Rapid extension of a penny-shaped crack under torsion

The rapid extension of a penny-shaped crack under torsion is investigated. Both dynamic and quasi-static loading is considered. The wave motion is analyzed through a Green's function technique which leads to an integral equation for the stress field around the crack. Asymptotic expansions for the stress intensity and displacement rate intensity functions which are valid for a small time are obtained for the two types of loading. The propagation of the crack is analyzed through the balance of rates of energy criterion.     

Plastic extension of a shear crack at a circular inclusion

The plastic relaxation of a shear crack situated normal to the interface of a second phase particle of circular cross-section is quantitatively analyzed. The ratio of applied stress to yield stress and the relative displacement of the crack faces at the tips of the crack in the matrix and the interface in the second phase are related to the crack parameters namely the length of the crack, the width of the plastic zone in the matrix and the second phase. The effect of the shear modulus and size of the second phase particle on the behaviour of the plastic zones is determined. A critical value of the relative displacement of the crack faces at the tip of the crack is used as the criterion to determine the tendency to brittle crack extension into the matrix and the second phase.     

A domain independent integral expression for the crack extension force of a curved crack in three dimensions

An integral expression that is domain independent in curvilinear coordinates and compatible with zero divergence of Eshelby's (Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. (London) 244 (1951) 87.) energy momentum tensor was obtained from the principle of virtual work. By applying Eshelby's definition of the force on a material defect a general expression of the crack extension force for a curved crack in three dimensions, here called the F-integral, was derived from the domain independent integral expression. The F-integral is given explicitly for a number of curved cracks and found to be in agreement with previously known solutions, when available. The influence of crack surface and crack front curvature upon the various forms of the F-integral is discussed. The F-integral presented in this work is a generalisation of the J-integral (Rice, J. Appl. Mech. 35 (1968) 379.) to curved cracks in orthogonal curvilinear coordinates.     

Effect of local elastic softening on crack extension

Elastic softening materials are brittle materials such that crack extension is associated with a softening zone behind the crack tip, with the material elements within this zone exerting a restraining effect on the crack tip. Crack extension is sometimes characterised in terms of the stress intensity K_F, due to the applied loadings, at the front of the softening zone, i.e. the actual crack tip. This paper is concerned with the determination of the maximum load K_F value for a general positive geometrical configuration, for the case where the softening zone size is small compared with a solid's characteristic dimension. The resulting expression for K_F is compared with the maximum load stress intensity value K_T measured with regard to the initial crack position, i.e. the trailing edge of the softening zone.     

Near field behavior of in-plane crack extension in nonlinear incompressible material

The nonlinear theory of finite elasticity is applied to obtain the in-plane displacement and stresses in the immediate vicinity of the crack tip. Incompressibility, homogeneity, elasticity and isotropy are assumed for the material while the resultant shear stress and shear strain are assumed to follow a nonlinear hardening/softening behavior. The system of governing differential equations becomes nonelliptical when the strains are sufficiently large.     

Simulation of crack extension in shell structures and prediction of residual strength

Two models for the numerical simulation of ductile crack extension in shell structures are presented and compared. They are based on the crack tip opening angle and a cohesive zone approach. After identification of the model parameters and investigations of the mesh dependence, the models are applied to various specimen configurations and structural components. Their excellent numerical performance favors their application for predicting the residual strength of lightweight components like aircraft fuselages.     

Pseudo global energy released locally by crack extension involving multiscale reliability

The energy release rate criterion, being mono scale by definition, is incompatible with the failure behavior of solids that are inherently dual, if not, multiscale. Time span of reliability is scale sensitive and can be addressed with consistency only by use of transitional functions that are designed to transform a function from one scale to another. A pseudo transitional energy release rate G^∗ is defined to address the cross-scaling properties of energy release rate. The reliability of such a function is found to fall quickly when the scale range deviates from that of micro-macro. In general, the time span of reliability based on G^* shortens considerably within the nano-micro and pico-nano scale ranges, resulting in fast turnover of system usability. Prediction accuracy tends to be scale range specific. Stress or strain based criteria are also mono scale. They may be adequate for some situations at the macroscopic scale, but can be ambiguous for multiscale problems. These situations are analyzed by application of the principle of least variance in conjunction with the R-integrals.Accelerated test data for the equivalent of 20 years’ fatigue crack growth in 2024-T3 aluminum panels were analyzed using the mutliscale reliability model. A time span plateau within the micro-macro range is from 8 to 17 years. This corresponds to the reliable portion of prediction, while the terminal 3 years are regarded as unreliable. A similar time span plateau were also found from 4 to 6 years within the nano-micro scale range. And an even smaller plateau hovering around 1.2 years were found for the pico-nano scale range. Time span of reliable prediction narrows with down sized scale range. The overlapping ends of the scale ranges are rendered unreliable as anticipated. These regions can be suppressed by the addition of meso scale ranges. Reference can be made to past discussions related to multiscaling and mesomechanics.     

Quasistatic thermal crack extension in the interfaces of bounded self-stressed multiphase compounds

The quasistatic growth of straight interface cracks in thermally loaded brittle multiphase solids consisting of two circular segments of brittle materials with different thermoelastic properties which are glued together at the interface with a special glass seal has been investigated. The resulting mixed boundary-value problems of the stationary plane thermoelasticity have been solved by applying the finite element method. Moreover, fracture mechanical data like crack surface displacements and strain energy release rates governing the propagation behavior of a quasistatic extending thermal interface crack have been calculated. The data obtained have been compared with the results of special cooling experiments in multiphase composite structures in which curved thermal cracks in one of the circular segments occur.     

Effect of initial flaw shape on crack extension in orthotropic composite materials

An analytical study is presented showing the effects of the notch tip geometry on the location and direction of crack growth from an existing notch in a unidirectional fibrous composite modelled as a homogeneous, anisotropic, elastic material. Anisotropic elasticity and the normal stress ratio theory are used to study crack growth from elliptical notches in unidirectional composites. Sharp cracks, circular holes, and ellipses are studied under far-field tension, and shear loading. Limited comparisons are made showing good correlation with experimental results.     

Analysis of crack extension in anisotropic materials based on local normal stress

The normal stress ratio theory is applied to predict crack extension behavior in center-notched unidirectional graphite-epoxy of arbitrary fiber axis orientation, subjected to arbitrary far-field planar loading. The theory is applied within analytical solutions for two infinite plate geometries: a plate with a sharp center crack, and a plate with an elliptical center flaw. A critical analytical case is identified suggesting that application of the theory within a stress solution modelling crack tip shape may increase the accuracy of crack growth direction predictions. Crack extension direction, location of crack extension, and critical stress predictions of the theory are compared to those obtained from experiments on specimens subjected to tensile, shear, and mixed-mode far-field loading. The comparison shows that, applied within each analytical solution, the normal stress ratio theory provides verifiable predictions of crack growth behavior. By modelling actual notch tip shape, the elliptical notch solution is able to provide accurate qualitative predictions of the origin of crack extension along the periphery of a cut notch tip in a way that the sharp crack analysis cannot. The sharp notch solution appears to provide slightly more accurate crack growth direction predictions, however. Also, in predicting critical applied far-field stresses, the sharp crack solution appears to exhibit a stronger ability to model subtle experimental trends.     

On the penny-shaped crack in inhomogeneous elastic materials under normal extension

The solution of the problem of a penny-shaped crack in an inhomogeneous material with elastic coefficients which are varying continuously along the direction perpendicular to the crack is examined in this paper. We studied the problem for an inhomogeneous material which satisfies the conditions of either torsional deformation and normal extension. A series form solution to the problem is proposed and analytical expressions for the first two terms of the series are obtained by using a Hankel transform technique. In the solution a homogeneous body is chosen as the reference so that inhomogeneous quantities are treated as being perturbed from the zeros reference solutions. Closed form expressions for the relevant stress intensity factors and the crack energy are derived and specific cases of the problem are also considered.     

Matrix crack initiation and progression in compositelaminatessubjected to bending and extension

An experimental investigation of matrix crack initiation and progression inglass/epoxy laminates of differentstacking sequences is presented. The laminates have beenloaded in extension and bending, and the degree ofdamage as function of the load has beenrecorded. The changes in certain elastic properties caused by the damagewere also measured, andare compared to results from a previously developed approximate analytic model. Anenergyrelease rate resistance curve is adopted in an attempt to describe the initiation and progression ofmatrixcracks in the laminates. The amount of cracking is also viewed in relation to the straintransverse to the fibres inthe ply under consideration, and the ply stresses at the onset of crackingare calculated. The different damageevolution criteria are compared to the experimental results,and their validity and reliability are discussed. By use ofthe ply strain transverse to the fibres as acritical parameter for damage evolution, the load–deformation curves ofthe tested laminates aresimulated taking damage progression into account.     

Dynamic analysis of non-symmetric problems for frictionless indentation and plane crack extension

Two-dimensional dynamic analyses of contact and stress loading problems associated with non-symmetric frictionless rigid indentation and plane crack extension under normal stress are presented. The extension rates of the contact strip/crack surfaces are assumed to be constant and sub-critical. Homogeneous function techniques are used to derive general mathematical solutions which are then fitted to the physical problem by matching the predicted and prescribed displacement/stress distributions on the contact strip/crack surfaces. By studying several examples, it is seen that coupling between inherently symmetric and antisymmetric components of the mathematical solutions complicates this procedure. Moreover, the relation between loading and solution behavior is not always physically obvious, especially with regard to symmetry/antisymmetry.

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Zusammenfassung Es werden zweidimensionale dynamische Analysen von Problemen der Berührungs und Spannungsbeanspruchung in Zusammenhang mit nichtsymetrischer, reibungsloser und formfester Vertiefung und Verlängerung eines Rißes in einer Ebene unter normaler Beanspruchung diskutiert. Die Rate der Verlängerung der Oberfläche der Berührungsbahn oder des Rißes wird als konstant und unterhalb der kritischen Schwelle bleibend angenommen. Die Methoden homogener Funktionen werden benutzt, um generelle mathematische Lüsungen abzuleiten, die dann dem physikalischen Problem durch Angleichen der erwarteten mit den gemessenen Verteilungen der Verschiebung/Beanspruchung an den Flächen der Berührungsbahn odes des Rißes angepaßt werden. Die Untersuchung meherer Beispiele zeigt, daß eine Verbindung zwischen inhärenten symetrischen und anti-symetrischen Bestandteilen der mathematischen Lösungen dieses Verfahren komplizieren. Ferner ist die Beziehung zwischen der Belastung und dem Lösungsausfall physikalisch nicht immer naheliegend, insbesondere im Hinblick auf die Symetrie/Antisymetrie.

     

三维热权函数法和多虚拟裂纹扩展技术

热权函数法直接利用温度场与热权函数的乘积的积分来求应力强度因子(SIF)的过渡过程，它可以免除对每一时刻进行热弹性力学有限元或边界元应力分析，计算效率大大提高。本文给出了三维热权函数法的基本方程，并提出了求解三维热权函数法基本方程的多虚拟裂纹扩展法(MVCE法)。在MVCE法中，可以引入无穷多个虚拟裂纹扩展模式；虚拟裂纹扩展模式与应力强度因子的插值直接相联系，所得到的方程组的系数矩阵是一个三对角矩阵，具有良好的计算性能。它对于裂纹前缘SIF分布急剧变化的情况，有良好的数值模拟能力。实例计算表明，MVCE法具有权高的计算效率，并具有很高的计算精度。     

横观各向同性油气藏水力压裂裂纹扩展规律研究

针对横观各向同性与各向同性油气藏水力压裂裂纹扩展的差异性,基于扩展有限元法建立水力压裂力学模型,通过ABAQUS子程序开发了各向同性和横观各向同性岩体的起裂判据。在各向同性岩体数值模拟结果与解析解以及现场压裂典型曲线对比吻合的基础上,得到了包含层理构造的横观各向同性岩体水力压裂过程中裂纹扩展规律。层理类岩体水力压裂的裂缝扩展方向由地应力状态、层理方向以及岩体与层理界面抗拉强度共同决定;水力压裂过程中,注水压力在裂纹尖端产生应力集中,层理面法向分量先达到界面抗拉强度时,裂纹沿层理方向开裂,反之裂纹沿垂直最小地应力的方向扩展;裂纹扩展速度随层理抗拉强度的增加而降低;由于地层的滤失,随压裂液的注入,裂纹长宽尺度增长速率降低。     

准静载作用下弹塑性微弯裂纹张开位移

综合考虑了准静态作用应力,塑性区域边界上正应力与剪应力,利用二阶摄动方法与卡氏定理计算了弯曲裂纹尖端的张开位移。研究了在不同的准静载荷条件下弹塑性弯曲延伸裂纹尖端张开位移随着弯曲裂纹形状参数的变化而变化的规律。研究表明,当初始裂纹长度与弯曲路径的形状参数为定值时,弯曲延伸裂纹尖端张开位移大小随外载荷的增大而增大,且增加的趋势非常剧烈。     

Delamination crack originating from transverse cracking in cross-ply composite laminates under extension

Based upon the Stroh formalism for anisotropic elastic materials and upon the method of eigenfunction expansion, the stress redistribution due to delamination cracks originating from transverse cracking is examined from [90/0], and [0/90], laminates under extension. The structure of the solution, in the form of a series expansion, is determined from the eigenvalue equation resulting from appropriate near-field conditions. To complete the solution, use is made of a boundary collocation technique in conjunction with the eigenfunction series that includes a large number of terms, enough to represent the elastic state throughout the appropriate domain concerned. The fracture mechanics parameters, such as stress intensity factors and energy release rates, are calculated and the major characteristics of stress distribution are discussed. The stability of delamination cracks is examined for varying ratios of ply thickness in terms of the energy release rate.     

Notes on plastic reloading zone in the asymptotic analysis of elastic-plastic crack extension

Summary The asymptotic structures of near-tip stress and deformation fields are studied for steady-state crack extension in elastic-plastic solids. The condition for the existence of a plastic reloading zone is formulated. If a plastic reloading zone is to exist in hardening materials, the effective stress must become unbounded as the crack flank is approached. It is shown explicitly in the case of mode III that solutions with logarithmic singularity produce negative plastic dissipation in the plastic reloading sector.

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Über die rückplastizierte Zone bei asymptotischen Lösungen der elastisch-plastischen Rißausbreitung

Übersicht Untersucht wird die asymptotische Form von rißspitzennahen Spannungs- und Verformungsfeldern bei der stationären Rißausbreitung in elastisch-plastischen Körpern. Die Bedingung für die Existenz einer rückplastizierten Zone wird formuliert. Wenn eine solche Zone bei verfestigendem Material vorhanden sein soll, muß die Vergleichsspannung bei Annäherung an die Rißflanke unendlich werden. Es wird gezeigt, daß bei Mode III die Lösungen mit logarithmischer Singularität negative Dissipation in der rückplastizierten Zone bedeuten würden.

     

Quasi-static growth and dynamic extension of anti-plane shear crack in periodically nonhomogenous elastic material

The quasi-static growth of an anti-plane shear crack in a periodically nonhomogeneous elastic material is considered. An effective velocity dependent energy release rate is found for a semi-infinite crack. Approximate expressions of stress intensity factors for in-plane cracks in periodically nonhomogeneous material are also given.     

准静载作用下弹塑性微弯裂纹尖端塑性区

研究了准静载荷作用下的弹塑性弯曲延伸裂纹的塑性区.通过分析,比较精确地确定了弯曲裂纹尖端塑性区域边界上正应力与切应力的分布状态.综合考虑了准静态作用应力,塑性区域边界上正应力与切应力,利用二阶摄动方法,研究分析了弯曲裂纹尖端塑性区域的范围;预测了弹塑性裂纹的扩展路径.