新型升阻混合型垂直轴风力机气动特性研究

考虑S型与H型垂直轴风力机的特点,设计了一种新型升阻混合型垂直轴风力机,采用CFD法计算其启动与气动性能。结果表明,原始H型垂直轴风力机数值结果与试验值在各工况下吻合良好;新型升阻混合型垂直轴风力机不同方位角下的启动力矩均大于原始H型风力机,最小及最大值分别提升232%和83.3%;S型风轮输出功率随叶片重叠比增加而减小,完全重叠时输出功率基本为0;新型升阻混合型垂直轴风力机最大风能利用率为0.298,具有更复杂的流场特性。     

风速不确定性对风力机气动力影响量化研究

风力机气动力学一直是国内外研究的热点课题之一.目前相关研究大都是基于确定性工况条件, 但因风力机常年工作在自然来流复杂环境,风速随机波动致使风电系统呈现不确定性, 对电网稳定性带来巨大挑战,因此进行不确定风速条件下风力机气动力学研究具有重要意义.为揭示不确定性对风力机流场影响机理并明确其对气动力的影响程度,本文提出一种风力机不确定空气动力学分析方法,基于修正叶素动量理论和非嵌入式概率配置点法,建立水平轴风力机不确定性空气动力学响应模型; 以NREL Phase VI S809风力机叶轮为研究对象, 基于该模型提取风力机输出随机响应信息,量化不确定风速对风力机风轮功率、推力、叶片挥舞弯矩和摆振弯矩的影响程度;通过分析流动诱导因子不确定性在叶片展长方向上的分布规律,揭示不确定因素在风力机本体上的传播机制,为风电系统设计及应用提供理论依据和重要参考. 结果表明,风速波动对风力机功率和气动力影响显著,高斯风速标准差由0.05倍增大至0.15倍均值,功率和推力最大波动幅度分别由13.44%和8.00%增大至35.11%和22.02%,叶片挥舞弯矩和摆振弯矩最大波动幅度分别由7.20%和12.84%增大至19.90%和33.49%.来流风速不确定性导致叶片根部位置气流明显波动,可以考虑在该部分采取流动控制措施降低叶片对风速不确定性的敏感程度.      

Flow field studies on a micro-air-vehicle-scale cycloidal rotor in forward flight

This paper examines the flow physics and principles of force production on a cycloidal rotor (cyclorotor) in forward flight. The cyclorotor considered here consists of two blades rotating about a horizontal axis, with cyclic pitch angle variation about the blade quarter-chord. The flow field at the rotor mid-span is analyzed using smoke flow visualization and particle image velocimeV are compared with flow fields predicted using 2D CFD and time-averaged force measurements acquired in an open-jet wind tunnel at three advance ratios. It is shown that the experimental flow field is nearly two dimensional at μ = 0.73 allowing for qualitative comparisons to be made with CFD. The incoming flow velocity decreases in magnitude as the flow passes through the retreating (upper) half of the rotor and is attributed to power extraction by the blades. A significant increase in flow velocity is observed across the advancing (lower) half of the rotor. The aerodynamic analysis demonstrates that the blades accelerate the flow through the lower aft region of the rotor, where they operate in a high dynamic pressure environment. This is consistent with CFD-predicted values of instantaneous aerodynamic forces which reveal that the aft section of the rotor is the primary region of force production. Phase-averaged flow field measurements showed two blade wakes in the flow, formed by each of the two blades. Analysis of the blades at several azimuthal positions revealed two significant blade-wake interactions. The locations of these blade-wake interactions are correlated with force peaks in the CFD-predicted instantaneous blade forces and highlight their importance to the generation of lift and propulsive force of the cyclorotor.     

基于涡尾迹方法的风力机气动性能分析

基于(势流)涡尾迹方法开发了水平轴风力机叶片气动性能分析程序,采用固定尾迹涡模型和自由尾迹模型分别对气动设计性能进行计算分析,得到风力机设计工况下的涡位置、诱导因子、功率系数及扭矩系数等气动性能参数,并与设计结果对比。结果表明,涡尾迹方法能够快速准确地计算风力机叶片气动性能参数,对风力机叶片气动分析,固定尾迹涡模型较自由尾迹模型计算时间短,具有较好的实用性。     

Aeroelastic analysis of large horizontal wind turbine baldes

A nonlinear aeroelastic analysis method for large horizontal wind turbines is described. A vortex wake method and a nonlinear finite element method (FEM) are coupled in the approach. The vortex wake method is used to predict wind turbine aerodynamic loads of a wind turbine, and a three-dimensional (3D) shell model is built for the rotor. Average aerodynamic forces along the azimuth are applied to the structural model, and the nonlinear static aeroelastic behaviors are computed. The wind rotor modes are obtained at the static aeroelastic status by linearizing the coupled equations. The static aeroelastic performance and dynamic aeroelastic responses are calculated for the NH1500 wind turbine. The results show that structural geometrical nonlinearities significantly reduce displacements and vibration amplitudes of the wind turbine blades. Therefore, structural geometrical nonlinearities cannot be neglected both in the static aeroelastic analysis and dynamic aeroelastic analysis.     

漂浮运动对风力机气动特性的影响分析

海上浮式风机为蕴藏丰富的深海风能开发提供了有效的解决方案,浮式基础存在的大幅度纵荡、纵摇和艏摇运动可以改变风轮与流场间的相互作用,从而影响风力机的气动特性。基于叶素-动量理论及其修正方法,以NREL 5MW风力机为研究对象,考虑浮式基础运动对叶片不同径向位置处相对入流风速的影响,提出了风载荷的计算模型,通过编程计算获得了叶轮转矩和风力机功率,并比较了不同运动形式对风力机功率波动的影响。结果表明,纵摇对其功率特性影响最大,这为海上浮式风机的优化设计提供理论依据与数据基础。     

Dynamic study of a wind turbine blade with horizontal axis

The study of the dynamic behavior of a wind turbine with horizontal axis can be undertaken by various methods of analysis. The effects of the change of the aerodynamic flow (in the steady and unsteady cases), the variation of parameters of the cinematic movement (angle of attack, pitch angle and yaw angle) and the definition of subsystems characteristics that makes the wind turbine (blade, nacelle and pylon) allow one to characterize the structural dynamic behavior of the wind turbine. It is therefore necessary to develop these items. Once this is done, the structural dynamic behavior of the system can be improved. The term `improve' means the increase of the life duration by mastering the fatigue effects and the reduction of cost without sacrificing the aerodynamic output. The present study aims to examine the behavior of the blade, which is the main part of the wind turbine in that it that transmits forces to all other parts of the structure. The model is based on the theory of three-dimensional beams, under the assumption of variable sections of the type NACA 4415 airfoil, and takes into account membrane, transversal shear, flexion and free torsion effects. With regards to the aerodynamic loads (the lift, the drag and the pitching moment), a validation has been undertaken by considering experimental data and numerical results obtained by a CFD code (Fluent). The forces are obtained by means of a parametric CAD method interpolation of the aerodynamic poles by Bézier patch under geometrical constraints solved by a Simplex type algorithm. The emphasis is put on dynamic aspects by a complete processing of the dynamic equilibrium equation, applied to the wind turbine blade with horizontal axis.     

漂浮运动对风力机气动特性的影响分析Effect of floating foundation motion on the aerodynamic characteristics of the floating offshore wind turbine

海上浮式风机为蕴藏丰富的深海风能开发提供了有效的解决方案,浮式基础存在的大幅度纵荡、纵摇和艏摇运动可以改变风轮与流场间的相互作用,从而影响风力机的气动特性。基于叶素-动量理论及其修正方法,以NREL 5MW风力机为研究对象,考虑浮式基础运动对叶片不同径向位置处相对入流风速的影响,提出了风载荷的计算模型,通过编程计算获得了叶轮转矩和风力机功率,并比较了不同运动形式对风力机功率波动的影响。结果表明,纵摇对其功率特性影响最大,这为海上浮式风机的优化设计提供理论依据与数据基础。     

大于切出风速的大型风力机运行控制策略研究

运用非定常叶素动量(BEM)理论计算气动载荷,叠加重力载荷和惯性载荷,建立并数值求解全机动力学模型。基于快速非支配排序遗传算法(NSGA),在切出风速以上,优化得到变速变桨和定速变桨两种控制规律曲线,实现大型风力机在25m/s~40m/s风速之间正常运行的目的。比较两种控制策略的输出功率、风轮推力和转矩,得出变速变桨控制策略更适合于25m/s~40m/s之间风力机运行控制的结论。计算稳态工况时8种叶根载荷的极限值,由各载荷的变化趋势可知,Fy在25m/s之后增大9%,其他载荷均安全。     

Numerical analysis of the effect of flaps on the tip vortex of a wind turbine blade

Two oscillating flaps located close to the tip and at mid span are used to excite the unstable modes of the tip vortex system of a wind turbine blade. The two flaps are deflected in opposite directions such that the root bending moment of the wind turbine blade remains almost unchanged. To investigate the mechanism of how and to what extent the deflection of the flaps influences the tip-vortex system, Large-Eddy Simulations in the Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian formulation in a rotating frame of reference are performed at an averaged chord based Reynolds number of 300,000. Periodic boundary conditions are applied in the circumferential direction such that the flow over only one of the three blades of the wind turbine needs to be computed. A subsequent simulation of the trailing tip-vortex system is performed to analyze the evolution of the disturbed tip vortex. These simulations use a far-wake model based on the parameters obtained from the wind turbine simulation as inflow condition for the wake flow field. The comparison of the flow without and with oscillating flaps shows that the tip-vortex core is displaced by approximately 5% of the rotor radius by the flap motion. The root bending moment and torque at the root of the blade with flaps vary sinusoidally. Due to the compensation by the middle span flap, the difference of the root bending moment and torque is found to be less than 5% compared to the case without moving flaps. The simulations of trailing tip vortex show considerably earlier breakdown of the excited system, which proves the concept to excite instabilities in the vortex system by oscillating flaps successful.     

浮式垂直轴风机的动力学建模、仿真与实验研究

考虑气动力和水动力的耦合研究浮式垂直轴风机系统的运动响应,将固定式垂直轴风机的气动载荷计算方法进一步推广到海上浮式垂直轴风机的气动载荷计算.考虑阻尼力、波浪力、风载荷、系泊力等,建立了浮式垂直轴风机系统的纵荡-垂荡-纵摇运动方程.考虑动态失速和浮式基础运动,基于双致动盘多流管理论,推导了风机叶片气动载荷计算公式,编制了数值计算程序.以Sandia 17 m风机为例,验证了气动载荷计算程序的正确性.最后进行了模型实验,其中模型的风机为Φ型达里厄垂直轴风机,支撑基础为桁架式Spar型浮式基础,将模型实验结果与数值计算结果进行了对比,验证了耦合计算程序.结果表明,数值计算得到的风机系统的垂荡、纵摇运动的RAO(幅值响应算子)曲线与模型实验结果吻合较好,验证了耦合程序的正确性.然而,由于数值计算与模型实验在运动自由度、阻尼、风载荷等方面存在差别,数值计算结果与模型实验结果仍有一定的差异.     

串列风力机尾流干扰的研究简

广义致动盘方法是通过引入体积力代替叶片的致动盘技术与三维Navier-Stokes 方程相结合来获得风力机周围流场信息的一种方法. 该方法避免了花费大量网格与计算资源去求解风力机叶片的附面层,从而可以把更多的网格与计算资源用于风力机尾流流场的模拟,非常适合用于风力机尾流流场的研究. 以NH1500风力机为计算模型,将常规CFD (computational fluid dynamics) 方法与广义致动盘方法计算所得的叶片载荷分布进行比较,以验证广义致动盘方法的可行性. 然后使用广义致动盘方法对风场中串列风力机进行数值模拟,研究串列风力机之间间距变化时,上游风力机产生的尾流对下游风力机的干扰影响.     

一种风力机气动计算的全自由涡尾迹模型

采用全自由方式建立风力机尾流场的涡尾迹模型,引入“虚拟周期”的概念,并发展一种自适应松弛因子方法,从而改善了自由尾迹迭代的稳定性,提高了迭代收敛速度。利用建立的自由涡尾迹模型,计算了风力机叶片的尾流场结构、气动性能及叶片载荷,并与实验结果进行了对比分析。结果表明,尖速比越大,自适应松弛因子方法对缩小模型计算时间越有效;全自由涡尾迹模型能准确给出风力机尾流场的结构,包括尾迹的扩张以及叶尖涡和叶根涡的产生、发展和耗散的过程,风轮扭矩与实验数据吻合;叶片载荷分布的计算结果在低风速下与实验值基本一致,但是在大风速下差别较大,说明需要一个准确的失速模型。     

Reviews of fluid dynamics researches in wind energy engineering

中国风电行业发展十分迅速, 总装机容量和新增装机容量已达到世界第一, 主力机型将从兆瓦级发展到多兆瓦级(> 5 MW), 风资源已从陆地扩展到海上, 这些变化将带来一系列新的问题. 本文将就目前风力发电行业中的流体力学问题进行综述和探讨, 总结其研究现状及取得的进展. 主要包括大气边界层风特性、局部复杂地形影响及微观选址、风力机尾流干扰、风力机专用翼型族、风力机性能计算、气动弹性、海上风力发电的基础及水力作用等问题. 此外, 还针对目前发展迅速的计算流体力学问题进行了讨论. 最后指出中国风电技术的不足及措施.     

A numerical modelling of stator–rotor interaction in a turbine stage with oscillating blades

In real flows unsteady phenomena connected with the circumferential non-uniformity of the main flow and those caused by oscillations of blades are observed only jointly. An understanding of the physics of the mutual interaction between gas flow and oscillating blades and the development of predictive capabilities are essential for improved overall efficiency, durability and reliability. In the study presented, the algorithm proposed involves the coupled solution of 3D unsteady flow through a turbine stage and the dynamics problem for rotor-blade motion by the action of aerodynamic forces, without separating the outer and inner flow fluctuations. The partially integrated method involves the solution of the fluid and structural equations separately, but information is exchanged at each time step, so that solution from one domain is used as a boundary condition for the other domain. 3-D transonic gas flow through the stator and rotor blades in relative motion with periodicity on the whole annulus is described by the unsteady Euler conservation equations, which are integrated using the explicit monotonous finite volume difference scheme of Godunov–Kolgan. The structural analysis uses the modal approach and a 3-D finite element model of a blade. The blade motion is assumed to be constituted as a linear combination of the first natural modes of blade oscillations, with the modal coefficients depending on time. A calculation has been done for the last stage of the steam turbine, under design and off-design regimes. The numerical results for unsteady aerodynamic forces due to stator–rotor interaction are compared with results obtained while taking into account blade oscillations. The mutual influence of both outer flow non-uniformity and blade oscillations has been investigated. It is shown that the amplitude-frequency spectrum of blade oscillations contains the high-frequency harmonics, corresponding to the rotor moving past one stator blade pitch, and low-frequency harmonics caused by blade oscillations and flow non-uniformity downstream from the blade row; moreover, the spectrum involves the harmonics which are not multiples of the rotation frequency.     

复杂大气入流下海上风机力学特性研究

随着风能技术的不断进步, 风机叶片逐渐向大型化发展, 这使得真实复杂大气入流对风机运行性能的影响愈发显著. 为研究真实复杂大气入流下海上风机的力学特性响应, 利用基于大涡模拟的域前模拟方法生成复杂大气入流, 并结合致动线模型模拟风机叶片, 对中性复杂大气入流下海上固定式风机进行数值模拟, 重点分析风机的气动性能及转子和叶片根部的力学特性, 并与均匀入流计算工况进行对比. 计算结果表明, 中性复杂大气入流中的大尺度低速气流团使得风机气动功率输出值在较长一段时间处于较低水平, 此外, 中性复杂大气入流的高湍流强度特征使得风机气动功率的变化幅值和标准差较均匀入流工况大幅增加; 风机轴向推力的标准差值增加到均匀入流的53倍, 中性复杂大气入流的来流流场扰动引起偏航力矩的最大值、均方根和标准差分别增加到均匀入流的10、4.4和4.3倍; 速度垂向分布的不均匀性以及轮毂高度附近的大尺度低速羽流结构导致摆振剪力和弯矩的标准差响应值分别为均匀入流的2倍和4.6倍.      

Progresses in application of computational fluid dynamic methods to large scale wind turbine aerodynamics

The computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods are applied to aerodynamic problems for large scale wind turbines. The progresses including the aerodynamic analyses of wind turbine profiles, numerical flow simulation of wind turbine blades, evaluation of aerodynamic performance, and multi-objective blade optimization are discussed. Based on the CFD methods, significant improvements are obtained to predict two/three dimensional aerodynamic characteristics of wind turbine airfoils and blades, and the vortical structure in their wake flows is accurately captured. Combining with a multi-objective genetic algorithm, a 1.5 MW NH-1500 optimized blade is designed with high efficiency in wind energy conversion.     

Enhanced performance of fast-response 3-hole wedge probes for transonic flows in axial turbomachinery

The paper presents the development and application of a three-sensor wedge probe to measure unsteady aerodynamics in a transonic turbine. CFD has been used to perform a detailed uncertainty analysis related to probe-induced perturbations, in particular the separation zones appearing on the wedge apex. The effects of the Reynolds and Mach numbers are studied using both experimental data together with CFD simulations. The angular range of the probe and linearity of the calibration maps are enhanced with a novel zonal calibration technique, used for the first time in compressible flows. The data reduction methodology is explained and demonstrated with measurements performed in a single-stage high-pressure turbine mounted in the compression tube facility of the von Karman Institute. The turbine was operated at subsonic and transonic pressure ratios (2.4 and 5.1) for a Reynolds number of 10⁶, representative of modern engine conditions. Complete maps of the unsteady flow angle and rotor outlet Mach number are documented. These data allow the study of secondary flows and rotor trailing edge shocks.     

Experimental study of the mean wake of a tidal stream rotor in a shallow turbulent flow

The mean wake of a three-bladed horizontal axis tidal stream turbine operating at maximum power coefficient has been investigated experimentally in a wide flume with width 11 times the depth, providing minimal restriction to transverse wake development and behaviour of large-scale horizontal turbulence structures. This is an important first stage for understanding wake interaction in turbine arrays and hence large-scale power generation. The rotor diameter has a typical value of 60% of the depth and the thrust coefficient is representative of a full-scale turbine. The shear layers originating from the rotor tip circumference show classic linear expansion downstream, with the rate of a plane shear layer vertically and 1.5 times that horizontally. These shear layers merge by around 2.5 diameters downstream forming a self-similar two-dimensional wake beyond eight diameters downstream with a virtual origin at two diameters downstream of the rotor plane. The spreading rate is somewhat less than that for solid bodies. The detailed velocity measurements made in the near wake show rotation and vorticity similar to that measured previously for wind and marine turbines although with asymmetry associated with bed and surface proximity. The longitudinal circulation in a transverse plane is conserved at about 1% of the swept circulation from the blade tip within two diameters downstream, the extent of detailed measurement. Turbines are usually designed using blade element momentum theory in which velocities at the rotor plane are characterised by axial and tangential induction factors and it is now possible to see how this idealisation relates to actual velocities. The axial induction factor corresponds to velocity deficits at 0.4–0.8 radii from the rotor axis across the near wake while the tangential induction factor at the rotor plane corresponds to velocities at 0.4–0.6 radii between 1–2 diameters downstream, indicating some general correspondence. For the two-dimensional self-similar far wake the two parameters defining the centreline velocity deficit and the transverse velocity profiles are likely to be insensitive to Reynolds number in turbulent conditions.