多个时间常数线性体系暂态响应方程参数的代数求解法

从线性条件出发,推导了含n个时间常数体系恒电位阶跃时暂态响应方程,并提出一套解析形为ΔI=ΔI_∞+sum from i=1 to n k_iexp(-t/τ_i)暂态方程各未知参数的代数解法。该方法可对未知体系时间常数个数进行判定,比起一般曲线拟合更加快速简便,且抗干扰能力较强。     

苯酚+环己酮固液平衡的热力学计算

对苯酚+环己酮低温固液平衡体系,直接由相图和基本热力学数据,计算体系热力学性质。使用Gibbs-Duhem方程和四参量GE方程,在220.00～241.00K区间,计算了8个温度的两组元活度系数和GE方程,在241.00K,x2=0.5、GE=783.69J/mol,SE=97.11/(mol.K),HE=24186.69J/mol。241.00K相合熔点化合物的离解平衡ΔrGm=1982.93J/mol,ΔrHm=5753.241J/mol,ΔrSm=15.65J/(mol.K)。体系偏离于规则溶液模型。在化合物存在相区,离解反应的反应焓变和熵变均可视之为常量。液相区不会存在稳定的化合物。     

高氮含能配合物M（ATZ）（bpy）m·nH2O液相生成反应的热动力学

合成了6种固态高氮含能配合物M（ATZ）（bpy）m·nH2O（（1）M=Mn,m=2,n=3;（2）M=Co,m=2,n=7;（3）M=Ni,m=2,n=0;（4）M=Cu,m=1,n=0;（5）M=Pb,m=1,n=3;（6）M=Zn,m=1,n=1;ATZ=5,5′-偶氮四唑,bpy=2,2′-联吡啶）。对它们的结构和性能进行了表征。用RD496-CK2000微热量计测定了298.15 K下各配合物的液相生成反应焓变分别为：ΔrHm^θ（1）=241.245±0.060 kJ/mol,ΔrHm^θ（2）=-256.875±0.050 kJ/mol,ΔrHm^θ（3）=-265.172±0.038 kJ/mol,ΔrHm^θ（4）=-236.538±0.038 kJ/mol,ΔrH^θm（5）=-249.698±0.038 kJ/mol,ΔrHm^θ（6）=-185.072±0.048 kJ/mol。通过试验测定得到的所有液相反应的ΔrHm^θ均为负值,有利于目标物生成;并改变反应温度,研究了它们的液相生成反应的热动力学。改变温度研究了液相生成反应的热动力学,利用反应热化学数据和动力学方程结合热动力学实验数据计算了活化焓（ΔH≠^θ）、活化熵（ΔS≠^θ）、活化自由能（ΔG≠^θ）、表观反应速率常数（k）、表观活化能（E）、指前常数（A）和反应级数（n）。     

中国化学会第21届全国高中学生化学竞赛(决赛)理论试题答案

第1题计算A、B两条直线的斜率:直线A的斜率为-3.76×104直线B的斜率为-1.01×104由Clausius-Clapeyron方程lnp=-ΔvRapTHm C及直线A和直线B的斜率分别得到:ΔHA=84.0kJ.mol-1ΔHB=312.6kJ.mol-1ΔH=ΔHB-ΔHA=312.6kJ.mol-1-84.0kJ.mol-1=229kJ.mol-11-4设xA、xB分别为为DEAA三     

高聚物高压下的状态方程

本文从高分子体系内分子链间相互作用能出发,得到了一个描述高聚物高压下的等温状态方程 从实验中发现n、m为普适常数,n=6.14,m=1,16.在不存在转变的情况下,该方程对处于玻璃态、结晶态及液态高聚物体系均适用.     

微悬臂梁适配子传感器检测维埃克斯、沙林及动力学分析

采用生物素-亲和素法在微悬臂梁传感芯片上固定维埃克斯、沙林适配子,建立了压阻式微悬臂梁适配子传感器检测维埃克斯、沙林及动力学分析方法。传感器对维埃克斯检测的线性范围为2~60μg/L,线性回归方程为ΔUe=0.886C-1.039(n=5,R=0.984,p<0.001),检出限为2μg/L(S/N≥3);对沙林检测的线性范围为10~60μg/L,线性回归方程为ΔUe=0.716C-2.304(n=5,R=0.996,p<0.001),检出限为10μg/L(S/N≥3)。传感器具有良好的选择性和抗干扰能力,对毒剂类似物O-丁基甲基膦酰氯基本无响应。在此基础上,根据受体-配体结合特性与压阻式微悬臂梁传感器输出电压变化之间的关系,建立了传感器检测维埃克斯、沙林的反应动力学模型,根据拟合方程求出的传感器对不同浓度维埃克斯、沙林反应达到平衡时的响应电压(ΔUe)、响应时间(t0)均与实测值非常接近。     

Laplace方程及其推导方法的讨论

当有弯曲表面或界面存在时,在曲面内外便存在由于表面作用而引起的压力差ΔP,其大小可用Laplace方程描述,即ΔP=σ(1/(r_1)+1/(r_2))(1)此方程有许多种推导方法,下面对常见的推导法中的某些问题,作几点粗浅的讨论. 一、对ΔP=σ(dV)/(dV)的推导和理解     

高阻抗电化学体系恒电位脉冲暂态过程研究

提出一套恒电位脉冲测量暂态电流的技术,通过累加生成处理,可大大降低曲线的噪声,再由非等间距的差分处理,可对电化学体系时间常数作出简便的判定,还分析了脉冲幅度以及溶液电阻的作用,并在Fe/H_3BO_3＋Na_2B_4O_7体系和碳钢／砂土体系中对该方法进行了验证。     

强碱性树脂IRA-400对富马酸吸附性能的研究

通过静态吸附试验,研究了强碱性树脂IRA-400对富马酸的吸附性能。结果表明,该树脂与弱碱性树脂IRA-94相比,受pH值影响较小,在pH=3.5时,该树脂对富马酸具有较好的吸附性能,其静态饱和吸附容量为1.466mmol/g湿树脂;该树脂对富马酸的吸附等温线符合Freundlich等温方程,在298.15K,308.15K和318.15K下的相关系数R2均大于0.99,方程的特征参数n1,属"优惠吸附";吸附过程ΔG0,ΔS0,ΔH0,表明此反应过程是放热的,自发进行的,降低温度有利于吸附反应的发生;吸附动力学研究表明,IRA-400树脂对富马酸的吸附过程主要受液膜扩散控制。     

含硅芳二胺固化环氧树脂的反应动力学研究

合成了2种含硅二胺单体3,3'-(1,3-二甲基-1,3-二乙烯基-1,3-二硅氧烷)二苯胺(S1)和4,4'-(1,3-二甲基-1,3-二乙烯基-1,3-二硅氧烷)二苯胺(S2),并对其作为环氧树脂的新型固化剂进行了研究.采用非等温示差扫描量热技术(DSC)研究了其与双酚A型环氧树脂E51体系的固化反应动力学,根据不同升温速率下E51/S1和E51/S2体系的特征温度的变化,分别确定了该两体系的固化反应工艺条件,即:E51/S1体系为100℃/1h+160℃/2h+190℃/3h;E51/S2体系为110℃/1h+170℃/2h+190℃/3h.通过Kissinger方程、Crane方程以及Arrheninus方程对固化反应进行了固化动力学行为研究,得到了两个反应体系的表观活化能ΔE、Arrhenius因子A以及反应级数n等动力学参数.E51/S1体系的ΔE为50.65 k J/mol、A为1.83×105,n为0.87;E51/S2体系的ΔE为51.39 k J/mol,A为1.44×105,n为0.87,由ΔE和A表明,E51和S2的反应活性高于E51和S1的反应活性,即,氨基位于苯环的间位时与环氧基团更容易反应.二者的反应级数相同并且小于1,说明E51与S1和S2之间的反应是复杂反应.在动力学参数的基础上,得到了n级固化动力学模型.     

多个时间常数线性体系恒电量响应的频谱分析

从线性条件出发,利用拉普拉斯变换及其逆运算推导多个时间常数体系在恒电量激励条件下线性响应暂态方程,并推导出恒电量激励下Rs(C₁(R₁(C₂(R₂(C₃R₃)))))电路模型的极化电位响应式. 通过线性响应方程的理论验证以及与实际腐蚀体系的EIS进行对比,结果表明：对恒电量瞬态响应进行频谱分析,可以促进恒电量测量结果与EIS进行更加细致的对比验证. 对含有多时间常数的电极过程,利用阻抗拟合软件进行局部拟合,可以确定初始值的设置,以避免时域的曲线拟合时出现多种结果的局面,大大地提高了恒电量瞬态响应数据解析的准确性.     

Transient analysis of electrolytically initiated polymerization

Electrochemically initiated polymerization at a planar electrode is treated theoretically and an approximate solution to the full time-dependent problem is found assuming the electrode process to be reversible (so that the Nernst relation holds). The homogeneous kinetics lead to a second-order coupled non-linear initial-boundary value problem, and the method developed for its solution is general and applicable to other problems. The approximate solution is converted to an equation for the transient current-versus-time curve, for electrode initiated polymerization, which can be used for the experimental determination of the polymerization and termination rate constants. An analysis procedure for such determination is outlined.     

n-InP在Fe3+/Fe2+溶液中光脉冲暂态行为研究 Ⅱ.负载电阻及还原态浓度的影响

本文应用光脉冲技术研究了负载电阻及还原态浓度对n-InP在Fe³⁺/Fe²⁺溶液中暂态行为的影响,结果表明,光电流表减呈双指数形式,增大负载电阻,峰值光电流减小,衰减时间常数增大。增大还原态浓度,峰值光电流增大,衰减时间常数减小。     

脉冲极谱法研究(Ⅵ)——示差脉冲极谱吸附不可逆波方程的数值求解

本文利用“Huber”解积分方程的方法计算了示差脉冲极谱(简称Dpp)吸附不可逆波方程,并讨论了该方程的性质。与文献采用的方法相比,该方程计算速度快、准确度高,有利于在微型计算机上实现。     

Hydrodynamic voltammetry at channel electrodes: Part VII. Current transients at double channel electrodes

Expressions for the transient current at the downstream electrode in response to galvanostatic electrolysis at the upstream electrode in the channel flow cell were derived by applying double Laplace transformation when the electrode reaction at the upstream electrode is kinetically controlled. The ratio of the transient current to the steady state current or the transient collection efficiency was calculated as a function of electrode geometry and θ

, where U_m is the mean flow velocity in the channel cell, D the diffusion coefficient of the electroactive species, b the half height of the channel, x₁ the length of the upstream electrode and t the time elapsed since the beginning of the galvanostatic electrolysis at the upstream electrode. Curves for the transient collection efficiency can be applied to evaluating the amount of adsorption at the upstream electrode when metal at the electrode is anodically dissolved in solution. Digital simulation was carried out. Transient curves, obtained analytically, were in good agreement with those evaluated from the digital simulation. In order to allow one to draw transient curves readily, we derived a simple approximate equation.     

Pulsed Galvanostatic Method for Studying Corrosion Processes: A Further Development

The pulsed galvanostatic method of studying corrosion processes is applied together with the pulsed galvanostatic method of measuring the electrode capacitance, which makes it possible to more rigorously determine the number of components of an equivalent circuit for the electrode. In order to recognize the processes characterized by small time constants, it is advisable to take one more measurement with a polarizing-current pulse whose magnitude is several times greater but the length is shorter. The time interval for calculating still next RC circuit must be selected so that the residual transient, obtained after subtracting the contribution made by this circuit, should have a horizontal portion in the time interval from RC to 3RC. Parameters of the assumed last RC circuit can be calculated in a roundabout way, from the electrode capacitance measured by a pulsed method. It is established that, with an anodic measuring pulse, an equivalent circuit for an Ni electrode in 1 N H₂SO₄ comprises two RC circuits; for a Cu electrode in 1 N NaCl, a Warburg circuit and two RC circuits; and for an Ni electrode in 1 N NaCl, a Warburg circuit and four RC circuits.     

Evaluation of the rate constants in chemical reactions

This article is concerned with the application of a new method to recover the rate constants in chemical reactions. The method is based on treating the unknown parameters as time dependent. With appropriate experimental data the unknown rate constants are guided from an arbitrary initial condition to their true value at a final time. An explicit equation describing the time evolution of the parameters is obtained by minimizing the error along the trajectory. The method leads to an iterative algorithm which is described in detail. Numerical results with the method indicate that accurate estimates of the rate constants can be obtained directly from experimental data. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 30: 151–159, 1998.     

Flow-injection approach for the determination of the dynamic response characteristics of ion-selective electrodes. Part 1. Theoretical considerations

A single-line flow-injection system with a straight tube reactor is proposed for investigating the dynamic response behaviour of ion-selective electrodes. The principle of the method is based on the fact that the concentration—time curve at the electrode surface can be described theoretically in the flow-injection system under certain practically realizable conditions. The response of the ion-selective electrode to that input signal can be measured experimentally. Thus, knowing the input and the output signal of an ion-selective electrode, an appropriate model describing its dynamic behaviour can be selected among the relevant models existing in the literature. Theoretical expressions for predicting the transient response of ion-selective electrodes in the flow system when the rate-determining step is an ion-transport process through a diffusion layer or a kinetic process were elaborated.     

Extraction of electrode kinetic parameters from microdisc voltammetric data measured under transport conditions intermediate between steady-state convergent and transient linear diffusion as typically applies to room temperature ionic liquids

The extraction of electrode kinetic parameters for electrochemical couples in room-temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) is currently an area of considerable interest. Electrochemists typically measure electrode kinetics in the limits of either transient planar or steady-state convergent diffusion for which the voltammetric response is well understood. In this paper we develop a general method allowing the extraction of this kinetic data in the region where the diffusion is intermediate between the planar and convergent limits, such as is often encountered in RTILs using microelectrode voltammetry. A general working surface is derived, allowing the inference of Butler-Volmer standard electrochemical rate constants for the peak-to-peak potential separation in a cyclic voltammogram as a function of voltage scan rate. The method is applied to the case of the ferrocene/ferrocenium couple in [C2mim][N(Tf)2] and [C4mim][N(Tf)2].