Using computer-generated holograms to test cubic surface

Computer-generated holograms (CGH) have been widely used to evaluate symmetrical aspherical surfaces in combination with Fizeau interferometers. Because the CGH can create any wavefront shape, it can also be used in unsymmetrical aspherical surfaces testing. Taking the cubic surface as an example, this paper gives a thinking of testing unsymmetrical surfaces. First we deduce the expression of the aberration for the cubic phase when propagating and the CGH null lens design has been carried out while taking into consideration the higher order aberrations. The separation of the diffraction orders of the CGH is discussed. We fabricated the CGH using e-beam photography and tested a 13-mm diameter cubic surface.     

Rectifying resistance switching behaviors of SnO2 microsphere films modulated by top electrodes

Based on the bipolar resistive switching (RS) characteristics of SnO₂ films, we have fabricated a new prototypical device with sandwiched structure of Metal/SnO₂/fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO). The SnO₂ microspheres film was grown on FTO glass by template-free hydrothermal synthesis, which was evaporated with various commonly used electrodes such as aluminium (Al), silver (Ag), and gold (Au), respectively. Typical self-rectifying resistance switching behaviors were observed for the RS devices with Al and Au electrodes. However, no obvious rectifying resistance switching behavior was observed for the RS device with Ag electrode. Above results were interpreted by considering the different interface barriers between SnO₂ and top metal electrodes. Our current studies pave the ways for modulating the self-rectifying resistance switching properties of resistive memory devices by choosing suitable metal electrodes.     

Photochemical surface modification of PP for abrasion resistance

The potential of a photo-chemical approach to increase the surface hardness of polypropylene (PP) has been studied. Using a 222 nm excimer lamp, fibers and film were irradiated in the presence of multi-functional substances diallylphthalate (DAP), tetraallyloxyethane (TAE), and pentaerithritoltriacylate (PETA) and characterized with regard to the resulting effect on abrasion resistance. AFM-based methods were employed to analyze thermo-mechanical surface properties. Nanoindentation and microthermal analyses of the outermost surface layers of UV treated fibers gave clear indications of an effective cross-linking of reactive substances present during irradiation. One may assume that the reactive media polymerize on top of the surface of the PP substrate and form a thin-layer. The abrasion resistance of the PP fibers was tested by applying stress through a rotating and axially oscillating roller of defined roughness and measuring the mass loss as a function of time. The abrasion resistance was found to be remarkably improved compared to the untreated fiber. Best effects were achieved using PETA as reactive substance. The experiments clearly showed the influence of processing conditions, namely with regard to homogeneous coverage of the substrate surface with the reactive medium.     

Measurement of the surface resistance of single-crystal copper in the millimeter-wave region at room temperature

Measurements of the surface resistance of single-crystal copper at millimeter wavelengths (35 GHz) indicate the existance of an anomaly of the skin effect at room temperature. The surfaces were prepared in stress-free processes, annealed, and manipulated in purified hydrogen and argon.     

Surface resistance measurements at the metal/electrolyte interface of Ag(100) and Ag(111) thin film electrodes

The conductivity of thin film metal electrodes with a thickness of the order of the mean free path of the conduction electrons (50 nm at 300 K) is sensitive to several processes on the metal surface (e.g. adsorption and desorption of ions). We developed epitaxially grown Ag(100)/MgO(100) and Ag(111)/TiO₂(110) electrodes of 20 nm thickness. The change in the surface resistance of Ag(100) thin film electrodes during adsorption of the halide ions Cl⁻, Br⁻ and I⁻ shows the different strengths of specific adsorption. We investigated the phase transition of thiocyanate (SCN⁻) on Ag(100) electrodes by combining the surface resistance method with voltammetric, capacitance and ex-situ XPS measurements. The influence of adsorbed uracil on the resistance of Ag(100) films was demonstrated. The surface resistance is very sensitive to small concentrations of metal cations (e.g. Tl⁺). The surface resistance of Ag(100) and Ag(111) thin film electrodes shows the typical difference in the stripping potential of Tl⁺ of about 100 mV.     

Surface potential decay of DC-corona-charged PET films on humid electrodes

Surface potential decay measurement is a widely used tool to test the electrical properties of insulation materials. The aim of the present paper is to evaluate the effect of a humid electrode on the surface potential decay process. The experiments are performed on 1-mm thick samples of PET films (50 mm × 50 mm) in ambient air (temperature: 25 °C–29 °C; relative humidity: 42%–48%). The samples are placed on a grounded humid electrode (aluminum plate covered by a humid textile: 52 mm × 52 mm), and are charged by exposing them for 10 s to the negative DC corona discharge generated by a high-voltage wire-type dual electrode.The results show that the humid electrode has a significant influence on the surface potential evolution during the first moments after corona charging. Bipolar charge injection is the main physical mechanism that explains this potential decay.     

Structure-mechanical approach to surface tension of solids

Some problems of applying the Lippmann equation to adsorption studies on solid electrodes are shortly reviewed. A novel nonthermodynamic approach to consider the role of elastic and plastic deformation of electrode surfaces during adsorption is proposed. The extremely thin electrode surface layers affected electrically and mechanically by adsorbate are supposed to be free of dislocations because of volume discrepancy. The nearest structure-mechanical analogs of such layers are the whisker crystals whose side surface could have one- and two-dimensional defects, but have no active dislocations. Like whiskers, surface metal layers should possess a high ultimate strength close to the theoretical one and a purely elastic deformation. Affected only by adsorbate, the surface electrode layer should be considered as absolutely elastic body, whose plastic deformation is impossible, i.e. the Lippmann equation and other equations containing terms of plastic deformation cannot be used in thermodynamics of the solid metal surface.     

接地电阻能否精确测量

根据物理量测量的基本原则可以看出,接地电阻的测定不具有重复性和单值性,实践显示,接地电阻是一个无法测定的物理量.     

A theoretical explanation of the surface diffusion mechanism in metal electrodes in contact with electrolytes

A theoretical explanation for the surface diffusion mechanism observed in columnar structured metal electrodes in contact with electrolytes is given. The potential energy of a surface metal atom on which ions forming part of the supporting electrolyte are adsorbed is described by means of an anharmonic oscillator curve whereas the energy of a surface metal atom liberated from any adsorption interaction is approximated by a harmonic oscillator energy fuction. Geometric arguments allow to define a symmetry factor δ for which experimental values were previously obtained. A qualitative interpretation of the value of δ has been made.     

电极表面光滑程度对水介质高电压击穿的影响

采用水介质同轴实验装置,改变电极表面的光滑程度,在μs级充电时进行水介质击穿实验,并对实验结果进行了分析和解释。结果表明：抛光电极表面可有效提高水介质耐高电压击穿能力;表面粗糙度为0.4～0.8 μm的抛光电极表面的击穿场强比表面粗糙度为1.6～3.2 μm的粗糙抛光电极表面,更符合Martin公式。电极表面光滑程度的改善,使阴极场致发射电流减弱进而击穿延迟时间变长,气泡也更难以附着在光滑的电极表面,从而可以提高水介质耐高电压击穿能力。     

电极表面光滑程度对水介质高电压击穿的影响

 采用水介质同轴实验装置,改变电极表面的光滑程度,在μs级充电时进行水介质击穿实验,并对实验结果进行了分析和解释。结果表明：抛光电极表面可有效提高水介质耐高电压击穿能力;表面粗糙度为0.4～0.8 μm的抛光电极表面的击穿场强比表面粗糙度为1.6～3.2 μm的粗糙抛光电极表面,更符合Martin公式。电极表面光滑程度的改善,使阴极场致发射电流减弱进而击穿延迟时间变长,气泡也更难以附着在光滑的电极表面,从而可以提高水介质耐高电压击穿能力。     

Review of surface profile measurement techniques based on optical interferometry

With the fast development of modern science and technology, two or three-dimensional surface profile measurement techniques with high resolution and large dynamic range are urgently required. Among them, the techniques based on optical interferometry have been widely used for their good properties of non-contact, high resolution, large dynamic measurement range and well-defined traceability route to the definition of meter. A review focused on surface profile measurement techniques of optical interferometry is introduced in this paper with a detailed classification sorted by operating principles. Examples in each category are discussed and analyzed for better understanding.     

A practical comparison of MQMAS techniques

A systematic experimental evaluation of several approaches to multiple-quantum MAS NMR was performed for spin-5/2 nuclei using (27)Al NMR of the aluminosilicate andalusite and the porous aluminum phosphate AlPO(4)-14 as model. Experiments were conducted in the fields of 9.4 and 17.6T using magic-angle spinning frequencies up to 30kHz and rf-field strengths of 250 and 120kHz. Numerical SIMPSON optimizations of the NMR parameters were performed alongside the experimental evaluations. Both theory and experiment show that the optimization is most critical for the species in the sample that have the largest quadrupolar coupling constant. For 5QMAS experiments it could be confirmed that the highest available rf-field strength and rotation frequency are favorable for the efficiency of the experiments. For 3QMAS experiments of sites with moderate quadrupolar coupling constants optimum results were obtained at less stringent conditions. The comparison of a FAM II-modification and DFS gave the expected improvement by a factor of about two with respect to a rectangular pulse. No significant difference between these techniques concerning the signal-to-noise ratios was obtained. An actual improvement of the isotropic resolution by a factor of about two was obtained going from 3QMAS to 5QMAS. In addition the resolution of the spectra increases by a factor of about two going from 9.4 to 17.6T.     

一种多组电极的高功率多脉冲气体开关

 设计了一个有3组电极的开关，给出了开关的结构，分析了多组电极共存的可行性和开关内的电场，利用通用电路模拟软件对通过开关的电流进行了计算。此开关在单组电极导通时，耐电压约为50kV，电流100kA以上，电流脉宽约20μs；在间隔1ms，脉宽为μs级的预触发脉冲触发下，开关能在电感负载中产生间隔为1ms的3个电脉冲，实验测得平均峰值电压约38kV，电流约100kA，脉宽约20μs。     

The surface leakage currents of CdZnTe wafers

The surface leakage currents (SLCs) and surface sheet resistances (SSRs) of CdZnTe (1 1 0), (1 1 1) A and (1 1 1) B surfaces after etching with Br-MeOH solution, chemo-mechanical polishing (CMP) and passivation were measured in the parallel stripe model, respectively. Meanwhile the surface compositions were determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Te enrichment introduced by etching with Br-MeOH resulted in the increase of the SLCs of CdZnTe wafers. After chemo-mechanical polishing, Te enrichment was removed, and SLCs decreased. CdZnTe (1 1 1) B without Te enrichment possesses higher SLC than that of (1 1 1) A, and (1 1 0) surface has the lowest SLC, which should be attributed to the lower surface dangling bonds. Passivation treatment with NH₄F + H₂O₂ is an effective method to decrease SLCs of CdZnTe, by which the SLC was decreased two orders.     

Surface resistance measurements at 337 GHz

A high Q quasioptical hemispherical resonator, capable of making measurements on samples as small as 5 mm in diameter, was used to make surface resistance measurements at 337 GHz on samples of Al, Au, Mo, and Cu. Results for A1 agree with the low frequency approximation, the other metals are some what higher.     

A comprehensive first-principle study of borophene-based nano gas sensor with gold electrodes

Using density functional theory combined with nonequilibrium Green’s function method,the transport properties of borophene-based nano gas sensors with gold electrodes are calculated,and comprehensive understandings regarding the effects of gas molecules,MoS2 substrate and gold electrodes to the transport properties of borophene are made.Results show that borophene-based sensors can be used to detect and distinguish CO,NO,NO2 and NH3 gas molecules,MoS2 substrate leads to a nonlinear behavior on the current-voltage characteristic,and gold electrodes provide charges to borophene and form a potential barrier,which reduced the current values compared to the current of the systems without gold electrodes.Our studies not only provide useful information on the computationally design of borophene-based gas sensors,but also help understand the transport behaviors and underlying physics of 2D metallic materials with metal electrodes.     

A variable hydrophobic surface improves corrosion resistance of electroplating copper coating

In this paper, Cu/liquid microcapsule composite coating was prepared by electroplating method. And a variable hydrophobic surface was obtained due to the slow release of microcapsules and the rough surface. The hydrophobic property and corrosion resistance of the composite was investigated by means of water contact angle instrument and electrochemical technique, respectively. The results suggest that the contact angle (CA) of composite increases gradually with the increasing storing time, and the stable super-hydrophobic property was exhibited after storing in air for 15 days. Meanwhile, the excellent corrosion resistance was displayed, which could be ascribed to the good stability of hydrophobic film on composite surface.     

Influence of filler type on wet skid resistance of SSBR/BR composites: Effects from roughness and micro-hardness of rubber surface

The wet skid resistance (WSR) of SSBR/BR(solution styrene-butadiene rubber/butadiene rubber) composites filled with carbon black, silica, and nano-diamond partly replacing carbon black or silica, respectively, was measured with a portable British Pendulum Skid Tester (BPST). A dynamic mechanical thermal analyzer was used to obtain the viscoelasticity of the composites. A 3D scanning white-light interfering profilometer was used and the scratch test performed to characterize surface roughness and micro-roughness, respectively, of the composites. WSR of the silica-filled composite was better than that of the carbon black-filled one, and further enhancement of WSR was obtained by replacing silica with nano-diamond. Tan δ of the composites at 0 °C, 10 Hz, and tensile strain of 2% did not show good correlation with WSR. The surface roughness of the composites had effects on WSR. The scratch test indicated that the higher the hardness of the filler in the composite, the higher the micro-hardness and the better the WSR. Therefore, the surface micro-hardness of the composites is an important factor affecting WSR, besides viscoelasticity and surface roughness.     

A sol-gel based surface treatment for preparation of water repellent antistatic textiles

In this paper a surface treatment is described for preparation of hydrophobic sol-gel coatings that simultaneously offer antistatic properties for an appropriate finishing of textiles and refinement of polymer foils. Sol-gel based formulations are modified with both hydrophilic and hydrophobic components simultaneously. Hydrophobic components are, e.g., alkoxysilanes modified with alkyl chains while the hydrophilic ones are amino-functionalized alkoxysilanes. The basic idea is that due to an enrichment of hydrophobic groups at the solid/air interface the surface of the as prepared coatings will be hydrophobic while the deeper region will be more hydrophilic. Textiles finished with these coatings exhibit sufficient water repellence and simultaneously absorb sufficient amounts of humidity in the deeper areas of the coating guaranteeing antistatic properties. This concept offers interesting approaches for the preparation of multifunctional surface coatings not only focussing on combining water repellence with antistatic properties for textile materials.