Wind tunnel simulation of wind effect on a group of high Cooling towers

Aerodynamic interference between high cooling towers in the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) and uniform flow has been discussed. For the 1/1000 ABL model set up in the 2.25m low speed wind tunnel at Peking University, the similarity condition of the cooling tower in the ABL, the simulation results of a single tower and some typical tower groups have been provided. Experiments showed that the Circumferential pressure distributions were consistent between the smooth model tower and the prototype tower, and between the rough model tower and the prototype tower with ribs; the two dimensional characteristics in the circumferential pressure distribution were also noticeable around the middle 1/3 part of the tower after nondimensionalization by local dynamic pressure. Results demonstrate that, in the flow with strong turbulence the lift coefficient of the downstream cylinder approaches 0.4. In the flow with weak turbulence, the pressure distribution reflects a strong nonsymmetry, and the lift coefficient or stagnation pressure of the downstream cylinder switches alternately between 1 and 0, where a concentrated vortex rolls up and then sheds toward the front of the downstream cylinder and exerts a decisive influence on the aerodynamic properties of the downstream cylinder.     

Experimental investigation on the wake interference among wind turbines sited in atmospheric boundary layer winds

We examined experimentally the effects of incom-ing surface wind on the turbine wake and the wake interfer-ence among upstream and downstream wind turbines sited in atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) winds. The experi-ment was conducted in a large-scale ABL wind tunnel with scaled wind turbine models mounted in different incom-ing surface winds simulating the ABL winds over typical offshore/onshore wind farms. Power outputs and dynamic loadings acting on the turbine models and the wake flow char-acteristics behind the turbine models were quantified. The results revealed that the incoming surface winds significantly affect the turbine wake characteristics and wake interference between the upstream and downstream turbines. The velocity deficits in the turbine wakes recover faster in the incoming surface winds with relatively high turbulence levels. Varia-tions of the power outputs and dynamic wind loadings acting on the downstream turbines sited in the wakes of upstream turbines are correlated well with the turbine wakes charac-teristics. At the same downstream locations, the downstream turbines have higher power outputs and experience greater static and fatigue loadings in the inflow with relatively high turbulence level, suggesting a smaller effect of wake inter-ference for the turbines sited in onshore wind farms.     

On the generation of large-scale homogeneous turbulence

An active turbulence generating grid, based on the rotating-vane design of Makita (1991), was developed for a large wind tunnel. At 2.14 m square, the grid is the largest of this type ever developed. To improve the isotropy of the turbulence generated, the grid was placed in the wind tunnel contraction. Measurements show that the grid produces a closely uniform mean flow and homogeneous isotropic turbulence to within two integral scales from the wall. By systematically varying the flow speed and parameters controlling the random motion of the vanes, grid turbulence with a wide variety of characteristics was produced and the dependence of those characteristics on the operating parameters of the grid revealed. Taylor Reynolds numbers of the grid turbulence varied from 100 to 1,360 and integral scales from 5 to almost 70 cm. The extreme cases represent some of the highest Reynolds number and largest scale homogeneous turbulent flows ever generated in a wind tunnel.     

沙岭子电厂冷却塔群风荷载的风洞研究

本文通过风洞实验研究了沙岭子电厂接近直线布置的四个双曲线型冷却塔在主导风向和最大风速风向角下的平均压力和脉动压力分布。研究结果表明:在较大风向角时,主要由于塔群间的邻近作用,使塔面最小平均风压系数绝对值有所增加,对塔面的脉动压力分布影响较小;在较小风向角时,主要由于上游塔的尾流影响,使下游塔塔面的平均压力分布变化较大,特别是脉动压力,与孤立塔相比可增大几倍。同时,塔群影响使得下游塔压力谱中能量分布相对集中,其峰值频率较孤立塔有成倍的提高。     

Y型柱体绕流特性及风荷载

通过风洞实验研究了二种典型尺寸的二维Y型柱体在不同风向角下的绕流特性及风荷载。实验结果表明:当风向顺Y型柱体某一肢时主要是来流脉动引起柱体较弱横向振动;当风向顺Y型柱体两肢分角线时则由涡脱落而引起柱体强烈的横向振动。来流湍流度的增加使脉动升力和阻力都大幅度增加,然而却使涡脱落引起的振动相对减弱。     

Wind tunnel and full-scale study of wind effects on a super-tall building

This paper presents the analyzed results from a combined wind tunnel and full-scale study of the wind effects on a super-tall building with a height of 420 m in Hong Kong. In wind tunnel tests, mean and fluctuating forces and pressures on the building models for the cases of an isolated building and the building with the existing surrounding condition are measured by the high-frequency force balance technique and synchronous multi-pressure sensing system under two typical boundary layer wind flow fields. Global and local wind force coefficients and structural responses are presented and discussed. A detailed study is conducted to investigate the influences of incident wind direction, upstream terrain conditions and interferences from the surroundings on the wind loads and responses of the high-rise structure. On the other hand, full-scale measurements of the wind effects on the super-tall building have been performed under typhoon conditions. The field data, such as wind speed, wind direction, structural acceleration and displacement responses have been simultaneously and continuously recorded during the passage of 12 typhoons since 2008. Analysis of the field measured data is carried out to investigate the typhoon effects on the super-tall building. Finally, the model test results are compared with the full-scale measurements for verification of the wind tunnel test techniques. The comparative study shows that the wind tunnel testing can provide reasonable predictions of the structural resonant responses. The resonant displacement responses are comparable to the background displacement responses so that the contribution of the background responses to the total displacement responses should not be underestimated. The outcome of the combined wind tunnel and full-scale study is expected to be useful to engineers and researchers involved in the wind-resistant design of super-tall buildings.     

体育场环状悬挑屋盖脉动风压数值模拟

本文提出了预测悬挑屋盖上脉动风压的实用方法,用数值模拟中稳态计算得到的平均压力、平均速度和湍动能的分布计算大跨屋盖的脉动风压。以昆山体育场为例,通过数值模拟的平均压力系数、湍动能分布及脉动风压与风洞实验结果的比较,验证了用数值模拟方法预测环状悬挑屋盖脉动风压的有效性,并建议了需选用的合适湍流模型和参考点的风速。     

台风过境下大型单桩式海上风机结构动力特性研究

风机大型化是我国海上风电技术发展的重要方向. 东南沿海是我国海上风电发展的重要基地, 这一区域频繁发生的台风对海上风机的影响不可忽略. 台风风场与常规大风风场有不同的湍流特性, 同时台风期间较高的风速会引起巨大的台风浪. 本文考虑台风经过期间独特的风场及波浪场, 开展风浪联合作用对大型单桩海上风机影响的研究. 基于DTU 10 MW大型单桩风机, 运用一体化分析软件SIMA建立风浪联合作用下大型单桩风机的耦合数值模型, 研究台风经过不同阶段大型风力机的动力响应特性. 计算结果显示, 叶片变桨能有效降低台风经过时风机叶片所受风载荷, 变桨状态下单桩风机所受风载荷主要来源于塔筒. 在台风经过的不同阶段, 大型单桩海上风机结构表现出不同的动力特性. 台风全过程塔筒运动均受波浪激发一阶频率控制, 塔基上方结构动力载荷以惯性载荷为主, FOVS至FEWS阶段及BOVS阶段至BEWS阶段塔筒运动一阶频率处响应能量增长较小, 响应能量向低频及波频转移. 塔基下方泥面线处剪力响应受波频控制, 弯矩响应受一阶频率控制.      

大型冷却塔的风致振动响应数值分析

风荷载是大型冷却塔建筑设计的主要荷载之一,通过风振时域分析可以全面地了解塔身的风振响应特性。本文探讨了采用线性滤波法中的自回归模型(auto-regressive,AR)模拟大型冷却塔风致振动响应的数值方法。首先根据AR模型,基于随机模拟方法,计算冷却塔表面不同高度的随机脉动风压。通过将随机脉动风压和平均风压作为冷却塔表面的外载,采用有限元分析软件计算某冷却塔的风致振动响应。结果表明,基于随机脉动风荷载模拟的数值计算方法,能正确反映冷却塔塔身的风振响应。该方法特别适用于冷却塔高度超出规范要求的情况下,评估冷却塔的风振响应。     

Dynamic wind loads and wake characteristics of a wind turbine model in an atmospheric boundary layer wind

An experimental study was conducted to characterize the dynamic wind loads and evolution of the unsteady vortex and turbulent flow structures in the near wake of a horizontal axis wind turbine model placed in an atmospheric boundary layer wind tunnel. In addition to measuring dynamic wind loads (i.e., aerodynamic forces and bending moments) acting on the wind turbine model by using a high-sensitive force-moment sensor unit, a high-resolution digital particle image velocimetry (PIV) system was used to achieve flow field measurements to quantify the characteristics of the turbulent vortex flow in the near wake of the wind turbine model. Besides conducting “free-run” PIV measurements to determine the ensemble-averaged statistics of the flow quantities such as mean velocity, Reynolds stress, and turbulence kinetic energy (TKE) distributions in the wake flow, “phase-locked” PIV measurements were also performed to elucidate further details about evolution of the unsteady vortex structures in the wake flow in relation to the position of the rotating turbine blades. The effects of the tip-speed-ratio of the wind turbine model on the dynamic wind loads and wake flow characteristics were quantified in the terms of the variations of the aerodynamic thrust and bending moment coefficients of the wind turbine model, the evolution of the helical tip vortices and the unsteady vortices shedding from the blade roots and turbine nacelle, the deceleration of the incoming airflows after passing the rotation disk of the turbine blades, the TKE and Reynolds stress distributions in the near wake of the wind turbine model. The detailed flow field measurements were correlated with the dynamic wind load measurements to elucidate underlying physics in order to gain further insight into the characteristics of the dynamic wind loads and turbulent vortex flows in the wakes of wind turbines for the optimal design of the wind turbines operating in atmospheric boundary layer winds.     

基于立体打印自然通风冷却塔模型稳定性试验研究

为研究自然通风冷却塔在风载荷下的屈曲模式及临界风速,用立体打印技术打印了三个不同壁厚的缩尺模型,在风洞中完成了稳定性试验,并将实验结果与有限元计算结果进行对比分析.研究表明,模型失稳发生在弹性阶段,其壁厚与喉部半径之比是确定临界载荷的一个关键参数.实验得到的临界风压值同现有规范的设计相接近,约为有限元计算的1/4,说明我国现有规范中基于冷却塔整体稳定性得到的最小壁厚是偏保守的.     

Experimental study on wind loading on a complicated group-tower

This paper studied how wind pressures and forces affect rigid sectional models of a complicated group-tower using experimental wind tunnel tests. The group-tower was composed of five separate sub-towers with different diameters and heights. The basic characteristics of the mean and fluctuating wind pressure distributions on typical parts of the sub-towers were analyzed along the heights of each sub-tower, and their distribution trends are discussed. Also, the mean base shear and moment coefficients and their characteristics are presented. The wind pressure and wind force results showed that because the group-tower structure consisted of five separate lofty towers, the mutual aerodynamic interferences were serious; thus, the mean and fluctuating wind pressure, wind force distributions and the mean base shear and moment coefficients were quite complicated.     

随机风作用下高速列车非定常气动载荷的计算方法

基于Cooper理论和谐波叠加法计算随车移动点的脉动风速,分析不同风向角下脉动风速的功率谱密度特性.在横风下高速列车非定常气动载荷计算方法的基础上,建立了侧风下高速列车非定常气动载荷的计算方法,并用此方法分析了侧向随机风作用下非定常气动载荷的统计特性,给出了各气动载荷的峰值因子.研究表明,当风向角接近90°时,无量纲功率谱会往高频移动,风向角对脉动风速的影响较小;在各个风向角下,气动载荷的标准差与平均值的比值仅依赖于侧偏角,侧力与侧滚力矩的峰值因子相同,摇头力矩与点头力矩的峰值因子相同.     

开槽对大跨悬挑平屋盖结构风荷载的影响

本文结合一大跨悬挑平屋盖模型的风洞试验研究，分析了此类结构屋盖的平均局部体型系数和极值局部体型系数的分布特性；并根据其风压的分布特性，提出在悬挑屋盖承受较大负压的屋檐和角点附近这些遇强风易发生破坏的部位采取开槽气动抗风措施，进一步研究了该气动抗风措施对大跨悬挑平屋盖结构风荷载的影响，试验结果显示，它们可以有效地削减屋盖风敏感处的风荷载值，使平均局部体型系数大约降低50％，极值局部体型系数大约降低25％，所得的这些结果对于结构的抗风设计有一定的指导意义。     

Recent improvements of actuator line-large-eddy simulation method for wind turbine wakes

In a large wind farm, the wakes of upstream and downstream wind turbines can interfere with each other, affecting the overall power output of the wind farm. To further improve the numerical accuracy of the turbine wake dynamics under atmosphere turbulence, this work proposes some improvements to the actuator line-large-eddy simulation(AL-LES) method. Based on the dynamic k-equation large-eddy simulation(LES), this method uses a precursor method to generate atmospheric inflow turbulence,models th...     

Experimental study of wind loads on cylindrical reticulated shells

The cylindrical reticulated shell structures without side walls, which are normally arranged in pairs, are usually used as dry-coal sheds in a thermal power plant. The wind loads of these shells do not exist in standards or codes. Therefore, this study investigates the mean and fluctuating wind loads on a cylindrical reticulated shell with a rise-to-span ratio of 0.39 through a series of wind tunnel tests. The characteristics of the wind pressures on the upper and lower surfaces and the net pressures are presented. The results show that the wind direction and another shell structure significantly affect the wind loads on the principal shell. The most unfavorable wind direction is around 30°, whereas the effects of the wind field and the height of the coal stack are small. The surfaces of the shells are divided into nine blocks, and the block mean and fluctuating (rms) pressure coefficients suitable for engineering applications are given as references for wind load codes.     

自然通风冷却塔的实验及有限元分析

本文以宁海电厂二期冷却塔为例简要介绍了冷却塔进行刚性模型及气弹模型试验的情况,用通用有限元软件ANSYS及专用冷却塔抗震分析软件LBSD进行冷却塔内力分析、稳定性分析、抗震分析,用刚性模型试验结果计算风振系数,并将计算结果与气弹模型试验的结果进行比较,所得结果对相关冷却塔设计与安全评估有重要工程意义.     

飞艇尾翼脉动压力特性实验研究

在中航气动院FL-9低速风洞中,进行了飞艇尾翼脉动压力特性实验研究。测量了尾翼的脉动压力,着重分析了各测量点的脉动压力系数、频谱和相关性系数等特性。结果表明:脉动压力系数由尾翼前缘向后缘逐渐增大。尾翼的中部和前缘脉动压力系数随迎角无明显变化,在迎角超过8°以后,尾翼后缘的脉动压力系数随迎角增大而急剧增加。连续变迎角测量结果与固定迎角测量结果相比,脉动压力系数产生了明显的迟滞特性。尾翼上表面脉动压力的自相关系数和互相关系数从前缘到后缘逐渐降低,且前缘表现出显著自相关性,下翼面脉动压力基本互不相关。     

An experimental study on wind loads acting on a high-rise building model induced by microburst-like winds

In the present study, an experimental investigation is conducted to quantify the characteristics of the microburst-induced wind loads (i.e., both static and dynamic wind loads) acting on a high-rise building model, compared to those with the test model placed in conventional atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) winds. The experimental study is performed by using an impinging-jet-based microburst simulator available at Iowa State University. In additional to conducting flow field measurements to quantify the flow characteristics of the microburst-like wind, both mean and dynamic wind loads acting on the test model induced by the microburst-like wind are assessed in detail based on the quantitative measurements of the surface pressure distributions around the test model and the resultant aerodynamic forces. It is found that the microburst-induced wind loads acting on high-rise buildings would be significantly different from their counterparts in conventional ABL winds. Both the static and dynamic wind loads acting on the high-rise building model were found to change significantly depending on the radial locations and the orientation angles of the test model in respect to the oncoming microburst-like wind. The dynamic wind loads acting on the test model were found to be mainly influenced by the periodical shedding of the primary vortices and the high turbulence levels in the microburst-like wind. The findings derived from the present study are believed to be useful to gain further insight into the underlying physics of the flow–structure interactions of high-rise buildings in violent microburst winds for a better understanding of the damage potential of microburst winds to high-rise buildings.     

Surface pressure on a cubic building exerted by conical vortices

Experiments were performed to study surface pressure on a cubic building underlying conical vortices, which are known to cause severe structural damage and failure. The focus is on the effects of turbulence in the incident flow. Three turbulent boundary layers were created in a boundary layer wind tunnel. A wall-mounted cube, i.e. a cube situated on the horizontal ground floor surface of the wind-tunnel test section, was used as an experimental model. The cube was subjected to the incidence flow at 40°. Steady and unsteady pressure measurements were performed on the cube surface. The analysis suggests that conical vortices developed above the top surface of the wall-mounted cube. A larger mean suction was observed on the top cube surface in the less turbulent boundary layer. With an increase in turbulence in the incoming flow, the strong suction zones decreased in size. The fluctuating pressure coefficient profiles retained their shape when the turbulence in the upstream flow of the cube increased. The fluctuating pressure coefficient was observed to be larger in more turbulent flows. The pressure fluctuations were larger on the cube surface underlying outer boundaries of the conical vortex. The fluctuating pressure coefficient under the conical vortex was three to four times larger than in the weak suction zone on the central area of the top cube surface. Close to the leading cube corner, the pressure spectra were dominated by a single low frequency peak. As the conical vortex developed, this primary peak weakened and a secondary peak emerged at a higher reduced frequency. There is a general trend of shifting the pressure spectra towards higher reduced frequencies when the turbulence in the undisturbed incident flow increases.