迈克尔逊干涉仪用步进电机驱动装置的设计

迈克尔逊干涉仪是一种精密的光学仪器,传动装置中微小的间隙都会使仪器引入较大的空程,只有当传动装置朝一个方向不间断地行进时才能有效减少该误差的发生,因此相对人的手工操作,用步进电机驱动的方式可使仪器一直处于工作状态中,减少了空程发生的概率,从而提高测量的准确度。     

基于PLC 驱动的步进电机的HL-2A 装置孔栏位移控制系统的设计与实现

为了实现HL-2A 装置孔栏位移自动控制,根据步进电机的应用原理,设计了孔栏位移自动控制系统。选用两相混合式步进电机,采用S7- 300PLC 作为主控制器,FM453 作为步进电机的定位模块,实现了对孔栏步进电机的驱动、控制与检测。同时完成了与上位机的通信,实现了对HL-2A 装置孔栏位移设置和数据显示等功能。     

基于MSP430的直线导轨定位装置的设计与实现

直线导轨是数控技术的重要组成部件,它的精确程度非常重要。以MSP430单片机为核心,设计了一个直线导轨精确定位装置。此装置采用两相四线的ST57型步进电机和60CM的螺纹丝杆组成一个直线导轨组,选用M7128驱动器驱动步进电机,使用PWM波精确定位算法程序精确控制电机转速。MSP430的IO端口控制步进电机的正反转,使得步进电机带动螺纹丝杆转动,让滚动丝杠上的物体往复移动,并在电脑上显示当前位移值。试验证明,其定位精度为0.01cm,具有较高的可靠性和准确性,低成本,稳定性好。     

卢瑟福散射实验装置的研制

研制了一种鼎瑟福散的实验装置,并介绍了其实验结果,由于要用了步进电机和半导体探测器,该装置具有结构紧凑,操作简便等优点。     

危化品仓库堆垛安全距离的精确扫描定位监控算法的研究

根据危化品仓库码垛安全距离需要精确监控的需求,设计开发了一种精确扫描定位装置,将仓库划分为若干网格,对每个监测面测距扫描,获得每一个点的距离值和角度值,根据对应点是否与安全状态数值一致来判断堆垛的安全状态。硬件由控制器、细分驱动、步进电机、涡轮螺杆、工作台等组成。电机定位控制采用指数型加减速算法和闭环反馈调节相结合的控制算法,首先获得一个起跳频率,经过加减速控制阶段,到达目标位置附近,之后进入反馈调节阶段,控制步进电机到达指定位置。指数型加减速算法降低了启动和停止时加速度突变大小,避免了由于步进电机频率变化过快引起失步和堵转。实验结果表明,该装置及算法运行稳定,定位精度在 0.022度左右,定位精度高,满足仓库安全距离扫描监控的精度要求。     

全自动相位差法声速测量装置的研制与探讨

针对传统的相位比较法测声速不能定量测量相位差的问题,引入了AD8302相位差测量模块,设计了全自动相位差法声速测量装置.该装置以上位机控制器为核心,通过数据采集卡采集AD8302输出的电压值,通过单片机和步进电机驱动器控制步进电机的转动,利用步进电机带动丝杠转动,从而实现声波接收器的运动,以达到对各点相位情况的自动测量;获得数据的同时,将不同位置的AD8302输出的电压值绘制成二维直角坐标图,并保存和输出.实验结果表明:该装置可以直接测量发射信号与接收信号之间的相位差,实现了相位测量的数字化,消除了回程差,提高了测量效率.     

单兵匍匐行进姿态测试系统的设计与实现

 针对传统的人工目测法在单兵匍匐行进姿态训练考核过程中存在的效率低、主观性强等问题,设计并实现了单兵匍匐行进姿态测试系统。系统采用红外收发器件和单片微型计算机系统组成主动式监测系统,对单兵运动姿态进行实时监测。针对户外红外干扰强的特点,设计了并行多路信号处理电路及光路调整装置,提高了系统的作用距离和抗干扰性能。从实际使用效果看,系统能够满足部队单兵匍匐行进姿态训练考核任务。     

基于单片机的迈克耳孙干涉仪自动计数装置

选用AT89C51单片机,为迈克耳孙干涉仪设计了干涉条纹自动计数装置．用程序来控制计数和步进电动机的运行;用光电转换器使明暗变化的条纹转化成脉冲电流,作为计数脉冲信号;用步进电动机带动迈克耳孙干涉仪的微调手轮,使其慢速可控转动,完成脉冲信号采样;并用数码管直接显示计数结果．     

微机在物理实验中的应用：第六讲 应用举例

例1.应用游戏接口逻辑电平输出端AN0～AN2控制步进电机的转动步进电机是一种将电脉冲信号变换为角位移的控制电动机。一般使用配套驱动电源,其中具有脉冲分配器,使得步进电机的角位移量与输入脉冲数成比例。当输入一个脉冲时,步进电机旋转一个θ角。如输入N个脉冲时,则旋转N×θ角度,且在时间上     

螺旋天线步进电机控制系统仿真及运行曲线优化

为实现机械相控阵列天线的波束扫描,采用步进电机驱动螺旋天线单元转动来达到预定的辐射相位。为了优化步进电机的开环控制,研究运行曲线对步进电机控制性能的影响,提高步进电机控制速度和精度。根据步进电机及控制系统的工作原理,建立了基于Simulink的步进电机开环控制系统仿真模型,并在此基础上对梯形和抛物线两种运行曲线进行了仿真研究。仿真结果表明,该仿真模型能精确实现两种运行曲线对步进电机的控制,在100 ms的控制周期内,采用梯形运行曲线步进电机的最大无失步转动角度能够达到270°,而采用抛物线运行曲线时其转动角度能够达到360°,抛物线运行曲线在开环控制系统中具有更高的控制速度。     

非制冷红外焦平面无效像元识别与实时补偿

非制冷红外焦平面阵列(UFPA)不可避免地存在无效像元, 这对UFPA的成像效果造成了极坏的影响。为解决这一问题, 在分析并总结各种非制冷红外焦平面无效像元识别算法优缺点的基础上, 提出一种新的无效像元识别与实时补偿方法。根据像元响应特性, 采用循环迭代法以搜索最优的无效像元判别阈值, 并据此标识出无效像元的位置。在硬件实现阶段, 对于M×N的UFPA器件, 在任意采样时刻, 利用移位寄存器保存当前采样点之前的M个响应值, 使其输出可实时更新为与采样点同列的上一个数据; 同时, 利用一般的寄存器实时保存与采样点同行的前一个数据, 采用同帧行列间内插法实现无效像元的实时补偿。该算法有效地解决了无效像元识别阈值选取困难及不易实时补偿的问题。针对320×240的UFPA器件, 该算法在基于FPGA的红外图像处理系统上得以实时实现, 成功地消除了无效像元对UFPA成像效果的影响。     

Hamiltonian cycles on random lattices of arbitrary genus

A Hamiltonian cycle of a graph is a closed path that visits every vertex once and only once. It has been difficult to count the number of Hamiltonian cycles on regular lattices with periodic boundary conditions, e.g. lattices on a torus, due to the presence of winding modes. In this paper, the exact number of Hamiltonian cycles on a random trivalent fat graph drawn faithfully on a torus is obtained. This result is further extended to the case of random graphs drawn on surfaces of an arbitrary genus. The conformational exponent y is found to depend on the genus linearly.     

Repeatability characteristics of laser percussion drilling of stainless-steel sheets

An analysis on the repeatability of a laser percussion drilling process is conducted using a flash lamp pumped Nd:YAG laser on 2 mm thick stainless-steel sheets. Laser drilling process is finding increasingly widespread application in the industry and has continually attracted new interests to the industry in recent years. However, the inherent problem of hole geometry repeatability associated with laser percussion drilling is likely to limit the extent of industrial applications of the process. The characteristic of melt ejection is found to be dependent on the parameter setting and is shown to have a significant influence on entrance hole geometry and hence repeatability. The relationship between the percentage standard deviation of entrance hole diameter and the operating parameters is established, and varies between 1.8% and 5.6% in the operating range under this study.     

Computer simulations of the growth of breath figures

We describe computer simulations of the growth of breath figures, the patterns formed when droplets condense on a cold surface. The focus is on the coalescence of droplets, which is an important growth mechanism, and the conditions for self-similar patterns, which are experimentally observed. It is assumed that individual droplets grow according to a power law; droplets that touch coalesce instantly and are replaced by a new droplet at the center of gravity of the coalescing pair. The average droplet radius, distribution of droplet sizes, surface coverage, and radial distribution function are determined as a function of the time for a variety of initial coverages and polydispersities. These quantities are compared to those determined by experiment, and our simple model is found to be in good accord with the observed behavior. It is observed that the process of coalescence induces spatial correlation between droplets.This paper is dedicated to Howard Reiss on his 66th birthday.     

1064 nm激光对中性密度滤光片的损伤机理研究

中性密度滤光片的典型结构是在K9玻璃上镀金属膜,来实现对激光的有效吸收.由于损伤阈值较低,严重限制了其在高能激光系统中的应用.实验研究了较高激光能量密度下滤光片的损伤形貌和损伤机理.损伤形貌的变化特征是:随着激光能量密度的增加,滤光片先出现损伤点,后以损伤点为中心产生裂纹,且裂纹长度逐渐变长,最终连接成线状和块状,导致大面积的薄膜脱落.建立了缺陷吸收激光能量升温致中性密度滤光片表面薄膜损伤的模型,计算了薄膜表面的温度和应力分布,讨论了薄膜表面不均匀温升造成的径向、环向和轴向热应力分布.理论分析显示:环向应力是造成薄膜沿径向产生裂纹的主要原因.当激光能量密度大于约2.2 J/cm²,杂质粒子半径大于140 nm且相邻杂质粒子之间的距离小于10 μ m时,裂纹才能大量连接起来引起薄膜的大面积脱落.     

Numerical and experimental investigations of the size ordering of nanocrystals

The nucleation and growth of particles on the 1–100 nm length scale is a phenomenon of increasing interest in the areas of electronics and optoelectronics. Dealing with the preparation of nanoparticle distribution on a substrate by self-organization, we wish to determine whether conditions exist where the distributions approach an array structure which can be compared to so-called quantum dot organized structures. This means that it is fundamental to obtain particles of the same shape with a low dispersion in size and an isotropic distribution on the substrate. This work is devoted to the numerical investigation of growth phenomena on a plane substrate in the case where diffusion and coalescence are mainly taken into account. Experiments on a model system, i.e. Sn/SiO_x, are compared to simulations.     

Simulation of detection and scattering of sound waves by the lateral line of a fish

A solvable model of lateral line of a fish based on a wave equation with additional boundary conditions on a set of isolated points is proposed.Within the framework of this model it is shown that the ratio of pressures on lateral lines on different fish flanks,as well as the cross section of sound scattering on both the lines,strongly depends on angles of incidence of incoming sound waves.The strong angular dependence of the pressure ratio seems to be sufficient for the fish to determine the directions from which the sound is coming.     

Effect of astrocyte on synchronization of thermosensitive neuron-astrocyte minimum system

Astrocytes have a regulatory function on the central nervous system (CNS), especially in the temperature-sensitive hippocampal region. In order to explore the thermosensitive dynamic mechanism of astrocytes in the CNS, we establish a neuron-astrocyte minimum system to analyze the synchronization change characteristics based on the Hodgkin-Huxley model, in which a pyramidal cell and an interneuron are connected by an astrocyte. The temperature range is set as 0 ℃-40 ℃ to juggle between theoretical calculation and the reality of a brain environment. It is shown that the synchronization of thermosensitive neurons exhibits nonlinear behavior with changes in astrocyte parameters. At a temperature range of 0 ℃-18 ℃, the effects of the astrocyte can provide a tremendous influence on neurons in synchronization. We find the existence of a value for inositol triphosphate (IP₃) production rate and feedback intensities of astrocytes to neurons, which can ensure the weak synchronization of two neurons. In addition, it is revealed that the regulation of astrocytes to pyramidal cells is more sensitive than that to interneurons. Finally, it is shown that the synchronization and phase transition of neurons depend on the change in Ca²⁺ concentration at the temperature of weak synchronization. The results in this paper provide some enlightenment on the mechanism of cognitive dysfunction and neurological disorders with astrocytes.     

变形及电场作用对石墨烯电学特性影响的第一性原理计算

利用基于密度泛函理论的第一性原理方法,系统研究了变形、电场及共同作用对石墨烯电学特性影响的电子机理.研究表明,本征石墨烯的能隙及态密度值在费米能级处均为0,呈现出半金属特性;在一定的变形量下对石墨烯施加剪切、拉伸、扭转及弯曲变形作用,发现剪切和扭转变形对打开石墨烯能隙的作用明显;对本征石墨烯施加不同方向的电场,可知010电场方向对打开石墨烯能隙的作用效果最强.这是因为该电场方向下石墨烯C-C原子间的布居数正值较大,成键键能较高,而负值数值较小,反键键能较低;线性增加电场强度,石墨烯的能隙呈线性增长势;变形及电场共同作用下,外加电场提高了变形对打开石墨烯能隙的作用效果,但不及两种外场叠加的作用效果.     

水滴撞击结冰过程的分子动力学模拟

利用三维分子动力学模拟方法,研究了纳米尺度水滴撞击冷壁面的结冰过程.数值模拟中,统计系统采用微正则系综,势能函数选用TIP4P/ice模型,温度校正使用速度定标法,牛顿运动方程的求解采用文莱特算法,水滴内部结冰过程则通过统计垂直方向水分子温度分布来判定.研究发现,当冷壁面温度降低时,水滴完全结冰的时间减小,但水滴降至壁面温度的时间却增大;同时随着壁面亲水性降低,水滴内部热传递速度减慢(尤其是冷壁面与水滴底端分子层间),水滴内部温度趋于均匀,但水滴完全结冰时间延长.