Analytical relationships for the mechanical properties of additively manufactured porous biomaterials based on octahedral unit cells

Additively manufacturing (AM) techniques make it possible to fabricate open-cell interconnected structures with precisely controllable micro-architectures. It has been shown that the morphology, pore size, and relative density of a porous structure determine its macro-scale homogenized mechanical properties and, thus, its biological performance as a biomaterial. In this study, we used analytical, numerical, and experimental techniques to study the elastic modulus, Poisson`s ratio, and yield stress of AM porous biomaterials made by repeating the same octahedral unit cell in all spatial directions. Analytical relationships were obtained based on both Euler-Bernoulli and Timoshenko beam theories by studying a single unit cell experiencing the loads and boundary conditions sensed in an infinite lattice structure. Both single unit cells and corresponding lattice structures were manufactured using AM and mechanically tested under compression to determine the experimental values of mechanical properties. Finite element models of both single unit cell and lattice structure were also built to estimate their mechanical properties numerically. Differences in the bulk mechanical properties of struts built in different directions were observed experimentally and were taken into account in derivation of the analytical solutions. Although the analytical and numerical results were generally in good agreement, the mechanical properties obtained by the Timoshenko beam theory were closer to numerical results. The maximum difference between analytical and numerical results for elastic modulus and Poisson's ratio was below 6%, while for yield stress it was about 13%, both occurring at the relative density of 50%. The maximum difference between the analytical and experimental values of the elastic modulus was <15% (relative density = 50%).     

CFRP修复缺陷钢板应力解析模型

在使用碳纤维复合材料(carbon fiber reinforced polymer, CFRP)修复钢结构腐蚀缺陷的修复方式中,CFRP应力及胶层应力是确定碳纤维修复结构承载能力的关键。基于平截面假设,得到弯矩作用下应力与应变分布;基于胶层剪切模型,得到胶层剪应力与CFRP和钢板位移间的关系;基于力的平衡,得到CFRP和钢板的应力关系。结合得到的各种材料之间关系,推导出轴力和弯矩联合作用状态下CFRP双面修复钢板的CFRP与胶层应力分布解析解。采用数值分析对CFRP双侧粘贴修复缺陷钢板进行分析,分析结果与解析结果具有一致性,同时获得了CFRP双侧粘贴修复缺陷钢板的应力分布特点,以及构件可能发生破坏的位置,为计算构件极限承载力提供了基础。     

Problems of geometric non-linearity and stability in the mechanics of thin shells and rectilinear columns

An analysis of the current state of the geometrically non-linear theory of elasticity and of thin shells is presented in the case of small deformations but large displacements and rotations, the ratios of which are known as the ratios of the non-linear theory in the quadratic approximation. It is shown that they required specific revision and correction by virtue of the fact that, when they are used in the solution of problems, spurious bifurcation points appear. In view of this, consistent geometrically non-linear equations of the theory of thin shells of the Timoshenko type are constructed in the quadratic approximation which enable one to investigate in a correct formulation both flexural as well as previously unknown non-classical forms of loss of stability (FLS) of thin plates and shells, many of which are encountered in practice, primarily in structures made of composite materials with a low shear stiffness. In the case of rectilinear elastic whereas, which are subjected to the action of conservative external forces and are made of an orthotropic material, the three-dimensional equations of the theory of elasticity are reduced to one-dimensional equations by using the Timoshenko model. Two versions of the latter equations are derived. The first of these corresponds to the use of the consistent version of the three-dimensional, geometrically non-linear relations in an incomplete quadratic approximation and the Timoshenko model without taking account of the transverse stretching deformations, and the second corresponds to the use of the three- dimensional relations in the complete quadratic approximation and the Timoshenko model taking account of the transverse stretching deformations. A series of new non-classical problems of the stability of columns is formulated and their analytical solutions are found using the equations which have been derived with the aim of analyzing their richness of content. Among these are problems concerning the torsional, flexural and shear FLS of a column in the case of a longitudinal axial, bilateral transverse and trilateral compression, a flexural-torsional FLS in the case of pure bending and axial compression together with pure bending and, also, a flexural FLS of a column in the case of torsion and a flexural-torsional FLS under conditions of pure shear. Five FLS of a cylindrical shell under torsion are investigated using the linearized neutral equilibrium equations which have been constructed: 1) a torsional FLS where the solution corresponding to it has a zero variability of the functions in the peripheral direction, 2) a purely beam bending FLS that is possible in the case of long shells and is accompanied by the formation of a single half-wave along the length of the shell while preserving the initial circular form of the cross-section, 3) a classical bending FLS, which is accompanied by the formation of a small number of half-waves in the axial direction and a large number of half-waves in a peripheral direction which is true in the case of long shells, 4) a classical bending FLS which holds in the case of short and medium length shells (the third and fourth types of FLS have already been thoroughly studied in the case of isotropic cylindrical shells), 5) a non-classical FLS characterized by the formation of a large number of shallow depressions in the axial as well as in the peripheral directions; the critical value of the torsional moment corresponding to this FLS is practically independent of the relative thickness of the shell. It is established that the well-known equations of the geometrically non-linear theory of shells, which were formulated for the case of the mean flexure of a shell, do not enable one to reveal the first, second and fifth non-classical FLS.     

A non-linear thermo-viscoelastic rheological model based on fractional derivatives for high temperature creep in concrete

In this paper, a novel non-linear thermo-viscoelastic rheological model based on fractional derivatives for high temperature creep in concrete is proposed. The rheological model consists of a linear springpot unit placed in series with a second springpot used for non-linear creep which activates under high stress and temperature. The model parameters which include the dynamic viscosities of the springpots and the fractional exponent are calibrated using existing experimental data of basic creep strain in concrete under constant stress and temperatures for various aggregate types. The power law form of the naturally resulting creep compliance allows an accurate representation of experimental data with the use of only a few model parameters. Furthermore, the variable-order fractional differential stress-strain equation provides a compact method for analytical and numerical modelling of basic creep under conditions of time-varying stress and temperature. In addition, applications of the proposed model to determine axial deformations in columns and transverse deflections in beams under constant and varying temperatures are demonstrated.     

Nonlinear vibration analysis of tapered Timoshenko beams

The nonlinear flexural vibration analysis of tapered Timoshenko beams is conducted. The equations of motion for tapered Timoshenko beams are established in which the effects of nonlinear transverse deformation, nonlinear curvature as well as nonlinear axial deformation are taken into account. The nonlinear fundamental frequencies of tapered Timoshenko beams with two simply supported or clamped ends are presented.     

Simulation of 2D linear crack growth under constant load using GFVM and two-point displacement extrapolation method

A new approach to model two-dimensional linear crack propagation, based on the Galerkin Finite Volume Method (GFVM), is proposed. The displacement field is calculated using the GFVM method by solving two-dimensional equilibrium equations on an unstructured triangular mesh. An essential feature of this method is that it does not require matrix operations; hence, it obviously reduces computation time. The Two-Point Displacement Extrapolation (TPDE) technique is employed to calculate Stress Intensity Factors (SIFs). The accuracy of the structural solver that has been developed is evaluated using five test cases. In the first example, a Timoshenko cantilever beam, carrying an end point load, is analyzed. In the second and third examples, stress intensity factors are computed for edge and inner crack development in plates under transient loading. The GFVM results are then compared with their counterparts that resulted from the Explicit Finite Element Method (E-FEM). The comparison indicates that the FVM has an accuracy close to E-FEM, whereas the FVM drastically reduces the computational time. A case study is conducted to simulate the gradual propagation of crack. The results computed by the numerical simulation presented are in excellent agreement with the corresponding results from the analytical solution as well as experimental measurements.     

基于非约束模态的中心刚体-Timoshenko梁动力学建模与分析北大核心CSCD

梁的横向变形会导致梁纵向缩短,建模过程中考虑梁横纵变形二次耦合项则存在动力刚化现象,这说明梁的纵向变形会对模型的广义刚度造成影响.对于做旋转运动的梁结构,旋转运动时还会受到离心力的作用而产生轴向拉力,轴向拉力同样也会引起梁的轴向变形,这种影响对粗短梁更加明显.以大范围运动中心刚体-Timoshenko梁模型为研究对象:首先,运用Timoshenko梁理论以及Hamilton原理建立含离心力的动力学模型;其次,引入非约束模态概念,采用Frobenius方法求解非约束模态振型函数以及固有频率;最后,通过数值仿真探究不同恒定转速时非约束模态与约束模态广义刚度的差异和非约束模态条件下离心力对模型的影响.     

Thermal effects on buckling of shear deformable nanocolumns with von Kármán nonlinearity based on nonlocal stress theory

Thermal buckling of nanocolumns considering nonlocal effect and shear deformation is investigated based on the nonlocal elasticity theory and the Timoshenko beam theory. By expressing the nonlocal stress as nonlinear strain gradients and based on the variational principle and von Kármán nonlinearity, new higher-order differential governing equations with corresponding higher-order nonlocal boundary conditions both in transverse and axial directions for instability of nanocolumns are derived. New analytical solutions for some practical examples on instability of nanocolumns are presented and analyzed in detail. The paper concluded that the critical buckling load is significantly increased in the presence of nonlocal stress and the results confirm that nanocolumn stiffness is enhanced by nanoscale size effect and reduced by shear deformation. The critical temperature change is increased with larger diameter to length ratio and higher nonlocal nanoscale. It is also concluded that at low and room temperatures the buckling load of nanocolumns increases with increasing temperature change, while at high temperature the buckling load decreases with increasing temperature change.     

Dynamic modeling for rotating composite Timoshenko beam and analysis on its bending-torsion coupled vibration

A formulation is presented for steady-state dynamic responses of rotating bending-torsion coupled composite Timoshenko beams (CTBs) subjected to distributed and/or concentrated harmonic loadings. The separation of cross section's mass center from its shear center and the introduced coupled rigidity of composite material lead to the bending-torsion coupled vibration of the beams. Considering those two coupling factors and based on Hamilton's principle, three partial differential non-homogeneous governing equations of vibration with arbitrary boundary conditions are formulated in terms of the flexural translation, torsional rotation and angle rotation of cross section of the beams. The parameters for the damping, axial load, shear deformation, rotation speed, hub radius and so forth are incorporated into those equations of motion. Subsequently, the Green's function element method (GFEM) is developed to solve these equations in matrix form, and the analytical Green's functions of the beams are given in terms of piecewise functions. Using the superposition principle, the explicit expressions of dynamic responses of the beams under various harmonic loadings are obtained. The present solving procedure for Timoshenko beams can be degenerated to deal with for Rayleigh and Euler beams by specifying the values of shear rigidity and rotational inertia. Cantilevers with bending-torsion coupled vibration are given as examples to verify the present theory and to illustrate the use of the present formulation. The influences of rotation speed, bending-torsion couplings and damping on the natural frequencies and/or shape functions of the beams are performed. The steady-state responses of the beam subjected to external harmonic excitation are given through numerical simulations. Remarkably, the symmetric property of the Green's functions is maintained for rotating bending-torsion coupled CTBs, but there will be a slight deviation in the numerical calculations.     

Stressed state of a circular hollow porous liquid-saturated cylinder rotating around its axis with constant angular velocity

We have obtained an exact solution of the plane problem for a porous tube rotating around its fixed axis of symmetry. The material of the tube is saturated with an ideal compressible liquid. Within the framework of the Bowen theory, for constructing the initial relations, we take into account the interconnections between stress tensors, strain tensors, relative density of the liquid filler, and varying porosity of the material. We present relations for the radial displacements, components of the stress tensor and densities in the skeleton and liquid filler, and also the porosity and mass concentration of the mixture. We have carried out a numerical analysis of the radial distributions of these characteristics for solid and hollow cylinders made of sandstone and saturated with kerosene. The critical numbers of revolution for tubes of saturated and dry materials have been found.     

混凝土轴拉加卸载随机损伤模型的建立与试验验证

为了分析及深入探讨混凝土在受拉加载及卸载情况下的力学特性,基于随机损伤本构关系提出了一种混凝土轴拉加卸载模型,推导出了混凝土加卸载的应力 应变关系表达式.为了印证理论表达式,进行了混凝土轴向拉伸及加卸载的试验研究,测得了混凝土的材料参数及其相应的轴拉加卸载应力-应变曲线.结合模型的计算结果,对混凝土的轴拉加卸载试验结果进行了对比分析,结果表明:混凝土轴拉加卸载模型能够预测混凝土的极限强度,同时能描述混凝土的强度软化、加载过程中的弹模折减及卸载后的塑性变形.     

Peristaltic transport of a Newtonian fluid in a vertical asymmetric channel with heat transfer and porous medium

The problem of peristaltic flow of a Newtonian fluid with heat transfer in a vertical asymmetric channel through porous medium is studied under long-wavelength and low-Reynolds number assumptions. The flow is examined in a wave frame of reference moving with the velocity of the wave. The channel asymmetry is produced by choosing the peristaltic wave train on the walls to have different amplitudes and phase. The analytical solution has been obtained in the form of temperature from which an axial velocity, stream function and pressure gradient have been derived. The effects of permeability parameter, Grashof number, heat source/sink parameter, phase difference, varying channel width and wave amplitudes on the pressure gradient, velocity, pressure drop, the phenomenon of trapping and shear stress are discussed numerically and explained graphically.     

The stresses in single lap joints with a functionally graded adhesive bondline: an efficient modelling approach

In this work, an efficient analytical model for the stress analysis of single lap joints with a functionally graded adhesive bondline is proposed which considers peel as well as shear stresses in the adhesive. The model takes into account the nonlinear geometric characteristics of a single lap joint under tensile loading and allows for the analysis of various adhesive Young's modulus variations. The obtained stress distributions are compared to results of detailed Finite Element analyses and show a good agreement for several single lap joint configurations. In addition, different adhesive Young's modulus distributions and their effect on the peel and shear stresses are studied and discussed in detail. (© 2016 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Lack of exponential stability to Timoshenko system with viscoelastic Kelvin–Voigt type

We study the Timoshenko systems with a viscoelastic dissipative mechanism of Kelvin–Voigt type. We prove that the model is analytical if and only if the viscoelastic damping is present in both the shear stress and the bending moment. Otherwise, the corresponding semigroup is not exponentially stable no matter the choice of the coefficients. This result is different to all others related to Timoshenko model with partial dissipation, which establish that the system is exponentially stable if and only if the wave speeds are equal. Finally, we show that the solution decays polynomially to zero as \({t^{-1/2}}\) , no matter where the viscoelastic mechanism is effective and that the rate is optimal whenever the initial data are taken on the domain of the infinitesimal operator.     

An Extended Beam Theory for Smart Materials Applications Part II: Static Formation Problems

In this paper we further develop the theory of the extended Timoshenko beam model, as first introduced in Part I [5] of this work, with particular emphasis on applications of the model in formation theory [11], [12]. We begin with formal development of the equilibrium equations of static formation theory in the context of the extended Timoshenko model, giving a rigorous discussion of existence, uniqueness, and regularity of weak solutions with appropriate assumptions on the coefficients. We continue to obtain the fundamental duality relationship in the context of weak solutions and indicate its usefulness in investigations of approximate formability. Optimal formation problems and corresponding necessary conditions for optimality are discussed. We conclude with a discussion of a particular problem of joint optimization of controls and actuator densities in the context of a prismatic extended Timoshenko beam and we present the results of some computational studies. Accepted 14 November 1996     

Analysis of the coupling effects of the longitudinal and transverse displacements on the deformation and internal forces of functionally graded beams

Functionally graded beams (FGBs) with an arbitrary gradation of the material properties along the thickness of the beams are analyzed. Such FGBs are of special interest in civil and mechanical engineering to improve both the thermal and the mechanical behaviour of the beams. In [1] and [3] free vibrations of functionally graded Timoshenko and Euler-Bernoulli beams have been considered. The obtained analytical solutions are based on the work of Li [2], where closed-form solutions of stress distributions, eigenfrequencies and eigenfunctions have been derived by means of a single differential equation of motion for the deflection. However, these previous works did not take into account the coupling between the longitudinal and the transverse displacements and its effects on the deformation and internal forces of the FGBs. This approach is appropriate only for a symmetrical material gradation but it may not be valid for general cases with an arbitrary material gradation. In this paper, the coupling effects of the longitudinal and transverse displacements on the deformation and internal forces of FGBs are investigated for different beam support conditions. Analytical solutions of the corresponding boundary value problem are derived. A comparison is also made with the numerical results obtained by the finite element method (FEM). (© 2012 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Slow viscous flow through a membrane built up from porous cylindrical particles with an impermeable core

This paper concerns the slow viscous flow through an aggregate of concentric clusters of porous cylindrical particles with Happel boundary condition. An aggregate of clusters of porous cylindrical particles is considered as a hydro-dynamically equivalent to solid cylindrical core with concentric porous cylindrical shell. The Brinkman equation inside the porous cylindrical shell and the Stokes equation outside the porous cylindrical shell in their stream function formulations are used. The drag force acting on each porous cylindrical particle in a cell is evaluated. In certain limiting cases, drag force converges to pre-existing analytical results, such as, the drag on a porous circular cylinder and the drag on a solid cylinder in a Happel unit cell. Representative results are then discussed and presented in graphical forms. The hydrodynamic permeability of the membrane built up from porous particles is evaluated. The variation of hydrodynamic permeability with different parameters is graphically presented. Some new results are reported for flow pattern in the porous region. Being in resemblance with the model of colloid particles with a coating of porous layers due to adsorption phenomenon, results obtained through this model can be useful to study the membrane filtration process.     

Effect of memory dependent derivative on forced transverse vibrations in transversely isotropic thermoelastic cantilever nano-Beam with two temperature

The present research deals with the study of forced vibrations in transversely isotropic thermoelastic (TIT) nanoscale beam with two temperature (2T). Memory dependent derivative theory of thermoelasticity for clamped-free/cantilever nano-beam has been considered. The mathematical model is prepared for the nanoscale beam in a closed form with the application of Euler Bernoulli beam theory. Laplace transform method is employed to solve the problem. Forced vibrations due to exponential decaying time varying load acting vertically downward along the thickness direction of the nano-beam, Uniform load, Time harmonic load have been considered. Dynamic analysis for these forced vibrations and Static analysis has been carried out in this research. The dimensionless expressions for lateral deflection, thermal moment, temperature change, and axial stress are solved for these three forced vibrations. Response ratio has also been calculated. The analytical results have been numerically analysed using programming in MATLAB. The effect of kernel function has been depicted graphically on the lateral deflection, thermal moment, temperature change, axial stress and response ratio for all the three types of forced vibrations. Some particular cases have also been discussed.     

Quadrature Methods for Bayesian Optimal Design of Experiments With Nonnormal Prior Distributions

Many optimal experimental designs depend on one or more unknown model parameters. In such cases, it is common to use Bayesian optimal design procedures to seek designs that perform well over an entire prior distribution of the unknown model parameter(s). Generally, Bayesian optimal design procedures are viewed as computationally intensive. This is because they require numerical integration techniques to approximate the Bayesian optimality criterion at hand. The most common numerical integration technique involves pseudo Monte Carlo draws from the prior distribution(s). For a good approximation of the Bayesian optimality criterion, a large number of pseudo Monte Carlo draws is required. This results in long computation times. As an alternative to the pseudo Monte Carlo approach, we propose using computationally efficient Gaussian quadrature techniques. Since, for normal prior distributions, suitable quadrature techniques have already been used in the context of optimal experimental design, we focus on quadrature techniques for nonnormal prior distributions. Such prior distributions are appropriate for variance components, correlation coefficients, and any other parameters that are strictly positive or have upper and lower bounds. In this article, we demonstrate the added value of the quadrature techniques we advocate by means of the Bayesian D-optimality criterion in the context of split-plot experiments, but we want to stress that the techniques can be applied to other optimality criteria and other types of experimental designs as well. Supplementary materials for this article are available online.     

Analytical solution in 2D domain for nonlinear response of piezoelectric slabs under weak electric fields

Piezoceramic materials exhibit different types of nonlinearities depending upon the magnitude of the mechanical and electric field strength in the continuum. Some of the nonlinearities observed under weak electric fields are: presence of superharmonics in the response spectra and jump phenomena etc. especially if the system is excited near resonance. In this paper, an analytical solution (in 2D plane stress domain) for the nonlinear response of a rectangular piezoceramic slab has been obtained by use of Rayleigh–Ritz method and perturbation technique. The eigenfunction obtained from solution of the differential equation of the linear problem has been used as the shape function in the Rayleigh–Ritz method. Forced vibration experiments have been conducted on a rectangular piezoceramic slab by applying varying electric field strengths across the thickness and the results have been compared with those of analytical solution. The analytical solutions compare well with those of experimental results. These solutions should serve as a method to validate the FE formulations as well as help in the determination of nonlinear material property coefficients for these materials.