高温等离子体中太赫兹波的传输特性

通过解析方法研究了高温等离子体的太赫兹波传输特性.研究发现,高温等离子体对太赫兹波高频频段透过率较高,表现为通带;对低频频段透过率较低,表现为阻带.这与冷等离子体中电磁波的传输特性是一致的.但其透射率还受到温度与磁场的影响,当改变高温等离子体的电子温度与磁场时,在阻带内会产生一尖锐的透射峰.这种现象在冷等离子体模型中从来没有出现过.本文主要对电子温度和外加磁场两个影响因素进行讨论.研究发现,禁带内出现的透射峰频率受磁场影响,而峰值幅度受温度影响.计算得到了不同外加磁场条件下产生高透过率(透射率约为1)时的电子温度.基于该结果进一步研究了透射峰出现的规律,并通过曲线拟合的方法得到了透射峰频率所遵循的计算公式.数值结果表明透射峰频率与外磁场之间为正比例函数关系,而峰值电子温度取值与外磁场的关系表现为指数规律.最后对拟合得到的方程采用时域有限差分法进行了验证,数值结果与解析解符合较好,证明了该研究的正确性.     

Plasma characteristics and broadband electromagnetic wave absorption in argon and helium capacitively coupled plasma

A one-dimensional self-consistent calculation model of capacitively coupled plasma(CCP) discharge and electromagnetic wave propagation is developed to solve the plasma characteristics and electromagnetic wave transmission attenuation.Numerical simulation results show that the peak electron number density of argon is about 12 times higher than that of helium, and that the electron number density increases with the augment of pressure, radio frequency(RF) power, and RF frequency. However, the electron number density first increases and then decreases as the discharge gap increases. The transmission attenuation of electromagnetic wave in argon discharge plasma is 8.5-d B higher than that of helium. At the same time, the transmission attenuation increases with the augment of the RF power and RF frequency, but it does not increase or decrease monotonically with the increase of gas pressure and discharge gap. The electromagnetic wave absorption frequency band of the argon discharge plasma under the optimal parameters in this paper can reach the Ku band. It is concluded that the argon CCP discharge under the optimal discharge parameters has great potential applications in plasma stealth.     

Band gap characteristics of plasma with periodically varying external magnetic field

The reflectance characteristics of a one-dimensional periodically magnetized plasma structure is studied by using the transfer matrix method. It is found that this system has the band gap characteristics of photonic crystals, so we also name it a plasma photonic crystal. The results show that the gap location and gap width can be controlled by the incident angle. If the external magnetic field is small, the gap location and gap width change significantly with incident angle, while they change only slightly when the external magnetic field is sufficiently large. The collision frequency has little effect on the gap location and gap width while it makes the amplitude of reflectance and transmission decrease. This new type of plasma photonic crystal could have potential applications in designing tunable photonic crystal devices.     

电子密度对等离子体光子晶体禁带特性的影响

从Maxwell方程出发,采用类似于量子力学Kronig-Penney模型求解周期势的方法,结合双水电极介质阻挡放电的实验结果,研究了电子密度ne对一维等离子体光子晶体禁带特性的影响。研究发现:电子密度对等离子体光子晶体光子禁带的位置和宽度均有重要的影响;等离子体光子晶体的禁带宽度随电子密度的增加而增大,增长速率为电子密度的函数;等离子体光子晶体的截止频率、光子禁带边缘频率随电子密度的增大而增大。给出了当等离子体光子晶体具有显著禁带宽度时的电子密度的理论临界值。     

大气压低温氦等离子体射流的诊断研究

为了加快低温氦气等离子体射流的工程化进程,通过自主设计的同轴式介质阻挡放电等离子体射流发生器,在放电频率10 kHz,一个大气压条件下产生了稳定的氦气等离子体射流。通过分析不同工况下的电压电流波形可以发现单纯增加氦气体积流量只能小幅的增加电流脉冲幅值,而对放电时间、电流脉冲数的影响不大。增加放电峰值电压时电流脉冲幅值会得到较大幅度增加。通过发射光谱法对大气压氦气等离子射流的活性粒子种类、电子激发温度、电子密度进行了诊断。结果表明,大气压氦气等离子体射流中的主要活性粒子为He Ⅰ原子、N₂第二正带系、N+₂的第一负带系、羟基（OH）,H原子的巴尔末线系（H_α和H_β）与O原子,这表明虽然该试验中使用的氦气纯度已达99.99%,但其中仍残留有少量的空气,同时放电时大气中的空气会被卷吸到放电空间发生电离。还可以发现,主要活性粒子的相对光谱强度随氦气体积流量的增加及放电峰值电压的增大均呈现上涨的趋势。选用He Ⅰ原子的四条谱线对不同试验工况下的电子激发温度进行了计算,得到大气压氦气等离子体射流的电子激发温度在3 500~6 300 K之间,电子激发温度随放电峰值电压与氦气体积流量的增大总体上呈现上升的趋势。但由于反向电场的存在,某些峰值电压可能会出现电子激发温度下降的情况;根据Stark展宽原理对大气压氦气等离子体射流的电子密度进行了计算,发现电子密度的数量级可达1015 cm-3,同时增大峰值电压与氦气体积流量均可有效的提高射流中的电子密度。这些参数的研究对氦气等离子体射流在工程实际中的应用具有重要意义。     

时空非均匀等离子体鞘套中太赫兹波的传播特性

高超声速飞行器再入地面的过程中,其周围等离子体的电子密度是非均匀且随时间变化的.对于不同的再入高度,飞行器周围的温度和压强也会发生改变.因此,研究电磁波在时空非均匀等离子体鞘套中的传播特性意义重大.首先建立了时变非均匀的等离子体鞘套模型,然后通过经验公式得到温度、压强与碰撞频率三者的关系.采用时域有限差分方法计算了太赫兹波段中不同电子密度弛豫时间、温度、压强时的反射系数、透射系数和吸收率.研究结果表明:在太赫兹波段中,电子密度的弛豫时间越长,温度越高,压强越大,电磁波越容易穿透等离子体;弛豫时间越短,温度越低,压强越小,等离子体对电磁波吸收率的变化越明显.这些结果为解决"黑障"问题提供了理论依据.     

多晶碲化锌薄膜载能子超快动力学实验研究

利用双波长飞秒激光抽运-探测实验方法测量了掺氮多晶ZnTe薄膜在飞秒激光加热情况下载能子超快动力学过程. 采用包含电子弛豫过程和晶格加热过程的理论模型拟合实验数据, 二者符合得很好. 拟合得到10 ps以内影响掺氮多晶ZnTe薄膜表面超快反射率变化的三个弛豫过程的时间常数均为亚皮秒量级. 其中, 正振幅电子弛豫过程是由电子-光子相互作用引起的载流子扩散和带间载流子冷却过程, 负振幅电子弛豫过程是由缺陷造成的光激载能子的俘获效应引起的, 晶格加热过程主要通过电子-声子耦合过程进行的.     

Magneto-optical Faraday effects in dispersive properties for three-dimensional magnetized plasma photonic crystals

The dispersive properties of three-dimensional magnetized plasma photonic crystals composed of homogeneous magnetized plasma spheres immersed in isotropic dielectric host with face-centered-cubic lattices are theoretically studied based on plane wave expansion method, as the magneto-optical Faraday effects of magnetized plasma are considered. The equations for calculating the band structures are theoretically deduced. The photonic band gap and a flatbands region can be obtained. The influences of host dielectric constant, plasma collision frequency, filling factor, external magnetic field and plasma frequency on the dispersive properties are investigated in detail, respectively, and some corresponding physical explanations are also given. The numerical results show that the photonic band gap can be manipulated by the plasma frequency, filling factor, external magnetic field and host dielectric constant, respectively. However, the plasma collision frequency has no effects on photonic band gap. The location of flatbands region cannot be tuned by any parameters except for the plasma frequency and external magnetic field.     

Transmission and scattering properties of acoustic waves in phononic band gap materials

We have developed a formula for studying the transmission and scattering properties of finite-sized phononic band gap (PBG) material. We will show that based on the far field approach the transmission coefficients can be obtained by treating PBG samples as scattering objects. We find that the results agree well with the band structure.     

Compton散射对非均匀等离子体光子晶体光子带隙的影响

应用多光子非线性Compton散射模型和时域有限差分法,对多光子非线性Compton散射对非均匀等离子体光子晶体光子带隙特性的影响进行了研究,提出将入射和散射光作为形成光子带隙的新机制,对电磁波方程进行了修正.结果表明:与Compton散射前相比,散射使电磁波幅值衰减更快|随等离子体密度增加,透射谱禁带宽度几乎无变化,其中心频率向高频方向有明显移动,向上的峰值有较大增加,反射谱向下的峰值有明显减小|随温度增加,透射谱禁带宽明显减小,向上的峰值略有减小,透射能量有所降低|随两种介质介电系数比增加,光子禁带数增加,且带隙间距显著减小.     

Compton散射对磁化等离子体光子晶体缺陷模密温特性的影响

应用多光子非线性Compton散射模型和有限时域差分法,对Compton散射对磁化等离子体光子晶体缺陷模密温特性的影响进行了理论分析和数值模拟。结果表明,与Compton散射前的情况相比,Compton散射使低温低频处光子禁带中存在缺陷模的明显度降低,缺陷模频率增大,缺陷模和透射率峰值减小;使高温高频处缺陷模和透射率峰值、缺陷模频率显著增大,禁带宽减小,缺陷模位置向高频方向移动。随着电子密度的增大,散射减小了禁带增大效应和缺陷模减小效应,增强了缺陷模频率增大效应;随着电子密度的降低,散射增强了禁带变窄效应、缺陷模峰值增大效应和缺陷模频率减小效应。利用Compton散射,可实现对缺陷模密温特性的有效控制。     

基于法拉第效应磁化等离子体光子晶体FDTD分析

通过增加外磁场来调控等离子体光子晶体的光子带隙结构,采用时域有限差分算法分析了由本征层为磁化等离子体层和其他电介质材料层交替堆叠而成的磁化等离子体光子晶体的光子带隙结构,数值模拟中采用完全匹配层吸收边界条件以防止边界的反射。由于外磁场的法拉第磁光效应,使等离子体的介电常数随着外磁场的变化而改变。数值结果表明,等离子体光子晶体的带隙特性在一定的频率范围相应地得到调节,实现了频率低于等离子体频率的电磁波也能在等离子体中传播。     

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通过增加外磁场来调控等离子体光子晶体的光子带隙结构,采用时域有限差分算法分析了由本征层为磁化等离子体层和其他电介质材料层交替堆叠而成的磁化等离子体光子晶体的光子带隙结构,数值模拟中采用完全匹配层吸收边界条件以防止边界的反射。由于外磁场的法拉第磁光效应,使等离子体的介电常数随着外磁场的变化而改变。数值结果表明,等离子体光子晶体的带隙特性在一定的频率范围相应地得到调节,实现了频率低于等离子体频率的电磁波也能在等离子体中传播。     

Effects of relativistic and ponderomotive nonlinearities on the interaction of high-power laser beam with an inhomogeneous warm plasma

The influence of relativistic-ponderomotive nonlinearities and the plasma inhomogeneity on the nonlinear interaction between a high-power laser beam and a warm underdense plasma are studied. It is clear that the relativistic ponderomotive force and the electron temperature modify the electron density distribution and consequently change the dielectric permittivity of the plasma. Therefore, by presenting the modified electron density and the nonlinear dielectric permittivity of the warm plasma, the electromagnetic wave equation for the propagation of intense laser beam through the plasma is derived. This nonlinear equation is numerically solved and the distributions of electromagnetic fields in the plasma, the variations of electron density, and plasma refractive index are investigated for two different background electron density profiles. The results show that the amplitude of the electric field and electron density oscillations gradually increase and decrease, during propagation in the inhomogeneous warm plasma with linear and exponential density profiles, respectively, and the distribution of electron density becomes extremely sharp in the presence of intense laser beam. It is also indicated that the electron temperature and initial electron density have an impact on the propagation of the laser beam in the plasma and change the plasma refractive index and the oscillations' amplitude and frequency. The obtained results indicate the importance of a proper choice of laser and plasma parameters on the electromagnetic field distributions, density steepening, and plasma refractive index variations in the interaction of an intense laser beam with an inhomogeneous warm plasma.     

A facile thermal evaporation route for large-area synthesis of tin oxide nanowires: Characterizations and their use for liquid petroleum gas sensor

In this paper, a very simple procedure was presented for the reproducible synthesis of large-area SnO₂ nanowires (NWs) on a silicon substrate by evaporating Sn powders at temperatures of 700, 750, and 800 °C. As-obtained SnO₂ NWs were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Raman spectroscopy. They revealed that the morphology of the NWs is affected by growth temperature and the SnO₂ NWs are single-crystalline tetragonal. The band gap of the NWs is in the range of 4.2–4.3 eV as determined from UV/visible absorption. The NWs show stable photoluminescence with an emission peak centered at around 620 nm at room-temperature. The sensors fabricated from the SnO₂ NWs synthesized at 700 °C exhibited good response to LPG (liquefied petroleum gas) at an operating temperature of 400 °C.     

基于横向磁光效应磁化等离子体光子晶体的光子带隙特性

通过外加与电磁波传播方向垂直的磁场来调控等离子体光子晶体的光子带隙结构。采用时域有限差分方法数值分析了由本征层为等离子体层和其他电介质材料层交替堆叠而成的磁化等离子体光子晶体的光子带隙结构和频谱特性。数值结果表明,光子晶体中等离子体的介电常数随着外磁场大小的变化而改变,从而使磁化等离子体光子晶体的带隙特性在一定的频率范围相应地得到调节。     

Solid-state reaction synthesis of boron carbonitride nanotubes

ZnO films were deposited by RF magnetron sputtering at the substrate temperature of 120∼420°C. XRD measurements revealed the improvement of crystalline quality and grain size of the films with substrate temperature. The dielectric function of the films was determined by fitting the experimental transmission spectra with Tauc–Lorentz (TL) model and a single Lorentzian oscillator (SLO) dispersion function in the energy range of 1∼5 eV. The optical properties of the ZnO films strongly depended on the substrate temperature. The optical band gap and the Penn gap of the ZnO films increased with the substrate temperature. The band gap of the ZnO films indicated a direct interband transition between the valence and conduction band, and the change of the in-plane film stress promoted the enhancement of the band gap. These results of the optical properties of the ZnO films might be very meaningful to the application in the window design in solar cells.     

微波大气击穿阈值的理论研究

本文通过对使用有效场强(或均方根场强)得到的微波大气击穿阈值表达式进行讨论, 指出其推导中所做的假设及这些假设应用到微波大气击穿过程中存在的问题. 然后分别使用解析理论和数值模拟对微波大气击穿过程中的有效电子温度变化过程和击穿阈值进行研究, 并将其与直流电场进行比较. 分析发现在高气压下, 电子能量转移频率高, 有效电子温度随电场大幅振荡, 由于电离频率随有效电子温度的增长率大于电子能量损失随有效电子温度的增长率, 因此在高气压时, 微波大气击穿阈值低于使用有效场强的击穿阈值. 通过大量分析, 给出了理论推导和数值模拟得到的微波大气击穿阈值拟合表达式.     

S—Ka频段电磁波在等离子体中传输特性的实验研究

在感应耦合等离子体风洞上开展了等离子体中电磁波传输特性实验研究,获得了不同频率电磁波在等离子体中的传输衰减.通过微波诊断技术,获得了等离子体射流的电子数密度和碰撞频率.通过矢量网络分析仪和标准增益天线组成的电磁波传输特性测试系统,获得了电磁波经过等离子体之后的衰减,研究了电子数密度范围7.0×10~(10)-1.0×10~(13)cm~(-3)、等离子体碰撞频率在109 Hz量级的等离子体对2.6—40 GHz不同频率电磁波传输特性的影响,分析了经典传输理论和薄层理论预测结果与实验结果的差异.该实验工作为等离子体中电磁波传输特性的理论研究和数值仿真提供了基础数据.     

大气压氩气/空气针-环式介质阻挡放电发射光谱诊断

为了更加深入地了解氩气/空气等离子体射流内的电子输运过程及化学反应过程,通过针-环式介质阻挡等离子体发生器在放电频率10 kHz,一个大气压条件下对氩气/空气混合气进行电离并产生了稳定的等离子体射流。通过发射光谱法对不同峰值电压下氩气/空气等离子体射流的活性粒子种类、电子激发温度及振动温度进行了诊断。结果表明,射流中的主要活性粒子为N₂的第二正带系、Ar Ⅰ原子以及少量的氧原子,其中N₂的第二正带系的相对光谱强度最强、最清晰,在本试验的发射光谱中没有发现N+₂的第一负带系谱线,这说明在氩气/空气等离子体射流中几乎没有电子能量高于18.76 eV的自由电子。利用Ar Ⅰ原子激发能差较大的5条谱线做最小二乘线性拟合对等离子体射流的电子激发温度进行了计算,得到大气压氩气/空气等离子体射流的电子激发温度在7 000~11 000 K之间。随峰值电压的增大,电子激发温度表现出先增大后减小的变化趋势,这说明电子激发温度并不总是随峰值电压的增长单调变化的。通过N₂的第二正带系对等离子体振动温度进行了诊断,发现大气压氩气/空气等离子体射流振动温度在3 000~4 500 K之间,其随峰值电压的增大而减小,这意味着虽然峰值电压的提高可有效提高自由电子的动能,但当电子动能较大时自由电子与氮分子之间的相互作用时间将会缩短,进而二者之间的碰撞能量转移截面将会减小,从而导致等离子体振动温度的降低。