X射线衍射定量相分析新方法

在基体清洗法的基础上提出一种新的X射线衍射定量分析方法，该方法是利用混合样品X射线衍射谱图中的全部衍射峰数据，把清洗剂同样品中所包含的所有待测物相的纯相按比例混合，在同一水平下同时测定各物相与清洗剂对应的几个K值，结合JCPDS卡中的各相标准谱峰的相对强度分布数据进行最小二乘方程组的抛弃平均法回归分析，求得混合物样品中各相间的全谱峰匹配强度比，用于混合物样品的X射线衍射定量相分析，有利于提高定量相分析的精度，通过对四组分混合物样品的分析，实验结果和理论完全一致。     

粘胶纤维微细结构的定量研究

<正> 前言粘胶人造丝超分子结构与物理性能之间的关系,直到最近仍然是许多学者所关心的重要课题。但是,粘胶纤维的 x 射线衍射图谱中各晶相衍射峰和非晶相散射峰互相重叠,一直无法分开,妨碍了对其微细结构进行定量研究。70年代以来,发展了用电子计算机分解谱线叠加峰的数学方法,使解决该问题成为可能。     

X射线衍射法钾混盐无标样定量相分析

采用EVD、TOPAS应用软件和TOPAS结构数据库以及无机晶体结构数据库,对一些混合盐样品(如钾混盐、尾矿等)进行了X射线粉末衍射无标样定量相分析全谱拟合模拟研究。在用Rietveld分析法对上述样品中无机盐成分的X射线衍射谱进行模拟过程中,选择基本参数函数为峰形函数,并通过March-Dolase择优取向校正拟合,提高了拟合精度。测得钾混盐样品中钾盐镁矾相含量为72.44%,岩盐相含量为27.56%,误差值Rwp(17.45),Rp(12.21)和拟合度S(4.91)均有所降低。     

X射线衍射定量相分析的检测限

X射线衍射定量相分析可以获得混合物中各物相的含量。混合物中各相的含量,由於吸收效应,一般不与其衍射线强度成正比关系,但含量与强度仍成一定的比例关系。在物相定性和定量分析中,人们对检测限是很感兴趣的。例如在常见的产物鉴定和相变研究中,通常需要知道物相的纯度。解决这个问题惯用的办法是将微量相含量一次一次减少地加入到基体中去,配制一系列不同标样,观察其衍射线强度;衍射线刚好消失时对应的含量,即为检测     

样品质量控制对X射线衍射测量结果的影响

以生物材料羟基磷灰石（HA）为样品模型,系统研究了HA样品在不同质量状态下对X射线衍射测试结果的作用。通过考察样品状态确认（块体、层状和粉末等）、实验方法选择（粉末多晶衍射和薄膜掠入射衍射等）以及环境条件控制（温度、湿度及X射线下辐照时间等）等因素,评价样品的质量控制对X射线衍射（XRD）检测数据准确性与真实性的影响。结果表明,与HA块状样品相比,经过研磨过筛处理后的粉末试样XRD特征峰强度显著增强,差异可增加至1倍以上。针对HA多层状生长样品,结合掠入射和常规粉末衍射可精准实现各层物相解析。HA粉末样品的粒径、样品量及对应的装填方式会影响XRD检测结果,粒径37μm的HA粉末样品的特征峰强是粒径137μm样品1倍左右;而少量样品的中部空置制样,可导致特征峰峰位由31.8（°）偏移至31.4（°）,峰强从11213.68降到601.65。另外,对于稳定性不佳或对环境温湿度敏感的试样,采取合适的保存和检测方式,可有效预防和避免错误的检测与结果分析。因此,全面的质量控制对高质量的XRD检测数据获取和确保实验数据质量至关重要。     

X射线吸收分析法简介

近十余年来,X射线化学分析法已被广泛采用。利用X射线进行化学分析,有三类不同方法:衍射分析法,发射光谱分析法和吸收分析法。衍射分析法常称物相分析,它是根据晶态物质的X射线衍射花样的特征和衍射线的强度来进行定性与定量分析的。分析结果直接给出样品中所含晶体的种类、数目及其相对含量。非晶态物质沒有一定的衍射花样,故不能用此法分析。发射光谱分析法(包括初级发射光谱法及熒光X光谱分析法)的原理与通常的光学光谱分析法相同,是根据各种元素所固有的特征X射线的波长及强度来进行定性定量分析的,分析结果给出样品中所含元素的种类及含量。上述二法本刊已先后作过介绍,本文之目的是要对吸收分析法的原理、设备及应用作一简要介绍。     

X射线光电子能谱中的分峰处理

文章详细介绍了X射线光电子能谱分峰操作的流程,对谱图中单峰和多峰的荷电位移、数据平滑、背景扣除、谱峰确认和多高斯拟合操作的数学流程进行了图解。我们认为,具有足够连续宽度和强度的峰值处才可以被判定为峰;谱图中可以进行含量定量的谱峰强度应在背景涨落的10倍以上;最后得到的分峰结果,还应进行统计检验。     

电子计算机自动X射线物相分析进展

利用X射线粉末衍射谱进行物相分析,由于不破坏样品,过程简单,结果准确可靠而成为化学化工、金属、地质及其它材料学科中最广泛使用的方法。 X射线物相分析是把待鉴定样品的衍射谱与一套物相已知的标准衍射谱进行对比,以确     

A1掺杂对尖晶石型Li[Mn（Al）]2O4结构的影响

采用共沉淀法按不同Al掺杂比例x[x=n(Al):n(Mn Al)=0,0.025,0.050,0.100,0.150,0.200]制得了Al(OH)3和Mn3O4混合物，将其与LiNO3按一定比例混合，在空气中于700℃烧结得Li[Mn(Al)]2O4样品，X射线衍射和Raman光谱结果表明，在0≤x≤0．20范围内均得到了单相的尖晶石型样品，随着x的增加，晶胞参数减小，晶格振动能量增加，Mn(Al)-O的结合增强，结构稳定性增强。     

X射线衍射分析氧化铁脱硫剂中γ-FeOOH的含量

采用X射线衍射分析技术, 建立了氧化铁脱硫剂中γ-FeOOH的检测方法.在质量分数为30%~100%的测定范围内, γ-FeOOH定量衍射峰积分强度和其质量分数呈现良好的线性关系, 线性相关系数为0.997 7, 为不同晶型FeOOH的含量测定提供了研究思路.对已知含量的γ-FeOOH脱硫剂样品进行测定, 相对误差3.7%.方法可以定性定量分析脱硫剂中FeOOH的多态混合物, 对于进一步研究脱硫剂中FeOOH多态混合物具有重要意义.方法准确可靠, 操作简单, 具有一定的可行性, 为生产企业进行氧化铁脱硫剂中γ-FeOOH定性定量分析提供了参考.     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.     

Highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of 2,4-dichloropyridine enabling a novel approach to 2,4-bisanilinopyridine (BAPyd) libraries

The highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of the cheap and readily accessible reagent, 2,4-dichloropyridine with a range of anilines and heterocyclic amines is described. This new methodology is robust and provides a facile access to 4-chloro-N-phenylpyridin-2-amines on 0.25 mol scale. These intermediates undergo a further Buchwald–Hartwig amination at higher temperature to enable rapid exploration of the chemical space at C-4 and to provide a library of 2,4-bisaminopyridines.     

Sulfur-directed metal-free and regiospecific methyl C(sp3)–H imidation of thioanisoles

Regiospecific and direct imidation of the methyl C(sp³)–H bond of thioanisoles is realized under mild and metal-free conditions with N-fluorobis(benzenesulfonyl)imide as an oxidant and nitrogen source. Proposed mechanism suggests that thionium ion intermediates and a Pummerer-type reaction are involved. The imidation has advantages such as high step-economy, excellent functionality tolerance, and regiospecificity, giving structurally diverse imidation products.     

Selective syntheses of 2H-1,3-oxazines and 1H-pyrrol-3(2H)-ones via temperature-dependent Rh(II)-carbenoid-mediated 2H-azirine-ring expansion

The Rh(II)-catalyzed reaction of 2-carbonyl-substituted 2H-azirines with ethyl 2-cyano-2-diazoacetate or 2-diazo-3,3,3-trifluoropropionate provides an easy access to 2H-1,3-oxazines and 1H-pyrrol-3(2H)-ones. These compounds can be selectively prepared from the same starting material using temperature as the only varied parameter. The 2-azabuta-1,3-diene intermediate, a common precursor for both heterocyclic products, isomerizes into 2H-1,3-oxazine under kinetic control, while 1H-pyrrol-3(2H)-one is the sole product of the reaction at elevated temperatures. According to DFT-calculations a one-atom oxazine ring contraction involving ring-opening to a 2-azabuta-1,3-diene intermediate, followed by a 1,5- and 1,2-prototropic shift leads to the consecutive formation of imidoylketene and azomethine ylide, which then further undergo cyclization to the pyrrole derivative.     

Copper catalyzed/mediated synthetic methodology for ebselen and related isoselenazolones

Scope of the copper catalyzed/mediated selenium-nitrogen coupling reaction has been studied for the synthesis of isoselenazolones. It is noticed that the 2-chloro, 2-bromo-, and 2-iodo-aryl amides substrates can be exploited in the selenium-nitrogen coupling reaction by employing 25-100 mol % of CuI/1,10-phenanthroline (L) and potassium carbonate as a base in DMF. Furthermore, electron rich 2-chloro-arylamides also underwent selenium-nitrogen coupling reaction to give biologically important selenium-nitrogen heterocycles. Also, copper-catalyzed selenium-nitrogen coupling reaction has been meticulously applied for the synthesis of diaryl diselenides having methoxy, amine, and amide functionality from respective aryl iodides in the presence of stoichiometric amount of succinimide as an external Se-N coupling partner.     

Knoevenagel condensation catalyzed by novel Nmm-based ionic liquids in water

A series of novel N-methyl morpholine (Nmm) based ionic liquids with 1,2-propanediol group were synthesized and used as catalysts for Knoevenagel condensation at room temperature in water. Under the effect of the catalyst, various aldehydes or aliphatic ketones could react with a wide range of activated methylene compounds well, including malononitrile, alkyl cyanoacetate, cyanoacetamide, β-diketone, barbituric acid, 2-arylacetonitrile and thiazolidinedione. Furthermore, most of the products could be separated just by filtrating and washing with water. Additionally, the catalyst is recyclable and applicable for the large-scale synthesis.     

Construction of polyheterocyclic spirotetrahydrothiophene derivatives via sulfa-Michael/aldol cascade reaction

A series of polyheterocyclic spirotetrahydrothiophene derivatives were obtained in moderate to excellent yields via a catalyst-free sulfa-Michael/aldol cascade reaction of chalcones 1 and commercially available 1,4-dithiane-2,5-diol 2 under mild conditions. We also present the first asymmetric sulfa-Michael/aldol cascade reaction of chalcones 1 and commercially available 1,4-dithiane-2,5-diol 2 with moderate to good enantioselectivities catalyzed by readily available chiral phase-transfer catalysts (PTCs).     

Suzuki-Miyaura reactions of the soluble guanylate cyclase inhibitor NS2028: a non-product specific route to C-8 substituted analogues

Both soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) inhibitors ODQ 1 and NS2028 2 are synthesized via improved protocols. In the former case treating 3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2(1H)-one oxime 8, which can be prepared in two steps from 1,2-benzenediamine, with 1,1′-carbonyldiimidazole (CDI) gives the dihydro-ODQ 10 that in the presence of KMnO₄ oxidises to give ODQ 1 in an overall yield of 46% starting from 1,2-benzenediamine. In the latter case, the synthesis affords NS2028 2 from 2-amino-4-bromophenol 3 in three steps with an overall yield of 85% and avoids the need for chromatography. Furthermore, Suzuki-Miyaura reaction conditions are described that enable the preparation of 8-aryl and 8-heteroaryl derivatives of NS2028 directly from NS2028 2. Finally, demethylation of the 8-(methoxyphenyl) substituted analogues afforded the 8-(hydroxyphenyl) derivatives 40-42. All new products are fully characterised.