Two-dimensional residual charge density distribution measurement of surface leader

The charge density distribution of the surface leader has never been measured before. Because the surface leader usually covers a long distance, and the surface potential caused by leader discharge is usually very high, this creates difficulties in measuring the potential distribution of the surface leader. In this paper, with a feedback type electrostatic probe based on a field-nullify technique, a charge density distribution scanning system is developed. A two-layer structure pipe is designed to lower the surface potential after discharge. In this way, the surface potential distribution caused by the residual charge of the leader discharge under the application voltage as high as to 40 kV can be measured. The surface charge density distribution including the leader and streamer is perfectly measured, which is in good agreement with the photograph.     

Correlations between the electric charging properties and the optically determined structure of non-woven fabrics

The aim of this paper is to determine the degree of correlation between the electrostatic potential distribution on the surface of non-woven fabrics and the material structure as obtained by optical means. The potential distribution on the material surface was monitored for several samples of two types of fabrics that were electrically charged using corona discharge. The results show that the charge distribution on the samples surface significantly correlates with the spreading and the third centered moment of the gray-scale pictures of the samples.     

带电导体椭球表面的电荷密度与电场

利用极限情形推断了带电导体椭球表面的电荷密度与电场强度.     

线电荷和介质圆柱系统的电势分布

用不同方法计算了线电荷和介质圆柱系统的电势分布,并对结果进行了讨论,得出了若干有用的结论.     

A coaxial induction probe for measuring the charge,size and distance of a passing object

A coaxial induction probe for measuring the charge, size and distance of a passing object is presented. Two different current signals were induced as an object passed the probes. The signals were integrated and Gaussian curves were fitted to the data. According to simulations done with Comsol Multiphysics, the charge, size and distance could be calculated from the amplitudes and widths of the curves. The system was simulated, built and calibrated. It was tested in powder measurements in a fluidized bed device.     

介质球在点电荷电场中产生的电势分布规律

推证了介质球在点电荷电场中产生的电势分布规律;同时由此推出了当介质球的电容率ε→∞时,介质球在点电荷的电场中为等电势体,以及金属导体球在点电荷电场中产生的电势分布规律．     

Improved fictitious charge method for calculations of electric potential and field generated by point-to-plane electrodes

In the framework of standard tip-to-plane electrode geometry favorable to corona streamer discharge development at atmospheric pressure, this work is devoted to the improvement of fictitious charge method for calculations of electric potential and field repartition when the tip is powered by a DC voltage. It is in fact dedicated to implement the image charge method (generally used in plane-to-plane electrodes) in the case of a point-to-plane geometry. The numerical method is based on the solution an open system of n equations with m unknowns (n >> m) where m is the number of fictitious charges and n the number of contours at the surface of the tip electrode defining the boundary conditions. This numerical technique can accurately interpolate the shape of the electrode tip whatever its geometry and hence allows us to accurately calculate the electric potential and field even at a position very close to the electrode. It is noteworthy that the solution of such open system of equations cannot be obtained from conventional techniques (Cramer, Gauss, matrix inversion, etc.). We used the method of least squares which enables us to close the equation systems and to find the optimal solution fulfilling all the required boundary conditions. The present method is therefore based on the coupling between the conventional method of fictitious charges using image charge method and the optimization by the Least Squares Method. The results of simulation show that the punctual fictitious charges have given the most accurate results when the electrode has symmetry of revolution like the present geometry of a pen shape anode cylinder ended by a sharp tip set in front of cathode plane.     

导体椭球的面电荷密度和曲率的关系

通过求解拉普拉斯方程,得到导体椭球的电势分布情况,进一步分析了导体表面的面电荷密度和曲率的关系,得到面电荷密度不是和曲率成正比,而是和曲率的1/3次方成正比的.     

理论计算中电势能零点的选取对电荷注入的影响

基于紧束缚的Su-Schrieffer-Heeger(SSH)模型,利用非绝热的动力学方法,研究了金属/聚合物结构中电势能零点的选取对电荷注入的影响.理论计算发现,电场越强,电势能零点的选取对电荷注入的影响就越大. 关键词： 电势能 电荷注入 非绝热动力学     

几种不同形状导体表面的电荷面密度

对无限大导体表面，楔形导体表面，半圆柱形凸起表面电荷面密度进行了具体的计算，结果表明在静电平衡的条件下导体表面虽曲率相同，但表面电荷面密度却可以不同．     

求解线电荷与导体圆柱形成电场的新方法

用保角变换方法,将导体圆柱外区域映射为单位圆内区域,线电荷位置映射为单位圆圆心,从而直接写出导体圆柱外电势,并对结果进行详细讨论,还利用软件画出等势线簇图形.     

On the interfacial capacitance of an electrolyte at a metallic electrode around zero surface charge

The behaviour of the capacitance of a planar double layer containing a restricted primitive model electrolyte (equi-sized rigid ions moving in a continuum dielectric) at and around zero surface charge is examined for a polarizable electrode with particular emphasis on a metallic surface. Capacitance results are reported for symmetric valency (1:1) salts encompassing a range of concentrations and temperatures covering both electrolyte solution and ionic liquid regimes. Although the modified Poisson–Boltzmann theory is principally employed, at higher concentrations the theoretical calculations have been supplemented by Monte Carlo simulations. Capacitance anomaly, that is, increase of capacitance with temperature at low temperatures, is seen to occur when the electrode is an insulator with a low dielectric constant or when it is unpolarized. No capacitance anomaly is, however, seen for a metallic electrode with an infinite dielectric constant and in this situation the capacitance increases (a) dramatically at low temperatures (strong coupling) at a given concentration, and (b) as concentration increases at a given temperature. These capacitance trends are consistent with earlier works in the presence or absence of surface polarization and, in particular, the results for a conducting electrode at ionic liquid concentrations are consistent with that recently reported by Loth et al. [Phys. Rev. E, 82, 056102 (2010)]. Overall the theoretical predictions are qualitative to semi-quantitative with the simulations.     

Experimental modeling of the electric potential decay at the surface of polypropylene films (PP)

Surface potential decay (SPD) measurements have been considered as the most appropriate technique for the investigation of the corona charging of dielectrics. The aim of the present paper is to point out the interactions between three factors namely: grid potential, grid current and sample size (length), by taking advantage of the experimental design methodology. The experiments were performed on 0.08 mm – thick samples of PP films, in ambient air (temperature: 20 °C–22 °C; relative humidity: 56 %–62 %), The domains of variation of the three factors considered in the experiments were as follows: – 8 to – 12 kV, for grid potential – 50 to – 90 μA for grid current and 70–150 mm, for sample length. The relative SPD after 300 s and 900 s were considered as output variables of the process. The models that express these variables as quadratic polynomial functions of the three factors were obtained using the Design of Experiments methodology and the commercial software MODDE 5.0. They point out that the surface potential decay is faster at higher applied voltages, lower grid currents and smaller sample areas. The grid voltage has a stronger effect at lower values of the grid current. Both the grid voltage and the corona current have a stronger effect of the SPD in the case of the samples of smaller areas. These observations suggest the optimal operating conditions of the corona charging devices for this kind of dielectric materials.     

无限长均匀带电直线组电场分布的复势解法

给出无限长均匀带电直线的复势,接着讨论平行直线排列与平行环形排列两种情况下,无限长均匀带电直线组的复势与电场,并由此得出相应的电场线与等势线方程.     

Plasma and surface tension model for explaining the surface effect of tritium generation at cold fusion

Summary For explaining the surface mechanism of deuterium reactions in palladium and titanium (clod fusion or neutron swapping) leading to strong tritium production and isotope shifts in palladium, the mechanism of an exotic deuterium plasma with possible short nuclear distance by thermal motion was introduced. Using a new model of the surface tension of metals, resulting in a ?swimming electron layer?, the increase of the concentration of deuterons and the decrease of their distance cause a higher cold fusion in the surface layer by orders of magnitudes compared with the bulk material. The work of one of the authors (H. Hora) was supported by the Wilhelm-Heinrich and Else Heraeus Foundation, Hanau, while being on leave at the University of Giessen, Germany.     

酞菁铜/金属薄膜界面电位与光二次谐波特性分析

采用Kalvin探针和光二次谐波 (SecondHarmonicGeneration ,SHG)方法研究了铜酞菁衍生物 (Coppertetra tert butylPhthalocyanine ,CuttbPc )LB(Langmuir Blodgentt)膜与金属 (Al、Au)界面的空间电荷现象与非线性光学效应 .检测到空间电荷感应电场 (SpaceChargeInducedElectricField ,SCIEF)形成的表面电位与金属功函数有关 ,并随膜厚变化趋于饱和值 .尽管酞菁分子为中心对称体系 ,但仍有SHG效应 ,并观察到CuttbPc/Al样品在 12 6 0nm附近有异常增强的SH信号 ,而CuttbPc/Au样品未见该峰 .根据样品结构的物理模型 ,运用电磁场理论分析了界面电介质的非线性极化特性和光学效应产生机制 ,初步认为CuttbPc/Al的SH增强峰源于SCIEF形成的较强表面电位 ,说明SH信号的产生与界面静电现象有密切关系 .     

Exciton reflection of ZnSe single crystals with account for the effect of the surface electric field

The mechanism of formation of an exciton reflection band is analyzed using a multilayer model of the near-surface region of ZnSe single crystals. It is shown that the appearance of a fine structure (a spike) in the reflection spectra at large damping parameters of the exciton is due to the surface electric field and the Stark exciton effect. The exciton-resonance energies and the damping parameters of free excitons for temperatures ranging from 12 to 100 K are determined by comparing experimental and predicted contours of the reflection spectrum. The surface concentration of charged centers and the characteristics of the space-charge region are evaluated within the framework of the model employed. Brest Polytechnic Institute, 267, Moskovskaya Str., Brest, 224017, Belarus. Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 66, No. 3, pp. 401–407, May–June, 1999.     

Off-centre charge model of the planar electric double layer for asymmetric 2:1/1:2 valencies

ABSTRACT

Grand canonical Monte Carlo simulation results are reported for the structure and capacitance of a planar electric double layer containing off-centre charged rigid sphere cations and centrally charged rigid sphere anions. The ion species are assigned asymmetric valencies, +2:?1 and +1:?2, respectively, and set in a continuum dielectric medium (solvent) characterised by a single relative permittivity. An off-centre charged ion is obtained by displacing the ionic charge from the centre of the sphere towards its surface, and the physical double layer model is completed by placing the ionic system next to a uniformly charged, non-penetrable, non-polarizable planar electrode. Structural results such as electrode-ion singlet distribution functions, ionic charge density and orientation profiles are complemented by differential capacitance results at electrolyte concentrations of 0.2?mol/dm³ and 1?mol/dm³, respectively, and for various displacements of the cationic charge centre. The effect of asymmetry due to off-centre cations and valency asymmetry on the double layer properties is maximum for divalent counterions and when the cation charge is closest to the hard sphere surface.     

Comparison of the Monte Carlo estimation of surface electrostatic potential at the hematite (0 0 0 1)/electrolyte interface with the experiment

The Monte Carlo simulations of the surface electrostatic potential are presented for the hematite (0 0 0 1) crystal plane. According to the ab initio calculations, the Fe-terminated (0 0 0 1) plane contains only one type of surface groups. The charge of this surface group is predicted using quantum population analyses, and the result is very close to this of the 1-pK model assumption. The surface topology and topography were constructed using the relaxed crystal plane structure. The Monte Carlo simulations for the reduced (including only hydrogen ions) and the extended (containing also electrolyte) models give the linear non-Nernstian pH-profile of surface potential. The simulation results are in agreement with the experimental measurements carried out by Kallay et al. [N. Kallay, Z. Dojnovi?, A. Cop, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 286 (2005) 610-614.] in the point of zero charge vicinity. This suggests that in this pH-region the surface properties are basically governed by the H⁺ ions uptake/release and the electrolyte ions complexations. The discrepancy for strongly acidic and basic regions suggests that some additional processes take place in the single-crystal electrode measurement, which results in the non-linear ψ₀=f(pH) profile.