Influence of gamma irradiation on surface potential decay of corona charged polyethylene

In the present paper the surface potential decay after dc corona charging of gamma-irradiated low-density polyethylene (LDPE) has been studied. The irradiation was carried out in air, nitrogen gas and vacuum to investigate the effect of irradiation environment on the surface potential of LDPE. Samples with different absorbed doses were obtained by exposing samples to ⁶⁰Co for various times at room temperature. It has been found that there is a significant change in the surface potential decay characteristics after different irradiation dose and the surface potential decay pattern depends also on irradiation environment. The possible surface potential decay mechanisms responsible for the above were discussed. The results are useful in the context of long-term performance of electrets.     

直流电晕充电下环氧树脂表面电位衰减特性的研究

介质材料表面电荷的积累和衰减行为是制约众多高压直流电力设备研制的关键因素. 薄片状介质试样的表面电荷密度与表面电位近似呈线性关系, 因此常通过表面电位衰减行为研究表面电荷的衰减特性. 基于电晕充电、表面电荷沉积和脱陷、介质体内单极性电荷输运等3个物理过程, 建立表面电位动态响应的物理模型. 通过计算环氧树脂的表面电位衰减行为, 得到栅极电压、相对介电常数和体电导率等对其表面电位衰减特性的影响. 栅极电压越高, 表面电位的衰减速度越快; 环氧树脂材料参数典型值(相对介电常数3.93, 体电导率10^-14 S· m^-1)下, 归一化表面电位的衰减速率随时间变化的曲线可拟合为分段幂函数, 其中, 分段幂函数的特征时间、指数系数与栅极电压分别呈幂函数和线性变化关系. 相对介电常数越大, 表面电位的衰减速度越慢; 环氧树脂相对介电常数典型范围(3–4)内, 表面电位衰减时间常数由1720 s增大到2540 s, 两者呈线性关系. 体电导率越大, 表面电位的衰减速度越快; 环氧树脂体电导率典型范围(10^-15–10^-13 S· m^-1)内, 表面电位衰减时间常数由24760 s 减小到260 s, 两者呈幂函数变化关系.     

Effect of electrode surface topology on charge injection characteristics in dielectric liquids: An experimental study

Micro/nano scale features are incorporated on an electrode surface to study its effect on the charge injection characteristics in HFE7100. These features are generated on a smooth surface by chemical etching of the electrodes or through electrophoretic deposition of single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT). The threshold voltage for charge injection was reduced by a factor of 5 and 2 for the SWCNT and etched electrodes respectively, when compared to the smooth electrode configuration. The presence of sharp features on the surface with high aspect ratio had a more dominant effect on enhancing the charge injection than the roughness.     

正充电聚四氟乙烯薄膜驻极体的电荷储存及其动态特性

研究了栅控恒压正电晕充电的聚四氟乙烯（PTFE）薄膜驻极体的电荷储存与 输运特性.结果显示在100℃以下的较低温区和高于150℃，尤其是高于180℃的较高 温区内慢再俘获效应控制着脱阱电荷的输运；而在约100—150℃的温区内快再俘获效应占主导地位.初始表面电位的增加将导致电荷密度衰减加剧，通过合理控制充电参数和组合 热处理工艺，可使同样储存有足够高的电荷密度的正负充电的PTFE薄膜驻极体既显示出相近 的电荷储存寿命，又具有突出的电荷稳定性. 关键词： 聚四氟乙烯 正充电驻极体 交越现象 电荷稳定性 电荷 输运     

Distribution of electric potential in oil film on water surface induced by charged disc in water

Charged disc-shaped objects are parts of many colloidal systems, as well as a model of discretely charged interfaces. An analytical expression for the distribution of electric potential inside dielectric wetting film between diluted electrolyte and dielectric media caused by a charged disc inside electrolyte was derived within the Debye–Hückel approximation with consideration of effects of boundary polarization. The accuracy and convergence of the expressions at different distances from the disc were analyzed. A comparison with point charge potential was discussed.     

On the negative corona and ionic wind over water electrode surface

The DC corona discharge in air and the induced ionic wind were investigated in the needle-to-water system at atmospheric pressure. The water deformation was measured under various conditions, and wind pressure and active areas were estimated accordingly. The effects of applied voltage, gap spacing and tip radius on the corona ionic wind were studied and the qualitative analysis was provided. Self-rotation of corona discharge was observed in experiments. The results show that higher voltage or electric field strength results in a stronger ionic wind. The active area increases with applied voltage below a voltage threshold. There is an optimal gap distance for a wider as well as stronger ionic wind and blunter needle we used leads to an enhancement on both the active area and the wind strength. The wind velocity reaches 7 m/s at optimized condition in the present system. The rotation of corona discharge helps to improve the active area and uniformity of the treating area which may be associated with the chemical reaction of the water surface.     

Factors that influence the surface potential decay on a thin film of polyethylene terephthalate (PET)

The initial potential at the surface of the sample, as well as the temperature and the relative humidity of the ambient air are known to influence the surface-potential decay characteristics of corona-charged thin insulating films. The aim of the present work is to demonstrate the effectiveness of the Experimental Design methodology for evaluating the effects of these factors. Thus, a full factorial experimental design was carried out on a thin film of polyethylene terephthalate (thickness: 0.5 mm; surface: 50 mm × 50 mm). A negative corona discharge produced in a needle–grid–plate electrode system was employed to charge the surface of the film samples. The variation domains for the three factors were respectively: ?1000 V to ?1800 V; 25 to 55 °C; 50% to 80%. The surface-potential decay process was characterized by two output variables: the time needed for the potential to reduce to respectively 50% and 10% of the initial value. It was found that the former is more affected by the temperature, while the latter is more sensitive to the variation of the relative humidity.     

带电导体椭球的电势和电荷分布

介绍用椭球坐标系求带电导体椭球所产生的电势和它上面电荷分布的方法,并讨论一些特殊情况.     

表层氟化温度对聚乙烯中空间电荷积累的影响

在实验室反应釜中于不同的温度(35 ℃, 55 ℃和70 ℃) 下, 以氟气体积浓度为12.5%的氟/氮混合气对热压制备的聚乙烯(PE) 片状试样(厚约0.8 mm) 进行了相同时间(2 h) 的表层氟化改性. 利用压力波法研究了氟化温度对PE中空间电荷积累的影响. 结果显示, 随着氟化温度的提高直流高压作用下的氟化试样中的空间电荷积累明显减少, 这个70 ℃的氟化试样中几乎没有空间电荷. 衰减全反射红外分析表明, 氟化引起了试样表层化学组成的本质变化及氟化度随氟化温度的明显提高. 接触角测量与表面能计算间接地表明了这些氟化层有显著增大的介电常数. 开路热刺激放电电流测量进一步揭示了这些氟化层 不同的电荷捕获特性, 及随着氟化温度的提高氟化层对化学杂质从半导性电极向PE扩散的增强的阻挡特性, 因此表明氟化层中自由体积的相应减小. 表层自由体积的减小对抑制空间电荷的积累, 比介电常数的增大和电荷陷阱的变化起到更加显著的作用.     

电晕充电的聚丙烯无纺布空气过滤膜的电荷储存及稳定性

讨论了用作空气过滤材料的聚丙烯（polypropylene，PP）无纺布驻极体的电荷储存能力及 其稳定性. 研究了温度和环境湿度对电荷稳定性的影响，并从材料形貌特征和能阱结构方面 分析了电荷储存对湿度敏感效应的结构根源. 指出热处理工艺（包括常温充电后老化和高温 充电）对电荷稳定性的明显改善. 结果说明PP无纺布驻极体在常温常湿时呈现出很好的电荷 储存寿命，脱阱电荷的输运规律受慢再俘获效应控制. 关键词： 聚丙烯无纺布 驻极体 电荷稳定性 湿度和温度     

界面极化注极聚丙烯薄膜驻极体的电荷存储特性研究

本文报道一种基于双层介质界面极化机理的新型驻极体注极技术: 借助辅助层对PP薄膜进行注极. 采用表面电位测试方法考察了注极温度、注极电压对所获PP薄膜驻极体电荷存储性能的影响, 并利用热刺激放电技术研究了其高温电荷存储性能, 同时测试了PP薄膜驻极体在X和Y方向的静电场分布. 结果表明: 界面极化注极是一种比电晕注极更为优异的驻极体形成方法. 在一定温度下, 驻极体表面电位随注极电压的增加而增加, 而且两者呈线性关系, 这一结果与注极过程的电荷积聚方程的分析完全一致. 注极温度的影响研究表明, 在保持注极电压不变(注极电压范围为0.5–3.0 kV)的情况下, 温度低于75 ℃时, 温度的变化对于注极效果的影响不明显; 当注极温度大于75 ℃ 时, PP薄膜驻极体的表面电位随注极温度的增加而增加. 表面电位随时间的变化研究表明, PP薄膜驻极体具有良好的电荷存储稳定性. 对其表面电位分布的测试表明, 界面极化注极所形成的PP薄膜驻极体呈现均匀的静电场分布.     

Ionization potential of atoms and multiply charged ions versus the nuclear charge

The terms of ions and atoms are calculated with a method based on the Bohr model. The ionization potentials of helium-like, lithium-like, and beryllium-like ions are calculated as functions of the nuclear charge and electron quantum numbers. The results calculated are in satisfactory agreement with experimental data. The accuracy of the method is found to rise with the nuclear charge of ions.     

Effect of electrode material on sealing wax thermo-electret charge

Thermo-electrets of sealing wax have been prepared using different metal electrodes: tin, aluminium, nickel, copper, lead and zinc (Series A) and pairs of metallic — tin and non-metallicmica (Series B) keeping other preparative parameters to be the same in each series. Surface charge has been measured on anode side of each thermo-electret. Surface charge characteristics have been discussed in the light of the results obtained in earlier studies on sealing wax thermo-electrets by the authors and existing views on the origin of charges. These results suggest that origin of homocharge in thermo-electrets is due to injection of charge carriers supplied by the electrodes into the dielectric surface and freezing in near the surface and getting trapped in the surface levels. The origin of heterocharge is due to inhomogeneous distribution of charge carriers originating in the bulk on account of their trapping.     

Effect of Bohm potential on a charged gas

Bohm’s interpretation of Quantum Mechanics leads to the derivation of a Quantum Kinetic Equation (QKE): in the present work, propagation of waves in charged quantum gases is investigated starting from this QKE. Dispersion relations are derived for fully and weakly degenerate fermions and bosons (for the latter above critical temperature) and the differences discussed. Use of a kinetic equation permits investigation of “Landau-type” damping: it is found that the presence of damping in fermion gases is dependent upon the degree of degeneracy, whereas it is always present in boson gases. In fully degenerate fermions a phenomenon appears that is akin to the “zero sound” propagation.     

Study of the local repolarization currents and charge carrier injection on an LiNbO3 surface scanned with a mobile point electrode

A method of the potential relief recording and reading in a subsurface region of Z-cut monodomain lithium niobate crystals of congruent composition was developed. The method is based on scanning the crystal surface with a point (needle-like) electrode. The injection and polarization switching currents were measured in the course of scanning. It was found that the characteristic time of the potential relief formation during the injection of carriers into the subsurface crystal region is on the order of 10⁻¹ s. The process of polarization switching and the related potential relief formation is about ten times faster. For a dot recording, a characteristic distance on which a significant change in the recorded potential relief takes place is on the order of 10² μm. The carrier injection current in the +Z direction is smaller than that in the opposite direction. __________ Translated from Fizika Tverdogo Tela, Vol. 43, No. 9, 2001, pp. 1669–1673. Original Russian Text Copyright ? 2001 by Zalesskii, Sherman, Fregatov.     

带电导体椭球表面的电荷密度与电场

利用极限情形推断了带电导体椭球表面的电荷密度与电场强度.     

聚丙烯孔洞驻极体膜的化学表面处理及电荷稳定性

利用热刺激放电(Thermally Stimulated Discharge, TSD)电流谱、在线电荷TSD、电荷等温衰减测量和衰减全反射(Attenuated Total Reflection, ATR)红外光谱分析，本文系统地研究了经化学表面处理(萃取、氧化及氢氟酸)的聚丙烯(PP)孔洞驻极体膜的电荷储存稳定性及电荷稳定性提高的原因.结果表明：经适当地氧化和氢氟酸室温处理试样的TSD电流谱中在温位约为184℃处出现原膜所没有的非常强的新峰，电荷热稳定性得到显著的提高，这一电荷热稳定性通过高温充电工艺得到进一步地改善；适当延长室温下氢氟酸处理的时间或延长氧化时间，都会使处理膜的电荷稳定性得到提高.理论分析表明在线电荷TSD测量法可给出线性升温过程中电荷重心及驻极体电荷量变化的综合信息，结合TSD电流谱和初始电荷重心位置的测量，可精确地考察线性升温过程中电荷重心的在线变化. 关键词： 聚丙烯孔洞膜 表面氧化 氢氟酸处理 电荷稳定性 在线电荷TSD     

Electric potential decay on polyethylene: Role of atmospheric water on electric charge build-up and dissipation

Electrostatic potential decay on corona-charged low-density polyethylene (LDPE) was recorded as a function of position and time, using a macroscopic scanning electrode and also Kelvin force microscopy. Potential decays independently in adjacent sample areas until reaching equilibrium at negative values (4.6 ± 0.7 V), irrespective of the initial potential signal. Other observations already described in literature were confirmed: negative potential decays slower than positive potential and the relative humidity has a large effect on the dissipation rates. These results are discussed considering ion exchange associated to adsorption and desorption of water clusters at the solid–gas interface.     

The surface potential of point charge and point dipole lattices

New expressions for the potential in the surface region of point charge and point dipole lattices reveal that a modified direct summation scheme can converge with comparable rapidity to those of the more complicated Ewald form.