Pyrroles from ketoximes and acetylene. 22. Dihaloethanes in place of acetylene in reactions with cyclohexanone oxime

4,5,6,7-Tetrahydroindole and its 1-vinyl derivative were obtained in overall yields of 30–60% by the reaction of cyclohexanone oxime with 1,2-dichloro- and 1,2-dibromoethane in the MOH-dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) superbase system (M = K, Na, Li). Nucleophilic substitution of the halogen in the dihaloethanes by the oximate anion to give the corresponding ethylene glycol bis (imido ether) is a side reaction. The effect of the reaction conditions on the yields of products and the selectivity of the process was examined.See [1] for communication 21.Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 9, pp. 1202–1204, September, 1982.     

TS-1分子筛的制备及其在环己酮氨肟化工艺中的研究进展

环己酮肟作为一种重要的有机中间体,在合成纤维、医药和日用品等方面有着重要的应用.在环己酮肟众多的合成方法中,环己酮氨肟化反应由于工艺简单、条件温和且无副产物生成,从而成为研究的热点.本文以该化学反应路径为主线,从环己酮肟催化剂的制备及连续化工艺两方面的研究进展进行综述.尽管目前TS-1催化剂已取得较大的进展,但在一定程...     

The mechanism of the formation and hydrolysis of cyclohexanone oxime in aqueous solutions

The rate of formation of cyclohexanone oxime from cyclohexanone and hydroxylamine and the rate of the reverse reaction, the hydrolysis of cyclohexanone oxime, were studied in the pH range 1–7. The relative position and the bell shape of the two experimental reaction-rate curves can be fully explained by supplementing the reaction mechanism proposed by Jencks for the oximation only with the reverse reaction, applying the principle of microscopic reversibility. An essential part of this mechanism is the intermediate formation of a 1:1 adduct of cyclohexanone and hydroxylamine. It is concluded that the concentration of this adduct is negligibly small under all the conditions used here.     

A DFT study on secondary reaction pathways in the acid-catalysed Beckmann rearrangement of cyclohexanone oxime in aprotic solvent

In recent studies regarding acid-catalysed Beckmann rearrangement of cyclohexanone oxime in aprotic solvents it has been observed that a quite surprising hydrolysis of the starting material, i.e., cyclohexanone oxime, occurs even if the experimental conditions and the water concentration in the reaction mixture can not justify such a side-reaction. Being this apparent hydrolysis critical for catalyst selectivity and poisoning, a computational DFT study on a possible secondary reaction pathway, involving a bi-molecular reaction between two cyclohexanone oxime molecules in acid media as the primary step, is here reported to explain the experimental results.     

Synthesis and Structure of Tetra- and Triarylantimony Oximates

Reactions of pentaphenyl- and penta-p-tolylantimony with benzophenone oxime or triarylantimony bis(benzophenone oximate) yield tetraarylantimony benzophenone oximates. Triarylantimony bis(benzophenone oximates) were prepared by oxidative addition from triarylstibine and benzophenone oxime in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. X-ray diffraction analysis was performed to show that benzophenone oxime is a dimer and tetraphenylantimony benzophenone oximate has a trigonal bipyramidal antimony atom and an axial oxime oxygen atom.     

Oxime-induced reactivation of sarin-inhibited AChE: a theoretical mechanisms study

Oximes (especially oximate anions) are used as potential reactivators of OP-inhibited AChE due to their unique alpha-effect nucleophilic reactivity. In the present study, by applying the DFT approach at the B3LYP/6-311G(d,p) level and the M?ller-Plesset perturbation theory at the MP2/6-311G(d,p) level, the formoximate-induced reactivation patterns of the sarin-AChE adduct and the corresponding reaction mechanism have been investigated. The potential energy surface along the pathway of the reactivation reaction of sarin-inhibited AChE by oxime reveals that the reaction can occur quickly due to the relatively low energy barriers. A two-step process is a major pathway proposed for the studied reactivation reaction. Through the nucleophilic attack, the oximate first binds to the sarin-AChE adduct to form a relatively stable phosphorus complex. The regeneration of the serine takes place subsequently through an elimination step, which is expected to be competitive with the nucleophilic attacking process. The polarizable continuum model (PCM) has been applied to evaluate the solvate effects on the pathway. It is concluded that the reaction energy barriers are also low enough for the reaction to easily occur in solvent. The results derived from both the gas-phase model and the aqueous solvation model suggest that the studied oximate anion is an efficient antidote reagent for sarin-inhibited AChE.     

Ferromagnetic manganese "cubes": from PSII to single-molecule magnets

The reaction of Mn(O?CMe)?·2H?O with Me-saoH? (Me-saoH? = 2-hydroxyphenylethanone oxime) in MeCN forms the complex [Mn(III)?(Me-sao)?(Me-saoH)?] (1) in good yields. Replacing Me-saoH? with Naphth-saoH? (Naphth-saoH? = 2-hydroxy-1-napthaldoxime) in the presence of CH?ONa forms the complex [Mn(III)?(Naphth-sao)?(Naphth-saoH)?] (2) in low yields, while the reaction between Mn(ClO?)?·6H?O, Et-saoH? (Et-saoH?= 2-hydroxypropiophenone oxime) and NBu?OH in MeCN gives the complex [Mn(III)?(Et-sao)?(Et-saoH)?] (3) in moderate yields. All three tetrametallic cages exclusively contain Mn(III) centres arranged in a "cube"-like topology, in which the metal centres are connected by -N-O(oximate) groups. The magnetic properties of 1-3 are near identical, revealing the presence of only ferromagnetic interactions between the metal ions leading to high-spin ground states of S = 8. The complexes display frequency dependent out-of-phase signals in ac susceptibility studies and, in the case of 1 single-molecule magnetism has been observed by means of single-crystal hysteresis loop measurements.     

Synthesis and structure of triarylantimony dioximates

The reaction of triphenylantimony, hydrogen peroxide and 5-bromo-2-hydroxybenzaldoxime in a 1 : 1 : 2 molar ratio in ether gives triphenylantimony bis(5-bromo-2-hydroxybenzaldoximate). The reaction of penta-p-tolylantimony with the same oxime in toluene yields tri-p-tolylantimony bis(cyclohexanone oximate). According to X-ray data, the Sb atoms in the products have a distorted trigonal bipyramidal coordination with the oximate ligands in axial positions. In triphenylantimony bis(5-bromo-2-hydroxybenzaldoximate), the O-Sb-O angle is 175.49(6)°, and the interatomic distances are as follows, : Sb-C 2.095–2.103; Sb-O 2.069(2) and 2.083(2); and SbN (intermolecular) 2.896(2) and 2.832(2). The respective geometric parameters of tri-p-tolylantimony bis(cyclohexanone oximate) are 174.25(6)°; 2.107–2.117; 2.049(2) and 2.057(2); and 2.890(2) and 2.861(2) .Translated from Zhurnal Obshchei Khimii, Vol. 74, No. 10, 2004, pp. 1600–1607.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2004 by Sharutin, Molokova, Sharutina, Gerasimenko, Pushilin.This revised version was published online in April 2005 with a corrected cover date.     

Preparation and confinement effect of a heterogeneous 9-amino-9-deoxy-epi-cinchonidine organocatalyst for asymmetric aldol addition in aqueous medium

A series of novel porous zirconium phosphonate-supported 9-amino-9-deoxy-epi-cinchonidines of general formulae Zr(OH)(4-2x)(O(3)PR)(x)·nH(2)O and Zr(HPO(4))(2-x)(O(3)PR)(x)·nH(2)O with the different arm chain lengths (n = 2-6) and mean diameters of approximately 20-40 nm have been prepared as heterogeneous organocatalysts. The different microtextures of zirconium phosphonates were also obtained by using template guest molecules, such as Et(3)N, NaH(2)PO(4) and sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate. In the heterogeneous asymmetric aldol addition of p-nitrobenzaldehyde to cyclohexanone, excellent catalytic properties were achieved, especially in an aqueous medium. After completing the reaction, those zirconium phosphonate-supported 9-amino-9-deoxy-epi-cinchonidine organocatalysts could be readily recovered in quantitative yield by centrifugation or filtration, and reused for five consecutive runs without significant loss in catalytic performance. In particular, due to the steric confinement effect of the inorganic backbone, the single different configuration among possible four stereo-isomers in aldol adducts were favorably obtained, respectively depending on the interaction between the o-, m- or p-position of nitrobenzaldehyde and the backbone, which was never observed in homogeneous aldol addition.     

Electrocatalytic Synthesis of Nylon-6 Precursor at Almost 100 % Yield

Synthesis of cyclohexanone oxime via the cyclohexanone-hydroxylamine process is widespread in the caprolactam industry, which is an upstream industry for nylon-6 production. However, there are two shortcomings in this process, harsh reaction conditions and the potential danger posed by explosive hydroxylamine. In this study, we presented a direct electrosynthesis of cyclohexanone oxime using nitrogen oxides and cyclohexanone, which eliminated the usage of hydroxylamine and demonstrated a green production of caprolactam. With the Fe electrocatalysts, a production rate of 55.9 g h⁻¹ g_cat⁻¹ can be achieved in a flow cell with almost 100 % yield of cyclohexanone oxime. The high efficiency was attributed to their ability of accumulating adsorbed hydroxylamine and cyclohexanone. This study provides a theoretical basis for electrocatalyst design for C−N coupling reactions and illuminates the tantalizing possibility to upgrade the caprolactam industry towards safety and sustainability.     

NaY型沸石分子筛催化环己胺氧化制备环己酮肟

考察了系列氧化剂、催化剂和溶剂对环己胺液相氧化制备环己酮肟的影响,发现以乙腈为溶剂,过氧化氢为氧化剂,NaY型沸石分子筛对该反应具有优良的催化性能。 对该反应体系进行了五因素四水平的正交实验,确定了适宜的催化剂用量、溶剂用量、反应时间、反应温度和氧化剂用量,比较分析了各因素对环己胺转化率和环己酮肟选择性的影响。 确定了环己胺液相氧化反应的最佳工艺条件为：环己胺为3 mL,催化剂为03 g,环己胺、溶剂和氧化剂的体积比为1∶3∶3,65 ℃反应2 h。 讨论了环己胺液相催化氧化的反应机理。     

TS分子筛的催化氧化性能研究5: 环己酮氨肟化反应

研究了自制的钛硅分子筛(TS-1)催化H~2O~2参与的环己酮氨肟化反应。结果表明,降低反应溶液中H~2O~2的浓度、增加NH~3用量有利于H~2O~2利用率、环己酮肟收率和选择性的提高,适宜的n(H~2O~2):n(酮)<1.0,n(NH~3):n(酮)>2.0。反应时间应控制在3.5h左右。对溶剂的研究显示,叔丁醇在溶剂中所占的体积对反应有较大的影响,在叔丁醇体积分数为0.2到0.8之间,实验获得了较好的结果。当n(NH~3):n(H~2O~2):n(酮)=2.0:1.0:1.0,叔丁醇体积分数为0.5,反应时间2.5h,反应温度353K时,H~2O~2利用率、环己酮肟收率和选择性分别达95%,94%和97%以上。并对空白实验结果和TS-1的重复性试验进行了讨论。     

Oxidation of cyclohexylamine by air to its oxime

The oxidation of cyclohexylamine was studied over tungsten, molybdenum and vanadium oxides containing catalysts supported on silica, γ-alumina or hydrotalcite in the temperature range 170°C–230°C. Depending on the catalyst and reaction conditions, the main products of the reaction are cyclohexanone oxime, cyclohexylidenecyclohexylamine or cyclohexanone. About 70% selectivity of cyclohexanone oxime formation at about 20% conversion of cyclohexylamine is obtained over tungsten catalysts. The activity of the tested catalysts usually passes through a maximum and, then, gradually decreases with time on stream. The deactivation of the catalyst is caused by the formation of tar products on the catalyst surface. The mechanism of oxidation involves formation of oxygen species on the catalyst surface which oxidizes cyclohexylamine.     

加料方式及底物浓度对Ti-MWW催化剂上环己酮氨肟化反应的影响

 研究了加料方式和底物浓度对钛硅分子筛Ti-MWW催化环己酮液相氨肟化反应的影响. 结果表明,加料方式对 Ti-MWW 催化环己酮氨肟化过程有重要影响,过氧化氢的浓度对反应过程也有一定的影响. 在过氧化氢缓慢加入反应体系的情况下,环己酮转化率和环己酮肟选择性都高于99%, 而且该反应过程以水作溶剂,对环境友好.     

The Catalysis of Vapor-Phase Beckmann Rearrangement for the Production of ε-Caprolactam

Recently, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd. developed the vapor-phase Beckmann rearrangement process for the production of -caprolactam. In the process, cyclohexanone oxime is rearranged into -caprolactam using a zeolite as a catalyst instead of sulfuric acid. EniChem in Italy developed the ammoximation process that involves the direct production of cyclohexanone oxime without producing any ammonium sulfate. Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd. has commercialized the combined process of vapor-phase Beckmann rearrangement and ammoximation in 2003.In this paper, the authors focus on some aspects of the vapor-phase Beckmann rearrangement catalysis. A solid catalyst that is mainly composed of a high-silica MFI zeolite (Silicalite-1) has been developed for the vapor-phase Beckmann rearrangement. This catalyst does not possess acidity that can be detected by ammonia TPD. Methanol fed into the reactor with cyclohexanone oxime improves the yield of caprolactam. Methanol reacts with terminal silanols on the zeolite surface and converts them to methoxyl groups. The modification of the catalyst by methanol has an important role for the Beckmann rearrangement reaction.Nest silanols located just inside the pore mouth of the MFI zeolite are supposed to be the active sites of the catalyst. We propose that the coordination between the NOH group of cyclohexanone oxime molecule and the nest silanols through hydrogen bonding is responsible for the reaction. The reaction mechanism of Beckmann rearrangement under vapor-phase conditions is the same as in the liquid phase, namely, the alkyl group in anti-position against the hydroxyl group of the oxime migrates to the nitrogen atom's position.     

Concise total synthesis of (-)-mersicarpine

A concise total synthesis of (-)-mersicarpine from a known cyclohexanone was accomplished. The azepinoindole core was constructed by a DIBAL-H-mediated reductive ring-expansion reaction of oxime.     

Deoximation Reaction in Room Temperature Ionic Liquids under Mild Conditions

Deoximation in metal chloride ionic liquids based on 1‐alkyl‐3‐methylimidazolium and triethylene ammonium cations, such as AmimBr(Cl)‐MCl_x(A=ethyl, butyl, benzyl; M=Al, Fe, Cu, Sn and Zn; x=2, 3) and Et₃NHCl‐FeCl₃ were investigated under mild conditions. Ferrate chloride ionic liquid was proved to be an effective catalyst for deoximation of cyclohexanone oxime, exhibiting high conversion of oximes and selectivity to cyclohexanone. Good performance for the deoximation of other oximes such as salicylald oxime, acetone oxime, benzophenone oxime, 4‐nitrobenzald oxime, acetophenone oxime, 2‐chlorobenzaldehyde oxime, Acetald oxime, 2‐butanone oxime and (1R)‐camphor oxime was also achieved with bmimBr‐FeCl₃ as catalyst and solvent. The deoximation was determined to carry out via acid‐catalytic hydrolysis and the reaction mechanism was proposed.     

Synthesis of Ti-Hβ zeolites by liquid-solid isomorphous substitution and the catalytic properties in the vapor phase Beckmann rearrangement of cyclohexanone oxime

A series of Ti-Hβ zeolites were synthesized by liquid-solid isomorphous substitution. Hβ and Ti-Hβ zeolites were characterized by BET, XPS, IR, etc., and studied in the vapor phase Beckmann rearrangement of cyclohexanone oxime. In comparison with pure Hβ, the incorporation of Ti in the Hβ framework leads to larger BET surface area and weaker Br?nsted acid sites. The incorporation of Ti in the Hβ framework increases the conversion of cyclohexanone oxime and its stability. It is inferred that for the catalysts having the structure of a β zeolite, the suitable acid sites for the vapor phase Beckman rearrangement might be the weak Br?nsted acid sites.     

Determination of zirconium in U−Zr−Al and Pu−Zr−Al alloys by isotope dilution thermal ionization mass spectrometry

An isotope dilution thermal ionization mass-spectrometric (ID-TIMS) method is described for the determination of Zr in U?Zr?Al and Pu?Zr?Al alloy samples. Problems encountered in the chemical exchange between the zirconium isotopes in the spike and sample, particularly Pu?Zr?Al samples, are discussed and a method has been standardized to eliminate it. Separation of Zr from U, Pu and Al was achieved by employing ion exchange procedures. A precision of better than 1% is possible in the determination of Zr with the method reported here.     

Preparation and crystal structures of an ionic triple-hydrogen-bridged derivative of 9-BBN hydroborate zirconium(IV)

An ionic dinuclear triple-hydrogen-bridged 9-BBN hydroborate zirconium complex, [K(Et₂O)₄][{(μ-H)₂BC₈H₁₄}₃Zr(μ-H)₃Zr{(μ-H)₂BC₈H₁₄}₃] (1) was formed from the reaction of Zr{(μ-H)₂BC₈H₁₄}₄ with KH and aniline in diethyl ether. The molecular structure of compound 1 was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Six 9-BBN hydroborate ligands are coordinated to two Zr atoms via two bridging H atoms, and two Zr atoms are connected by three bridging hydrogens in the anion part of this molecule. The distance of Zr?Zr is 3.1025(5) Å. The crystal structure of 1 suggests that agostic interactions between the zirconium metal center and α-C-H of the 9-BBN hydroborate ligand exist in the solid state. The Zr?H distances corresponding to the α-C-H?Zr agostic interactions are 2.579(4) Å and 2.743(4) Å.