Synthesis of Some New Spiro,Isolated and Fused Heterocycles Based on 1H‐indole‐2‐One

The reaction of 3‐benzoylcyanomethylidine‐1(H)‐indole‐2‐one ( 1 ) with a variety of active methylene compounds, thioglycolic acid, glycine, hydrazine hydrate and phenyl hydrazine led to the formation of compounds 4a‐d‐10 . 3‐Thiosemicarbazide‐1(H)‐indole‐2‐one 2 on reaction with α‐halocarbonyl compounds gave compounds 11a‐c, 12a‐c . The latter compounds on heating with phosphoryl chloride, cyclization takes place via losing water to give the angular tetracyclic compounds 13a,b and 14a‐c . Cyanoacetic hydrazone derivative 3 readily cyclized upon heating in triethyl orthoformate to give the tricyclic system, oxopyridazino indole 15 . On the other hand, the reaction of 3 with benzylidine malononitrile and benzylidene ethylcyanoactate gave the pyranyl hydrazone derivatives 16a,b .     

Direct Catalytic Asymmetric and Regiodivergent N1- and C3-Allenylic Alkylation of Indoles

Herein we report a Pd-catalyzed asymmetric allenylic alkylation strategy for the direct functionalization of 1H-indoles by employing P-chiral BIBOP-type ligands. The regioselectivity (N1/C3) of this process can be switched efficiently. Using Cs₂CO₃ at elevated temperatures in MeCN, N1-alkylated indoles bearing axial chirality with a stereocenter non-adjacent (β) to the nitrogen are produced in good yields with high enantioselectivity and complete N1-regioselectivity regardless of the electronic properties and substitution patterns of diverse indoles. Using K₂CO₃ at room temperature in CH₂Cl₂, chiral C3-alkylated indoles can also be obtained. Notably, we introduce a new class of tri-substituted allenylic electrophiles that proceeded through different pathways from di-substituted allenylic electrophiles.     

水相Reformatsky反应研究进展

近30年来,在水介质中形成碳-碳键一直是有机合成的研究热点.本文综述了水相中Reformatsky反应的研究进展,并对反应机理和应用作了简要的阐述.     

Recent Advances in the Electrochemical Functionalization of Isocyanides

Isocyanides are well-known as efficient CO surrogates and C1 synthons in modern organic synthesis. Although tremendous efforts have been devoted to fully exploiting the reactivity of isocyanides, these transformations are primarily limited by their utilization of stoichiometric toxic chemical oxidants. With the recent resurgence of organic electrochemistry, which has considerably laid dormant over the past several decades, electrolysis has been identified as a green and powerful tool to enrich structural diversity by solely utilizing electric current as clean and inherently safe redox equivalents of stoichiometric chemical oxidants. In this regard, the unique reactivity of isocyanides has been studied in numerous electrochemical transformations. This review comprehensively highlights the most relevant progress in electrochemical strategies towards the functionalization of isocyanides up until June of 2022, with a focus on reaction outcomes and mechanisms.     

Chemoselective N-Alkylation of Indoles in Aqueous Microdroplets

Many reactions show much faster kinetics in microdroplets than in the bulk phase. Most reported reactions in microdroplets mirror the products found in bulk reactions. However, the unique environment of microdroplets allows different chemistry to occur. In this work, we present the first chemoselective N-alkylation of indoles in aqueous microdroplets via a three-component Mannich-type reaction without using any catalyst. In sharp contrast, bulk reactions using the same reagents with a catalyst yield exclusively C-alkylation products. The N-alkylation yield is moderate in microdroplets, up to 53 %. We extended the scope of the microdroplet reaction and obtained a series of new functionalized indole aminals, which are likely to have biological activities. This work clearly indicates that microdroplet reactions can show reactivity quite different from that of bulk-phase reactions, which holds great potential for developing novel reactivities in microdroplets.     

硼氢化试剂在二氧化碳还原官能化反应中的研究进展

二氧化碳(CO₂)是一种储量丰富、 廉价易得、 安全的可再生资源, 通过化学转化实现对CO₂的资源化利用, 获得高附加值的能源、 材料及化工产品是达成“二氧化碳减排战略”的重要组成部分. 然而, CO₂在其化学转化中常表现为热力学稳定性和动力学相对惰性, 使其转化效率不高. 因此, CO₂活化转化具有很大的挑战性. 近几年来, 利用CO₂的还原官能化反应制备高附加值的化学品取得了长足的进步. 本文对硼氢化试剂在CO₂分子还原官能团化构筑C—N, C—C, C—O以及C—S键, 合成有用的精细化学结构单元并获得高附加值化学品的研究进行了总结. 硼氢化试剂廉价易得, 对环境污染小, 在使用过程中易于操作, 对CO₂分子的还原效率以及获得的产物纯度和产率都较高.     

Recent Advances in Rapid Synthesis of Non-proteinogenic Amino Acids from Proteinogenic Amino Acids Derivatives via Direct Photo-Mediated C–H Functionalization

Non-proteinogenic amino acids have attracted tremendous interest for their essential applications in the realm of biology and chemistry. Recently, rising C–H functionalization has been considered an alternative powerful method for the direct synthesis of non-proteinogenic amino acids. Meanwhile, photochemistry has become popular for its predominant advantages of mild conditions and conservation of energy. Therefore, C–H functionalization and photochemistry have been merged to synthesize diverse non-proteinogenic amino acids in a mild and environmentally friendly way. In this review, the recent developments in the photo-mediated C–H functionalization of proteinogenic amino acids derivatives for the rapid synthesis of versatile non-proteinogenic amino acids are presented. Moreover, postulated mechanisms are also described wherever needed.     

Recent Advances in Organic Electrochemical C—H Functionalization

Organic electrochemistry has a rich history in organic synthesis and has been considered as a promising alternative to traditional chemical oxidants and reductants because it obviates the use of stoichiometric amount of dangerous and toxic reagents. In particular, the electrochemical C—H bonds functionalization is one of the most desirable approaches for the construction of carbon–carbon (C—C) and carbon–heteroatom (C—X) bonds. This review summarizes the substantial progress made in the last few years in C—H functionalization via organic electrochemistry. It is divided into sections on C—C, C—N, C—O, C—S, C–Halogen and C—P bond formation.     

Recent Advances in the Catalytic Functionalization of “Electrophilic” Indoles

When “dark” is bright : the scarcely explored electrophilic profile of the indolyl core (dark‐side) continues to inspire developments in organic synthesis by means of new catalytic methodologies. Recent advancements in the field enabled molecular diversity and complexity to be effectively realized within heterocyclic chemistry.     

共价功能化碳纳米管的应用研究进展

本文跟踪碳纳米管的功能化研究进展,对共价功能化碳纳米管在材料领域,如复合材料、催化剂载体、电子器件、光学材料、及生物医学中的应用进行了综述.     

Recent Advances in Gold‐Catalyzed Intermolecular Aryl C−H Functionalization

The direct and selective functionalization of C?H bonds offers a powerful opportunity for greener and shorter routes to valuable chemicals. While still in its infancy, research exploiting the unique features of gold catalysis for the functionalization of aryl C?H bonds has demonstrated great potential for facile regioselective decoration of (hetero)arenes. Particularly within the last five years, a more general strategy for utilizing oxidative gold catalysis has emanated including an improved understanding of the underlying mechanistic pathways. To encourage and facilitate further research in intermolecular C?H functionalization of arenes with homogeneous gold catalysis, this Minireview critically presents the transformations and mechanistic data available within this field.     

具有抗癌活性的含磷,锗有机化合物的最新研究进展

对最近几年来所发现的具有抗癌活性的含磷、锗有机化合物的合成及抗癌活性作了综述。     

Functionalization of sulfophthalocyanines in aqueous medium by palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions

A series of mono-functionalized trisulfonated phthalocyanines were prepared in aqueous medium under palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction conditions (Sonogashira, Heck and Suzuki) using water-soluble mono-iodo trisufophthalocyanines as precursors.     

Recent Advances in the Synthesis of Biscoumarin Derivatives

Published data on the preparation of biscoumarin derivatives is discussed in this review. Biscoumarins are synthesized via the reaction of 4‐hydroxy coumarin and different aldehydes. Many attempts have been made to apply various catalysts and also different reaction conditions to synthesize biscoumarins. The role of the catalyst and the reaction conditions on the reaction time and yield of the products is discussed.     

Alkylation on graphite in the absence of Lewis acids

Graphite is introduced as a convenient catalyst for alkylation of aromatic compounds and alcohols by benzyl, tertiary alkyl, and secondary alkyl halides in the absence of strong Lewis acids. Primary alkyl halides are not active under the reaction conditions.     

Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Direct Substitution of Alcohols in Aqueous Media

The direct use of alcohols as the much greener and more sustainable alkylated reagents in substitution reactions is one of the emerging areas in green chemisty. However, owing to the poor leaving character of OH group, the direct substitution of alcohols is not an easy thing. Transition metal (TM) catalysis such as Pd-catalyzed allylic/benzyl substitution and Ir-catalyzed borrowing hydrogen provides efficient protocols for the direct substitution of alcohols, however, an organic solvent and servely anhydrous conditions are generally required. In recent decade, TM-catalyzed direct substitution of alcohols in aqueous media was developed as a much greener alternative. In this review, the recent develpoments of this area are summarized. The activation mechanism of alcohols in aqueous reactions are emphatically discussed.