顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱法测定饮用水中氯酚

提出了应用气相色谱法与顶空固相微萃取样品预处理技术相结合的方法测定饮用水中2,4,6-三氯酚(TCP)和五氯酚(PCP)。选用20mL顶空瓶,其中预置0.1mol·L~(-1)盐酸溶液0.5mL及氯化钠4.0g,加入水样10.0mL,立即封盖。插入85μm聚丙烯酸酯萃取头,在500r·min~(-1)转速振荡条件下于60℃萃取40 min,随之进入色谱仪解吸并测定。测定中采用HP-5毛细管柱和程序升温(40℃～280℃)条件,并用载气流量为3mL·min~(-1)。测得2,4,6-TCP及PCP的线性范围依次为55μg·L~(-1)和12μg·L~(-1)以内,其检出限(3S/N)依次为0.15μg·L~(-1)和0.13μg·L~(-1),加入3个浓度水平的标准溶液对方法的回收率及精密度作了试验,测得回收率在90.0%～112.8%之间,相对标准偏差(n=6)在3.0%～4.9%之间。     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定核级海绵锆中钨

0.100 0g核级海绵锆样品用氢氟酸0.5mL,硝酸2mL于150℃左右溶解后,用水定容至100mL。采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定样品溶液中钨的含量。184 W为分析核素,以232 Th为内标物。钨的线性范围在100.0μg·L~(-1)以内,方法的检出限(3s)为0.003μg·L~(-1)。以2.00,50.00μg·L~(-1)浓度水平进行加标回收试验,回收率为91.5%,93.5%,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=6)为5.0%,2.4%。     

浊点萃取-石墨炉-原子吸收光谱法测定镍铬合金牙冠在人工唾液中浸出的铬(Ⅵ)

将镍铬合金牙冠样品置于人工唾液10mL中,于37℃浸泡4周。分取此唾液2.00mL,加入2g·L~(-1)二苯碳酰二肼(DPC)溶液0.1mL,Triton X-114(5+95)溶液0.6mL及硫酸(1+1)溶液0.5mL,加水定容为10 mL后,于40℃加热20min,使铬(Ⅵ)与DPC络合并溶入Triton X-114相中,实现铬(Ⅵ)的浊点萃取分离。将黏稠的Triton X-114液相分出,加入硝酸与甲醇(1+99)混合液定容至1mL。按所述仪器工作条件用石墨炉-原子吸收光谱法测定其中的铬(Ⅵ)量,进样量为10μL。铬(Ⅵ)的质量浓度在5.0μg·L~(-1)以内与相应的吸光度呈线性关系,检出限(3s/k)为0.088μg·L~(-1)。分别加1.0μg·L~(-1)铬(Ⅵ)标准溶液于6件牙冠样品溶液中,按方法测定后求得平均回收率为96%。对同一样品重复测定6次,计算其相对标准偏差为3.8%。     

高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定猪尿中秋水仙碱

提出了猪尿中秋水仙碱的液相色谱-串联质谱检测方法。采用pH8.0磷酸盐缓冲溶液碱化5mL尿样,用乙酸乙酯提取两次,合并提取液,于40℃吹氮蒸干,用2 mL流动相溶解残渣。在色谱分离中选用Sunfire C_(18)色谱柱,流动相为甲醇-2mmol·L~(-1)乙酸铵溶液(含0.1%甲酸)混合溶液(40+60),流量为0.2mL·min,进样量为10μL。质谱测定中采用电喷雾正离子模式离子化、多反应监测模式测定秋水仙碱,外标法定量。猪尿中秋水仙碱在1～50μg·L~(-1)内呈线性,测定下限(10S/N)为0.2μg·L~(-1),方法的回收率为90%～100%,相对标准偏差(n=6)小于9.0%。     

浊点萃取-石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定环境水样中痕量铜

以5-(5-碘-2-吡啶偶氮)-2,4-二氨基甲苯(5-I-PADAT)为络合剂,以聚乙二醇辛基苯基醚(Triton X-114)为萃取剂,采用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定环境水样中痕量铜。优化的试验条件如下:(1)乙酸-乙酸钠缓冲溶液的pH为5.3;(2)1.0×10~(-3) mol·L~(-1) 5-I-PADAT溶液的用量为0.25mL;(3)10g·L~(-1) Triton X-114溶液的用量为1.0mL;(4)水浴加热时间为15min;(5)水浴加热温度为60℃;(6)0.1 mol·L~(-1)硝酸-甲醇溶液的用量为70μL。铜的质量浓度在1.0~14μg·L~(-1)内与其对应的吸光度呈线性关系,检出限(3s/k)为0.216μg·L~(-1)。方法用于2种环境水样的分析,加标回收率为102%,100%,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=6)为4.5%,4.3%。     

超声提取-高效液相色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定水产品中的5种形态的砷

称取经匀浆处理后的样品1.000 0g,加入48mL的0.5mmol·L-1碳酸铵溶液-甲醇(99+1)混合液(pH 7.8),涡旋混匀后,超声提取40min,加入2mL的3%(φ)乙酸溶液,于4℃静置5min,以8 000r·min-1转速于4℃离心10min,取上清液过0.45μm滤膜,收集2mL滤液,采用Hamilton PRP-X100阴离子分析柱(250 mm×4 mm,10μm)进行分离,以pH 7.8的0.5mmol·L-1碳酸铵溶液-甲醇(99+1)混合液及pH 8.5的20mmol·L-1磷酸氢二铵溶液为流动相进行梯度洗脱,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定洗脱液中的三价砷[(As(Ⅲ)]、五价砷[(As(Ⅴ)]、砷甜菜碱(AsB)、一甲基砷(MMA)和二甲基砷(DMA)。5种形态的砷的线性范围在100μg·L~(-1)以内,检出限(3S/N)为0.2~0.6μg·L~(-1),加标回收率为89.6%~102%,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=6)为0.11%~3.8%。     

氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定大蒜中砷和硒

采用氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定大蒜中砷和硒。样品经硝酸和高氯酸消解,在盐酸(5+95)溶液中,加入溶于50g·L~(-1)氢氧化钠溶液的20g·L~(-1)硼氢化钾溶液,使其与溶液中砷及硒离子反应生成氢化物。分析中采用载气流量依次为800mL·min~(-1),600mL·min~(-1),屏蔽气的流量均为1000mL·min~(-1)。试样溶液中加入硫脲-抗坏血酸混合溶液作为还原剂。于仪器中引入试样溶液0.5mL,按选定的工作条件操作。砷及硒的质量浓度分别在0.04～0.40,1.00～10.0μg·L~(-1)范围内与其荧光强度呈线性关系,方法的检出限(3s/k)砷为0.017μg·L~(-1),硒为0.314μg·L~(-1)。分别加入两元素的标准溶液作回收试验,测得砷和硒的回收率分别在95.3%～104.4%和94.7%～105.2%之间。     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定糜类制品中二氧化钛的含量

取糜类制品及其原料样品0.500 0g,用硝酸5mL和氢氟酸1mL于200℃微波消解20min,冷却至室温,用水定容至25.0mL。采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定样品溶液中二氧化钛含量。结果表明:钛的线性范围为10～200μg·L~(-1),检出限(3s)为0.06mg·kg~(-1);对样品进行加标回收试验,回收率在88.0%～93.2%之间,相对标准偏差(n=6)在1.0%～3.7%之间。按所提出的方法分析了42批次原料及100批次糜类制品,发现样品中二氧化钛平均值分别约为2.5mg·kg~(-1)和5.0mg·kg~(-1),有10%的糜类制品中二氧化钛测定值高于100mg·kg~(-1),存在超范围使用二氧化钛的风险。     

离子液体微萃取-硝酸反萃取结合电感耦合等离子体质谱法用于铬元素的形态分析

200mL水样经硝酸(3+97)溶液0.1mL酸解15min。移取样品溶液5mL,用硝酸(3+97)溶液定容至10 mL,用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定总铬。另取样品溶液5mL,依次加入pH 5的乙酸-乙酸钠缓冲溶液1mL,30g·L~(-1)的二乙基二硫代氨基甲酸钠溶液0.5mL,1-己基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐离子液体100μL,于30℃超声处理15min,离心。在下层有机相中加入2mol·L~(-1)硝酸溶液2mL,超声处理15min,离心后,将上层液用硝酸(3+97)溶液定容至10mL,用ICP-MS测定Cr(Ⅵ)。以总铬含量减去Cr(Ⅵ)含量得到Cr(Ⅲ)的含量。Cr(Ⅵ)和总铬的线性范围均为0~80μg·L~(-1),检出限(3s/k)分别为0.061,0.034μg·L~(-1)。Cr(Ⅵ)的加标回收率在96.4%~105%之间,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=6)在2.1%~5.9%之间。     

尼龙膜富集-可见漫反射光谱法测定人参中乙酰甲胺磷

取人参粉末样品约1g,用7mL丙酮超声提取10min,提取液过滤后蒸缩至1.0mL,加入4mL水,1mL硫酸,40g·L~(-1)过硫酸钾溶液5mL,小火煮沸近30min,并保持溶液体积在25～30mL之间。冷却后,用100g·L~(-1)氢氧化钠溶液调节pH至5～8,将溶液移入50mL容量瓶中,加入26g·L~(-1)钼酸铵溶液2.0mL,100g·L~(-1)抗坏血酸溶液1.0mL,加水至刻度,静置10min。取此溶液5.0mL,在0.07MPa真空度下使溶液抽滤流经尼龙膜,使所生成的钼蓝吸附在尼龙膜上。抽滤结束时,取出滤膜,风干后,用可见漫反射光谱仪采集滤膜上钼蓝的可见漫反射光谱。试验测得乙酰甲胺磷(AMP)的质量浓度在0.5～5.0mg·L~(-1)内与其对应的膜漫反射吸光度呈线性关系,其检出限(3s)为0.18mg·L~(-1)。按所提出方法以空白人参样品为基体加入AMP标准溶液进行回收试验,测得回收率为94.0%～104%,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=5)为1.4%～5.7%。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

恶臭嗅辨实验室建设探讨

针对恶臭测试的环境影响问题,提出了解决的实例方案,并对方案的要点及优缺点进行讨论,此方案在实际操作中具有较好的效果。     

Investigation of Kinetics of Solid-Phase Synthesis of Lithium Orthosilicate

The kinetics of the interaction between lithium carbonate and silica with various degrees of dispersion was investigated by TG and DTA methods. It was found that the utilization of pyrogenic silica with a specific surface area of about 300 m²g^-1 instead of aerosil with one of 175 m²g^-1 leads to an increase of the reaction rate between lithium carbonate and silica, which depends on the formation and growth of lithium orthosilicate crystals in the first stage, and is conditioned by the diffusion of lithium and oxygen ions through the lithium orthosilicate layer formed at temperatures above 800 K. This supposition is supported by the kinetic analysis results obtained with the use of the different models. The optimal regime of heating is recommended. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

小环化合物中饱和碳质子化学位移的计算

小环化合物由于其张力、构型、构象和各向异性效应等原因,环碳上质子化学位移缺乏规律性,难以预测,对此作者曾提出一种近似算法。本文根据303种小环化合物中饱和碳质子的化学位移实验数据,将适于计算这类质子化学位移的公式表述为:     

Summary of development of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films

In this review, the research of the author in the field of colloidal systems is summarized. The factors influencing colloidal stability are systematized and analyzed. Examples are presented to illustrate the practical utilization of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films.This review was prepared on the basis of the works of the author, which were awarded the State Premium for 1991 in the field of science and technology, chemistry section.Institute of Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117915 Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 8, pp. 1708–1717, August, 1992.