of Yb II, using the present isotope shift data. The ΔT values have been discussed and correlated with the purity of the configuration assigned to an energy level, which enabled to check the reported eigenvector percentages of different configurations for some of the levels of Yb II. ΔT values of different levels resulting from J_IL_II couplings are also discussed.     

Isotope shift studies and electronic configuration assignments to the energy levels of neutral erbium

Isotope shifts ΔT (170-166) have been evaluated for 54 even and 94 odd energy levels covering almost all the known configurations of the neutral erbium. These ΔT values have been derived from the isotope shift measurements carried out in 159 lines in the region 3900–4605 A using a Fabry-Perot spectrometer and liquid-air-cooled hollow cathode source with highly enriched ¹⁷⁰Er and ¹⁶⁶Er isotopic samples. Electronic configurations assigned to energy levels of Er I by earlier workers have been mostly confirmed and in few cases revisions have been suggested on the basis of observed ΔT values. Probable configurations have been also suggested for unassigned levels of Er I, and a large number of even levels could be assigned to 4f¹¹ 5d 6s 6p configuration.     

Reevaluation of term isotope shifts of low even levels of 4f86s2 configuration and high odd-parity levels of neutral gadolinium atoms

Isotope shift ΔT(¹⁵⁶Gd–¹⁶⁰Gd) of the even-parity energy levels of 4f⁸6s² and 4f⁷6s²6p configurations of neutral gadolinium atoms (Gd I) have been reevaluated using the level isotope shift (ΔT) of two odd-parity levels reported recently. Earlier the isotope shifts of these even-parity energy levels were evaluated using empirical relation. Our extensive isotope shift data has been used for the reevaluation of ΔT values of these low even-parity energy levels which have been utilised for revision of the ΔT values of high-lying odd-parity energy levels of Gd I.     

Laser spectroscopic investigation of isotope shifts in Nd II lines

The isotope shift of 11 optical transitions in Nd II in the spectral range 420–450 nm have been recorded (in all cases but one for all pairs of even Nd isotopes). For all observed transitions the values of the field shifts, the specific mass shifts and Δ∣ψ(0)∣² have been evaluated. Using our new data, combined with data reported in earlier papers, term isotope shifts for all pairs of even Nd isotopes have been determined for 27 energy levels and for the configurations: 4f⁴6s, 4f⁴5d, 4f³5d6s and 4f⁴6p as well. It is shown that configuration assignment of a level on the basis of term shift values only is in some cases not satisfactory (as e.g. of the level at 22,696 cm⁻¹) and obviously additional information is required.     

Isotope shifts in the energy levels of the singly ionized neodymium atom

Isotope shifts ΔT (142–144) have been evaluated for odd and even energy levels of the singly ionised neodymium atom from the measurements carried out in 168 spectral lines in the 3930–5820 Å region, employing a recording Fabry-Perot spectrometer and highly enriched isotopes excited in liquid-air cooled hollow cathodes. The electronic configurations 4f³5d6s, 4f³5d6p and 4f⁴6p could be assigned to some of the energy levels on the basis of the present study.     

Isotope shifts and electronic configurations of some of the energy levels of the neutral gadolinium atom

Isotope shift ΔT (156–160) have been evaluated for 52 odd and 90 even energy levels of the neutral gadolinium atom from the measurements carried out on 166 lines of the first spectrum in the region 4535–4975 Å on a photoelectric recording Fabry-Perot Spectrometer and enriched samples of ¹⁵⁶Gd and ¹⁶⁰Gd. Earlier studies provide data for just two lines in this region. Assignment of electronic configurations to some of the energy levels have been either confirmed or revised; some unassigned levels have been assigned probable configurations. The present study provides, for the first time, isotope shift of the two levels of 4f⁷6s²7 s configuration of Gd I.     

Electronic configurations and isotope shifts of the energy levels of the neutral dysprosium atom

Electronic configurations of the energy levels of the neutral dysprosium atom have been suggested on the basis of isotope shift studies carried out in the first spectrum of dysprosium using highly enriched isotopes excited in liquid-air-cooled hollow cathode lamps and a photoelectric recording Fabry-Perot spectrometer. Isotope shift Δ T(164-160) have been evaluated for 85 even and 82 odd energy levels. The configurations 4f⁹d6s6p, 4f⁹6p6s² and 4f¹⁰6s6d along with two new configurations 4f⁹5d²6p and 4f¹⁰6p² have been assigned to even levels whereas the configurations 4f⁹5d²6s, 4f¹⁰6s6p and 4f¹⁰5d6p have been assigned to some odd energy levels of the neutral dysprosium atom.     

Hyperfine structure studies of Tantalum

A narrow bandwidth ring dye laser pumped by an argon ion laser has been used to investigate the hyperfine structure of the even and odd parity levels of tantalum by optogalvanic spectroscopy in the wavelength range 5640 to 6050 Å. Seventeen transitions have been observed and eight of these have not been reported in the literature so far. These transitions involve 27 levels with 15 odd and 12 even parity configurations. The magnetic dipole hyperfine interaction constants A and the electric quadrupole interaction constants B for these levels have been computed and compared with the data available in literature. The results for the levels at 34799.71 cm^?1, 26960.46 cm^?1 and 19657.78 cm^?1 are reported for the first time.     

On the hyperfine structure in the configuration 5f 3 6d7s 2 of neutral uranium

A Laser Induced Fluorescence experiment in an atomic beam has yielded experimental values of hyperfine structure (hfs) constants A and B for 28 low odd levels and 22 even levels, with an accuracy around 10^–5 cm^–1 for A and 10^–3 cm^–1 for B. A Condon Slater Racah parametric interpretation of the hfs data concerning 22 of these levels, on the basis of the configuration 5f ³ 6d 7s ², has provided values of monoelectronic parametersa _5f ⁰¹ ,a _5f ¹² ,a _6d ⁰¹ ,b _5f ⁰² ,b _6d ⁰² ,b _6d ¹³ . A least square fit calculation has been compared to the values deduced from Dirac-Fock monoelectronic radial integrals. The fit represents 18 A (16 B) values ranging from –0.42 to –2.96 mK (from –41 to 156 mK) with discrepancies less than 0.2 mK (8 mK).     

Precise thermal ionization mass spectrometric measurements of 142Nd/144Nd and 143Nd/144Nd isotopic ratios of Nd separated from geological standards by chromatographic methods

A chromatographic separation technique for ¹⁴²Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd and ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd isotope ratio measurements is established and applied to the analyses of geological standards of basaltic compositions (BCR-2, BIR-1) using Isoprobe-T TIMS. The instrument was tested for reliability and reproducibility to measure Nd isotope composition using the synthetic standard JNdi-1. The techniques were also applied to a carbonatite lava sample, OL-6, Oldoinyo Lengai, to check the validity of method for carbonatite matrix. The isotope ratios of ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd for synthetic Nd standard JNdi-1, geological standards BCR-2, BIR-1, and carbonatite lava sample OL-6 obtained by these methods are in good agreement with previously published data. The ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd values for JNdi-1 and BCR-2 have an external precision of ±13 ppm and ±15 ppm (2σ), respectively. The JNdi-1 and BCR-2 data for ¹⁴²Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd has an external precision of ±12 ppm and ±8 ppm (2σ), respectively. The ¹⁴²Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd composition of the two geological standards BCR-2 and BIR-1 are indistinguishable from synthetic mono-element standard JNdi-1, and they all fall within the 12 ppm (2σ) envelope of external precision. The external reproducibility is sufficient to distinguish and resolve 20 ppm anomalies in ¹⁴²Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd values.     

The hyperfine structure in the configuration 4f 135d6s6p in ytterbium

Using Doppler-reduced laser induced fluorescence spectroscopy in an atomic beam, the hyperfine structure of 22 levels of the configuration 4f ¹³5d6s6p in neutral ytterbium has been investigated for the two odd isotopes ¹⁷¹ Yb and ¹⁷¹ Yb. The experimental results have been used in a study of the hyperfine structure in regard to a determination of the one-electron parameters for the magnetic dipole and the electric quadrupole hyperfine coupling of the isotope ¹⁷³ Yb in part II of this work.     

Hyperfine structure in the configuration 4f 115d6s 2 of Er I

Hyperfine constants of low lying levels of the configuration 4f ¹¹5d6s ² in Er I have been measured for the only stable odd isotope,¹⁶⁷Er, using high resolution laseratomic-beam spectroscopy. Hyperfine parameters were evaluated from the experimental data using the effective tensor operator formalism. For this purpose eigenfunctions have been determined from an analysis of the fine structure energies of Er I as well as from ab initio multiconfiguration Dirac-Fock calculations. With the latter method also ab initio hyperfine constants for the levels investigated were evaluated. A comparison of calculated fine structure energies, Landég _J -factors and hyperfine constants with the experimental data allowed a test of the reliability of the fine structure and multiconfiguration Dirac-Fock wavefunctions. Effective nuclear electric quadrupole moments for¹⁶⁷Er have been determined from the experimental hyperfine constants using both calculated relativistic electronic radial integrals and hyperfine parameters for the 4f and 5d electrons in the configuration 4f ¹¹5d6s ² in Er I. From a comparison with the nuclear quadrupole moment measured in the mesic atom Sternheimer shielding factors are calculated. Configuration-interaction contributions to the radial integrals 〈r ^?3〉 _nl ⁰¹ of the 4f and 5d electrons have been determined.     

Lifetime measurements of some TmI odd parity levels

Eleven new lifetimes of odd parity excited energy levels in four configurations: 4f ¹² 5d 6s6p, 4f ¹² 6s² 6p, 4f ¹³ 5d6s and 4f ¹³ 6s7s of atomic thulium have been mesured with atomic-beam laser spectrocopy. Two pulsed dye lasers are used for stepwise excitation and the time-resolved fluorescence decay was used to determine lifetime values. The accuracy of the measurements is about 10%.     

Hyperfine structure and isotope shift of some even parity levels in the YbI spectrum

Using laser induced fluorescence spectroscopy the hyperfine structure of the even parity levels 4f ¹⁴6s6d ³ D ₁, 4f ¹⁴ 6s8s ³ S ₁ and 4f ¹³ 5d6s6p (7/2, 5/2)J=1,2,3 as well as of the odd parity level 4f ¹⁴ 6s6p ³ P ₂ in neutral ytterbium has been investigated. The isotope shift of the transitions 4f ¹⁴6s6p ³ P ₀ → 4f ¹⁴ 6s6p ³ D ₁ and 4f ¹⁴ 6s6p ³ P ₂ → 4f ¹⁴ 6s8s ³ S ₁, 4f ¹³ 5d6s6p (7/2, 5/2)J=1,2,3 could be measured with high accuracy. The results for the 4f ¹⁴ 6s6p ³ D ₁ level show a considerable influence of second order effects of the hyperfine interaction. The isotope shifts of the 4f ¹⁴ 6s8s ³ S ₁ and 4f ¹³ 5d6s6p (7/2, 5/2)J=1 levels indicate a possible configuration mixing for these levels.     

Crossed-second-order-effects of the isotope shift and hyperfine-structure parameters in the Eu I configuration 4f 7 6s6d

In the Eu I configuration 4f ⁷ 6s6d the isotope shift (IS) and hyperfine-structure (hfs) of the termse ⁶ D ande ¹⁰ D were determined from fourteen transitions (4f ⁷ 6s6d-4f ⁷ 6s6p) with computer supported interference spectroscopy. From the IS of altogether nine levels of 4f ⁷ 6s6d the crossed-second-order-parameterg ₃(4f,6s)=?0.90(6)mK was evaluated. The ratiog ₃/G ₃=?4.4(3)·10^?6 (G ₃: Slater Integral of the fine structure) is of the same size as that from five other independent investigations and one theoretical value. The single electron hfs splitting constantsa _4f ¹⁰ =?1.9(3)mK,a _6s ¹⁰ =391(3)mK, anda _6d ¹² =0.9(3)mK were also evaluated and are compared with those of other Eu 4f ⁷ 6snl configurations.