Relative humidity influence on proton conduction of hydrated pellicular zirconium phosphate in hydrogen form

Admittance measurements have been carried out as a function of temperature (20/-20°C) and relative humidity (5–90%) on pellets made up of pressed sheets of hydrated α-zirconium phosphate (pellicular zirconium phosphate). Their dc conductivities have been calculated on the basis of a suitable equivalent circuit using a nonlinear least squares procedure: at 20°C and 90% relative humidity they lie in the range 3-0.9×10^-4 S cm^-1 when the sheets are oriented parallel to the electric field and are about seven times lower in the case of perpendicular orientation. Changes in relative humidity from 90 to 5% cause the conductivity to decrease by two orders of magnitude and the activation energy to rise from 6.7 to 12.2 kcal/mol. A comparison of the Arrhenius equation parameters with those previously determined for polycrystalline α-Zr(HPO₄)₂·H₂O reveals that the same transport mechanism is present in both materials, the higher conductivity of pellicular zirconium phosphate arising from a larger effective number of carriers.     

Dielectric relaxation and ac conductivity of sodium tungsten phosphate glasses

Studies of dielectric relaxation and ac conductivity have been made on three samples of sodium tungsten phosphate glasses over a temperature range of 77–420 K. Complex relative permitivity data have been analyzed using dielectric modulus approach. Conductivity relaxation frequency increases with the increase of temperature. Activation energy for conductivity relaxation has also been evaluated. Measured ac conductivity (σ_m(ω)) has been found to be higher than σ_dc at low temperatures whereas at high temperature σ_m(ω) becomes equal to σ_dc at all frequencies. The ac conductivity obeys the relation σ_ac(ω)=Aω ^S over a considerable range of low temperatures. Values of exponent S are nearly equal to unity at about 78 K and the values decrease non-linearly with the increase of temperature. Values of the number density of states at Fermi level (N(E _F)) have been evaluated at 80 K assuming values of electron wave function decay constant α to be 0.5 (Å)^?1. Values of N(E _F) have the order 10²⁰ which are well within the range suggested for localized states. Present values of N(E _F) are smaller than those for tungsten phosphate glasses.     

Ionic conductivity of anhydrous zirconium bis(monohydrogen orthophosphate) and its sodium ion forms

Conductivities have been measured by the vector impedance method for the layered compounds anhydrous α-zirconium phosphate, Zr(HPO₄)₂, and several of its sodium ion phases. The values of the ionic diffusion coefficients are of the order of 10^?6-10^?8 cm²/s at 200°C and activation energies range from 15.6 cal/mol for Zr(HPO₄)₂ to 18.6 cal/mol for ZrHNa(PO₄)₂. Comparisons are made with literature values of conductivity and self-diffusion coefficients for Zr(NaPO₄)₂·3H₂O and kinetically determined diffusion coefficients for the phases containing both sodium and hydrogen ions.     

Size dependent ac conductivity of small metal particles

The statistical model of electrons in a small metallic particle is applied to calculate three expressions for the size dependent ac conductivity. The first expression is very simple. It is obtained with a sum-rule conserving ansatz for the electric dipole matrix element. The two other forms follow from generalizations of a quasiclassical approximation for the matrix element due to Gor'kov and Eliashberg. The results are discussed and related to other work.Dedicated to Professor W. Brenig on the occasion of his 60th birthday     

ac conductivity analysis of glassy silver iodomolybdate system

The electrical conductivity of AgIAg₂MoO₄ glass has been studied over wide composition, frequency and temperature range. The observed frequency dependent conductivity has been explained by using Jonscher's universal expression. The ionic conductivity and conductivity relaxation calculated from impedance and modulus spectra respectively were found to be thermally activated; and the activation energy obtained from both measurements are comparable. Systematic trends in the variation of the Kohlrausch parameter with composition, mobile ion concentration and activation energy have been observed and the results are compared with those obtained in other materials.     

Nonuniversal features of the ac conductivity in ion conducting glasses

Recently, Sidebottom [Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 3653 (1999)] proposed a new scaling approach for the conductivity spectra of ion conducting glasses. This approach is based on the condition that the shape of the spectra is universal. In this Letter, we show that this condition is generally not fulfilled, but that the shape depends on the glass composition. In single alkali glasses, the frequency dependence of the conductivity varies with the alkali oxide content. Furthermore, the mixing of dissimilar alkali ions leads to pronounced changes in the shape of the conductivity spectra.     

Study of ac hopping conductivity on one—dimensional nanometre systems

In this paper, we establish a one-dimensional random nanocrystalline chain model, we derive a new formula of ac electron－phonon－field conductance for electron tunnelling transfer in one-dimensional nanometre systems. By calculating the ac conductivity, the relationship between the electric field, temperature and conductivity is analysed, and the effect of crystalline grain size and distortion of interfacial atoms on the ac conductance is discussed. A characteristic of negative differential dependence of resistance and temperature in the low-temperature region for a nanometre system is found. The ac conductivity increases linearly with rising frequency of the electric field, and it tends to increase as the crystalline grain size increases and to decrease as the distorted degree of interfacial atoms increases.     

Accelerated life ac conductivity measurements of CRT oxide cathodes

The ac conductivity measurements have been carried out for the activated Ba/SrO cathode with additional 5% Ni powder for every 100 h acceleration life time at the temperature around 1125 K. The ac conductivity was studied as a function of temperature in the range 300-1200 K after conversion and activation of the cathode at 1200 K for 1 h in two cathodes face to face closed configuration. The experimental results prove that the hopping conductivity dominate in the temperature range 625-770 K through the traps of the WO₃ associate with activation energy E_a = 0.87 eV, whereas from 500-625 K it is most likely to be through the traps of the Al₂O₃ with activation energy of E_a = 1.05 eV. The hopping conductivity at the low temperature range 300-500 K is based on Ni powder link with some Ba contaminants in the oxide layer stricture which indicates very low activation energy E_a = 0.06 eV.     

ac conductivity of Na-Ag β” -alumina polycrystalline samples

The results of ac conductivity measurements carried out on ceramic samples of Li₂O and NiO-Li₂O-doped β7rdquo;-alumina with Na⁺, Ag⁺ and Na⁺ -Ag⁺ mobile ions are presented. The modifications of doping only slightly influenced either bulk or grain boundary conductivity in Na β” -alumina. The activation energies of conduction in Na β”-alumina equal to 0.28 eV at low temperatures decreased to 0.14–0.15 eV at temperatures above 200°C. The Arrhenius plots for Ag β” -alumina were found to be linear in whole 20–450°C temperature range with the activation energies of 0.19 eV (Li₂O) and 0.24 eV (NiO-Li₂O). The conductivity measurements done on partially exchanged samples revealed the presence of the mixed alkali effect.     

Interaction correction to ac conductivity in the disordered tunneling superlattice

The interaction theory has been generalized to the case of anisotropic disordered electron systems. The interaction correction to ac conductivity in a tunneling superlattice has been calculated in the weakly localized regime. The result is that the frequency dependence of this correction changes from three-dimensional (3D) to two-dimensional (2D) behavior with decreasing the interlayer coupling. The dimensional crossover effect has been discussed.     

Structural-phase transition and electrical conductivity in tin-modified zirconium titanate

The structural phase transition in tin-modified zirconium titanate was investigated using high-temperature X-ray, DTA, DSC and electrical conductivity. In a dilute solid solution of Sn (x 0.2) in Zr_1−xSn_xTiO₄, we ascribed to the successive phase transition from normal to incommensurate the break of electrical conductivity, thermal anomalies, and specific heat anomalies occurring at temperatures of 1121 °C, 1124 °C and 1125 °C on the heating run, and at temperatures of 1121 °C, 1116 °C and 1117 °C on the cooling run, respectively. Furthermore, the super-lattice reflection intensity was inversely proportional to the Sn content, cooling rate and electrical activation energy. With a composition of Zr_0.8Sn_0.2TiO₄, the phase transition from normal to incommensurate was completely inhibited.