Reconstructing Hydrogen Bond Network Enables High Voltage Aqueous Zinc-Ion Supercapacitors

High-voltage aqueous rechargeable energy storage devices with safety and high specific energy are hopeful candidates for the future energy storage system. However, the electrochemical stability window of aqueous electrolytes is a great challenge. Herein, inspired by density functional theory (DFT), polyethylene glycol (PEG) can interact strongly with water molecules, effectively reconstructing the hydrogen bond network. In addition, N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF) can coordinate with Zn²⁺, assisting in the rapid desolvation of Zn²⁺ and stable plating/stripping process. Remarkably, by introducing PEG400 and DMF as co-solvents into the electrolyte, a wide electrochemical window of 4.27 V can be achieved. The shift in spectra indicate the transformation in the number and strength of hydrogen bonds, verifying the reconstruction of hydrogen bond network, which can largely inhibit the activity of water molecule, according well with the molecular dynamics simulations (MD) and online electrochemical mass spectroscopy (OEMS). Based on this electrolyte, symmetric Zn cells survived up to 5000 h at 1 mA cm⁻², and high voltage aqueous zinc ion supercapacitors assembled with Zn anode and activated carbon cathode achieved 800 cycles at 0.1 A g⁻¹. This work provides a feasible approach for constructing high-voltage alkali metal ion supercapacitors through reconstruction strategy of hydrogen bond network.     

高容量超级电容器电极材料的设计与制备

超级电容器寿命长,安全性高,并可以实现快速充放电,是化学电源研究的热点之一。然而,超级电容器的能量密度较低限制了其更多的应用。因此,超级电容器领域的研究关注点在如何提高超级电容器的能量密度。其中,提高比容量是提高能量密度的一种有效途径。本文通过对电极材料和电解液的优化来研究制备得到高容量超级电容器的方法。电极材料的比表面积、孔道结构和导电性对其电化学性能有着直接的影响。一方面,通过优化电极材料的孔道结构和比表面积可以增加活性位点并提高电解液离子传导率,从而得到高比电容。另一方面,电极材料导电性的提高有利于提升其电子传导率从而得到较高的比容量。本文分别对碳材料和金属氧化物/氢氧化物的优化达到了增加双电层电容和赝电容的目的。不仅如此,还可以通过在电解液中增加氧化还原电对从而得到高比电容。这一方法为高容量超级电容器的制备提供了新的思路。     

壳聚糖制备多孔炭及其在电化学超级电容器中的应用(英文)

以壳聚糖为原料在 600、700、800和900℃直接炭化制备多孔炭 C-600,C-700, C-800 和C-900,其BET比表面积分别为278、461、515和625 m2·g-1.用恒流充放电和循环伏安法表征了其电化学性能. 结果表明, 由 C-800 制备电极的循环伏安图形更接近矩形, 在恒电流充放电实验中阴极和阳极过程基本对称, 说明该电极具有较好的电容性能.在 50 mA·g-1 的电流密度下,C-600、C-700、C-800和C-900的电容分别为96、120、154 和 28 F·g-1.由 C-800 制备电极的循环充放电稳定性好, 电流密度为1 A·g-1循环1000次后电容损失小于2%,说明壳聚糖制备多孔碳具有作为超级电容器电极材料的潜在价值. 同时还考察了不同浓度的电解液对C-800电化学性质的影响,发现在KOH浓度为 30%时的电容最大.依据实验结果,对多孔炭制备及其电化学性质间的关系进行了探讨.     

Synergy of Cu/C3N4 Interface and Cu Nanoparticles Dual Catalytic Regions in Electrolysis of CO to Acetic Acid

Electrochemical reduction reaction of carbon monoxide (CORR) offers a promising way to manufacture acetic acid directly from gaseous CO and water at mild condition. Herein, we discovered that the graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) supported Cu nanoparticles (Cu−CN) with the appropriate size showed a high acetate faradaic efficiency of 62.8 % with a partial current density of 188 mA cm⁻² in CORR. In situ experimental and density functional theory calculation studies revealed that the Cu/C₃N₄ interface and metallic Cu surface synergistically promoted CORR into acetic acid. The generation of pivotal intermediate −*CHO is advantage around the Cu/C₃N₄ interface and migrated *CHO facilitates acetic acid generation on metallic Cu surface with promoted *CHO coverage. Moreover, continuous production of acetic acid aqueous solution was achieved in a porous solid electrolyte reactor, indicating the great potential of Cu−CN catalyst in the industrial application.     

Carbon Transition‐metal Oxide Electrodes: Understanding the Role of Surface Engineering for High Energy Density Supercapacitors

Supercapacitors store electrical energy by ion adsorption at the interface of the electrode‐electrolyte (electric double layer capacitance, EDLC) or through faradaic process involving direct transfer of electrons via oxidation/reduction reactions at one electrode to the other (pseudocapacitance). The present minireview describes the recent developments and progress of carbon‐transition metal oxides (C‐TMO) hybrid materials that show great promise as an efficient electrode towards supercapacitors among various material types. The review describes the synthetic methods and electrode preparation techniques along with the changes in the physical and chemical properties of each component in the hybrid materials. The critical factors in deriving both EDLC and pseudocapacitance storage mechanisms are also identified in the hope of pointing to the successful hybrid design principles. For example, a robust carbon‐metal oxide interaction was identified as most important in facilitating the charge transfer process and activating high energy storage mechanism, and thus methodologies to establish a strong carbon‐metal oxide contact are discussed. Finally, this article concludes with suggestions for the future development of the fabrication of high‐performance C‐TMO hybrid supercapacitor electrodes.     

电解质浓度和温度对活性炭电容性能的影响

采用循环伏安、交流阻抗和恒流充放电技术考察了电解质浓度和温度对活性炭电容性能的影响. 活性炭电容器在0.1、0.5、1.0和6.0 mol·L^-1 KOH溶液中性能测试结果表明: 活性炭在高浓度电解质中具有高电容和低内阻, 但电位窗口较窄; 电容和内阻与KOH浓度的对数成正比. 活性炭电容在不同温度(20、40、80 °C)的性能测试结果表明: 高温能够增加电容和降低内阻, 但是却加速了长期充放电过程中电容的衰减.     

ZnF2-Riched Inorganic/Organic Hybrid SEI: in situ-Chemical Construction and Performance-Improving Mechanism for Aqueous Zinc-ion Batteries

Uncontrolled dendrites growth and serious parasitic reactions in aqueous electrolytes, greatly hinder the practical application of aqueous zinc-ion battery. On the basis of in situ-chemical construction and performance-improving mechanism, multifunctional fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) is introduced into aqueous electrolyte to construct a high-quality and ZnF₂-riched inorganic/organic hybrid SEI (ZHS) layer on Zn metal anode (ZMA) surface. Notably, FEC additive can regulate the solvated structure of Zn²⁺ to reduce H₂O molecules reactivity. Additionally, the ZHS layer with strong Zn²⁺ affinity can avoid dendrites formation and hinder the direct contact between the electrolyte and anode. Therefore, the dendrites growth, Zn corrosion, and H₂ evolution reaction on ZMA in FEC-included ZnSO₄ electrolyte are highly suppressed. Thus, ZMA in such electrolyte realize a long cycle life over 1000 h and deliver a stable coulombic efficiency of 99.1 % after 500 cycles.     

微孔晶体材料C12A7-Cl-的表面氯负离子发射性能和机理

利用飞行时间质谱(TOF-MS)观测到氯负离子从合成的微孔晶体材料C12A7-Cl-(11CaO·7Al2O3·CaCl2)表面发射出来, 详细研究了C12A7-Cl-的发射特性, 包括发射强度分支比、温度效应、电场效应和表观活化能. 在我们的检测范围内从C12A7-Cl-表面发射的离子中绝大部分是氯负离子(最大强度分支比为98%), 此外还有弱的氧负离子和电子发射. 各种离子的绝对发射电流强度都随着表面温度升高或引出电场强度的增加而显著增强, 随着引出电场强度从200增加到1200 V·cm-1, 氯负离子发射的表观活化能从180.9 kJ·mol-1减小到110.0 kJ·mol-1. 氯负离子和C12A7-Cl-表面之间的结合能大约是228 kJ·mol-1. 研究了氯负离子的发射稳定性, 并且应用一种电化学注入法, 以获得持续的氯负离子发射. 基于上述实验还讨论了氯负离子的形成和发射机理. 目前的方法可望被用于发展氯负离子储存/发生器.     

Hierarchical porous carbon derived from Allium cepa for supercapacitors through direct carbonization method with the assist of calcium acetate

Hierarchical porous carbon was prepared from onion through a direct carbonization method and it was used as suercapacitor electrode material.     

TiO_2纳米管阵列的多重改性及其在超级电容器中应用的最新进展

阳极氧化法制备的TiO_2纳米管阵列因其简单的制备方法、可控的形貌以及环境友好等优点而成为超级电容器领域重点研究的电极材料之一。本文介绍了TiO_2纳米管的多重改性方法,包括引入氧空位、金属或非金属修饰或掺杂、金属化合物(氧化物、氢氧化物、硫化物、氮化物)以及导电聚合物修饰等,以进一步提高TiO_2纳米管的电化学性能。介绍了近年来阳极氧化法制备的TiO_2纳米管阵列在超级电容器中应用的研究进展,为进一步拓展TiO_2纳米管阵列的实际应用提供参考。     

活化和表面改性对碳纳米管超级电容器性能的影响

用KOH为活化剂对碳纳米管（CNTs）进行活化；用浓硝酸为氧化剂对活化CNTs进行表面改性.通过TEM、BET和IR对经过活化和表面改性的CNTs进行了分析,并运用循环伏安和恒流充放电测试研究了活化和表面改性对CNTs超级电容器性能的影响.结果表明,通过活化使CNTs的比表面积增大,从而使其比电容从未活化时的43 F•g－1提高到73 F•g－1；通过表面改性引进赝电容,使电容器的比电容进一步提高到94 F•g－1.     

Chlorine detection in cement with laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy in the infrared and ultraviolet spectral range

A significant parameter to monitor the status of concrete buildings like bridges or parking garages is the determination of the depth profile of the chlorine concentration below the exposed concrete surface. This information is required to define the needed volume of restoration for a construction. Conventional methods like wet chemical analysis are time- and cost-intensive so an alternative method is developed using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). The idea is to deploy LIBS to analyze drill cores by scanning the sample surface with laser pulses. Chlorine spectral lines in the infrared (IR) and ultraviolet (UV)-range were studied for chlorine detection in hydrated cement samples. The excitation energies of these spectral lines are above 9.2 eV. Hence high plasma temperatures and pulse energies in the range of some hundred millijoules are needed to induce sufficient line intensity levels at the required working distance. To further increase the line intensity and to lower the detection limit (LOD) of chlorine a measuring chamber is used where different ambient pressures and gases can be chosen for the measurements. The influences on the line intensity for pressures between 5 mbar and 400 mbar using helium as process gas and the influence of different laser burst modi like single and collinear double pulses are investigated. For the first time a LOD according to DIN 32 645 of 0.1 mass% was achieved for chlorine in hydrated cement using the UV line 134.72 nm.     

Development of the Self-doping Porous Carbon and Its Application in Supercapacitor Electrode

The massive discharge of biomass wastes not only causes waste of resources, but also pollutes the environment. Therefore, converting biomass wastes into carbon materials is an effective way to solve the above problems. Here, using biomass waste pig nails as raw materials and K₂CO₃ as chemical activators, the N-doped porous carbon(KPNC) is prepared by direct pyrolysis. As an electrode for supercapacitors, the electrochemical tests of KPNCs showed that they exhibited good electrochemical performance and excellent cycling stability. When the current density is 0.2 A/g, the specific capacitance is up to 344.6 F/g. Moreover, it still maintains 97.6% initial capacitance retention after 2000 cycles at a high current density of 5 A/g. Above exceptional electrochemical performances may be ascribed to an appropriate porous structure(S_micro/S_total=80.31%, V_micro/V_total=76.19%), high nitrogen contents(4.44%, atomic fraction), oxygen contents(9.13%, atomic fraction) as well as small internal resistance. The above experimental results show that the conversion of pig nails to porous carbon can reduce the waste of resources and alleviate environmental pollution.     

ClONO2及其异构体光解反应的从头算研究(Ⅱ)——ClONO2→ClO+NO2反应机理研究

用从头算方法讨论了大气臭氧层主要破坏物ClONO2在光照下分解反应途径:ClONO2→ClO+NO2的反应机理.该反应的2个过渡态ClO…NOO(TS2a)和OCI…NOO(TS2b)中TS2a能垒较高,始态难于越过如此高的势垒;TS2b势垒较低,而产物到过渡态TS2b的能垒也仅有1.20 eV,故预测该反应为一个可逆反应.     

The Minimal Occupancy Level of the Clathrate Hydrate Host Lattice and the Intercalation Heat of the Guest Molecules in the Chlorine Hydrates

The minimal occupancy level (θ_min) of the clathrate lattice of gas molecules is defined as the number of guest molecules in the host clathrate lattice, which can stabilize the thermodynamically unstable empty cage by covering the energy demand of the transformation of hexagonal ice into empty clathrate lattice (ΔH_trans). The θ_min values for chlorine hydrate were determined from the n = f(p)_T=const. relationship and the average molar intercalation heat of chlorine in the type I clathrate lattice was also calculated for both type of cavities.     

燃烧氧化偶联离子色谱法检测甲醇、碳黑中氯和硫

提出采用燃烧氧化偶联离子色谱法测定甲醇、碳黑中的氯和硫的含量。方法通过在管式炉中燃烧将甲醇、碳黑中的氯及硫转化为Cl2、HCl,SO2,SO3等气态物质。选用I-/I3-溶液作为燃烧产物的吸收剂。I-/I3-溶液既作氧化剂又作还原剂,将Cl2、HCl转化为Cl-,将SO2、SO3转化为SO42-。用离子色谱法测量吸收剂中Cl-和SO42-的含量进而推算甲醇、碳黑中氯和硫的含量。实验结果表明,该方法简单、准确、灵敏。氯和硫的检出限分别为9.71μg/g和1.64μg/g。     

应用多中心分区方法构建H3分子反应势能面

以氧化石墨凝胶制备的氧化石墨烯溶胶为前驱体, 在120-220 ℃条件下, 采用水热法制备了系列不同还原程度的三维还原氧化石墨烯, 采用扫描电镜(SEM), X射线衍射(XRD), 傅里叶变换红外(FTIR)光谱, X射线光电子能谱(XPS)和电化学测试等手段研究了水热反应温度对材料形貌、结构和超级电容性能的影响. 结果表明: 采用水热法制备的三维还原氧化石墨烯呈多孔网状结构, 材料的体积和内部网状孔径随着水热反应温度的升高而减小; 同时, 氧化石墨烯的还原程度随反应温度的升高而增加, 有序度提高, 其结构逐渐向着类石墨结构转化; 而材料的比电容和能量密度则随反应温度的升高呈现出先增大后减小的趋势, 且均以双电层电容为主;相比之下, 当水热反应温度为180 ℃时, 制备的三维还原氧化石墨烯具有最佳的超级电容性能, 在电解液为6mol·L^-1的KOH溶液中, 0.5 A·g^-1电流密度下其比电容达到315 F·g^-1, 10 A·g^-1时仍能保持212 F·g^-1的高比容量, 能量密度为40.5 Wh·kg^-1, 5000次循环后比电容保持率为86%, 表现出了良好的电化学性能.     

水热反应温度对三维还原氧化石墨烯的形貌、结构和超级电容性能的影响

以氧化石墨凝胶制备的氧化石墨烯溶胶为前驱体,在120-220°C条件下,采用水热法制备了系列不同还原程度的三维还原氧化石墨烯,采用扫描电镜(SEM),X射线衍射(XRD),傅里叶变换红外(FTIR)光谱,X射线光电子能谱(XPS)和电化学测试等手段研究了水热反应温度对材料形貌、结构和超级电容性能的影响.结果表明:采用水热法制备的三维还原氧化石墨烯呈多孔网状结构,材料的体积和内部网状孔径随着水热反应温度的升高而减小;同时,氧化石墨烯的还原程度随反应温度的升高而增加,有序度提高,其结构逐渐向着类石墨结构转化;而材料的比电容和能量密度则随反应温度的升高呈现出先增大后减小的趋势,且均以双电层电容为主;相比之下,当水热反应温度为180°C时,制备的三维还原氧化石墨烯具有最佳的超级电容性能,在电解液为6mol·L-1的KOH溶液中,0.5A·g-1电流密度下其比电容达到315 F·g-1,10 A·g-1时仍能保持212 F·g-1的高比容量,能量密度为40.5Wh·kg-1,5000次循环后比电容保持率为86%,表现出了良好的电化学性能.