Effect of large-heat-capacity substances doping of superconducting coils on their dynamic stability

The dependence of the quench currents on the ramp rate was studied for four small NbTi coils. Two pairs of superconducting coils were tested. In one pair the SC 0.85-mm-dia wire with 2970 filaments was used, in the other two coils the SC wire contained 8910 filaments of smaller size. Two coils (with different number of filaments) contained 4.9 vol % of Large-Heat-Capacity Substance (LHCS) in the form of tiny powder evenly distributed over the winding volume, therefore their heat capacity at 4.2 K was an order of magnitude larger than that for coils without LHCS. The LHCS was introduced into the winding in a mixture with epoxy resin (“wet” winding). When the self-magnetic field varied with a rate of ≥5 T/s, premature quenches were observed in the central turns of the undoped coil made of a wire with 2970 filaments. These transitions are likely to be caused by magnetic flux jumps. In the LHCS-doped coil made of the same wire, the quenches took place at currents two to three times higher, since the sample was heated up to a critical temperature because of electrical losses (as confirmed by calculations). Thus, the improved stability of the LHCS-containing coils not only against long-term (0.1–1.0 s) disturbances but also against much shorter (10–100 μs) jumps of the magnetic flux is demonstrated.     

Zurek-Kibble mechanism for the spontaneous vortex formation in Nb-Al/Al(ox)/Nb Josephson tunnel junctions: new theory and experiment

New scaling behavior has been both predicted and observed in the spontaneous production of fluxons in quenched Nb-Al/Al(ox)/Nb annular Josephson tunnel junctions (JTJs) as a function of the quench time, tau(Q). The probability f(1) to trap a single defect during the normal-metal-superconductor phase transition clearly follows an allometric dependence on tau(Q) with a scaling exponent sigma = 0.5, as predicted from the Zurek-Kibble mechanism for realistic JTJs formed by strongly coupled superconductors. This definitive experiment replaces one reported by us earlier, in which an idealized model was used that predicted sigma = 0.25, commensurate with the then much poorer data. Our experiment remains the only condensed matter experiment to date to have measured a scaling exponent with any reliability.     

Isobaric-isothermal molecular dynamics study on the glass transition of a Lennard-Jones system

By means of constant-pressure, constant-temperature molecular dynamics simulations, we study the glass transition of a system composed of 864 Lennard-Jones particles with periodic boundary conditions. We calculate the thermodynamic properties, the structure properties, the diffusion constant and the microscopic structural parameters of our system, all of which show, at the nearly same temperature, the behaviours characteristic of the glass transition. The effect of the quench rate is such that the lower the quench rate, the lower the glass transition temperature and the more stable the obtained glass. Our simulations indicate that, for argon, the critical quench rate which separates the glass-forming quench rates and the crystal-forming quench rates is in the range between 4×10¹⁰ K/sec and 40×10¹¹ K/sec.     

串联超导单元失超特性改善方法的仿真研究(英文)

为承受高电压与高电流等级,电阻型超导限流器的各个无感超导单元间不可避免地要进行串并联,由此会带来单元间失超不同步的问题.本文以单根344S超导带材在100ms的故障时间内,带材温度由92K升至300K时,失超电阻随温度的变化为基础,对两者间的关系进行了拟合.之后,以拟合函数为核心,利用Simulink的库中元件构建了单位长度344S带材的失超电阻模型并将其封装为模块.最后,搭建仿真电路模拟了故障时间内两个串联失超模块不同步失超的过程,仿真了分流电阻对失超不同步的改善并对分流电阻的选取进行了优化分析.结论证实,较小阻值的分流电阻更有利于改善失超特性.     

不同区间下电流猝灭特性在等离子体破裂期间的对比研究

托卡马克装置上电磁负载大小值与破裂期间电流猝灭特征有密切的关系.电流猝灭特征包括电流猝灭波形以及电流猝灭率等,它将在一定程度上决定装置的寿命.本文选取100%-40%, 90%-10%, 80%-20%三个区间分析了HL-2A装置上等离子体破裂现象,得到三个不同区间下电流猝灭参数范围.对比分析结果表明：在相同定义下,利用100%-40%和80%-20%区间得到的平均电流猝灭时间以及电流猝灭率分布差异最小.除了80%-20%区间外,100%-40%区间也可作为提供最大线性平均等离子体电流猝灭速率近似的适合区间.     

A SQUID system for low-drift magnetization measurements

A system is described which, using an rf-biased SQUID and an adjustable flux transformer, can be applied to low-drift magnetization measurements. With microwaves as bias signal and a modulation frequency of 11 MHz, a slew rate of 2·10⁷ flux quanta/s in closed-loop operation of the SQUID is achieved. This corresponds to a maximum traceable rate of flux change at the flux transformer input of 4·10⁻³ V, allowing to investigate also specimens with considerable spontaneous magnetization changes (flux jumps).     

Observation of spontaneous flux generation in a multi-josephson-junction loop

We describe observations of spontaneous flux generation inside a YBa(2)Cu(3)O(7-delta) loop made of 214 Josephson junctions in series. The flux is generated spontaneously during cooldown into the superconducting state. The experiment is motivated by the Kibble-Zurek scenario of formation of topological defects in condensed matter systems. The transition from decoupled superconducting segments into a coherent loop is determined by the strength of thermal fluctuations in the junctions. Values of the flux measured at the end of each cooldown follow a normal distribution, and are consistent with the instantaneous phase differences across the junctions adding up as the loop becomes coherent.     

Design and Studies of Disruption Prediction System on the HL-2A Tokamak

In the contemporary large tokamak, the disruptive termination of a discharge will reduce the lifetime of the first wall materials because of the intense heat flux at the energy quench and the intense runaway electrons during the current quench, and generate high electromagnetic forces on vacuum vessel components. The system of disruption warner must be established in the HL-2A tokamak. MHD real-time measuring and processing system has been designed and implemented. The system can be predicted the auras of dischage disruption in real-time, the energy quench and the current quench can be avoidanced.     

Unusual Phase Separation Kinetics in Poly(Methyl Methacrylate)/Poly(Styrene-co-Acrylonitrile) (PMMA/SAN) Blends with PMMA of Different Molecular Weights

The influence of molecular weight of poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) on the thermodynamics and dynamics of phase separation in PMMA/poly (styrene-co-acrylonitrile) (SAN) blends was investigated via optical microscopy, time-resolved small-angle light scattering (SALS), and dynamic rheological measurements. It was found that the cloud point temperature of the blends decreased with an increase in the molecular weight of the PMMA. The phase separation rates of PMMA 48K/SAN and PMMA 85K/SAN blends with the near-critical composition were almost the same at small quench depths due to the limited mobility of molecular chains at low temperatures. However, an unexpected phase separation dynamics was observed at larger quench depths. Not only the morphology evolution but also the apparent diffusion coefficient D_app calculated from SALS revealed that the phase separation rate was faster in the PMMA 85K/SAN blend than in the PMMA 48K/SAN blend. The possible reasons for this unusual rapid kinetics of phase separation observed in the higher molecular weight blend were discussed in terms of molecular mobility and viscoelasticity.     

Quenching by Falling Cryogenic Liquid Film of Extremely Overheated Plate with Structured Capillary-Porous Coating

The paper presents results of a computational experiment simulating rapid cooling by falling liquid nitrogen film of an overheated vertical copper plate with a structured capillary-porous coating. A dynamic pattern of the running quench front was obtained, and it correlates satisfactorily with that observed in the experiments. The features of the heat transfer and quench front dynamics in the transient process are studied. The maximum density of the heat flux carried away into the liquid turned out to exceed by far that in quasi-stationary conditions. The presence of capillaryporous coating significantly affects the dynamics of quenching and temperature fields and makes it possible to reduce the total quenching time more than threefold. Initialization of a quench front on a plate with a structured capillary-porous coating occurs at a temperature much higher than the thermodynamic limit of liquid superheat. The reliability of the numerical simulation results was confirmed via direct comparison with experimental data on the variation of the plate temperature, as well as on the velocity and geometry of the quench front.     

柯里拉京与DNA相互作用的光谱研究

在p H 7.4的生理条件下,以溴化乙锭(EB)作为荧光探针,利用荧光光谱、紫外-可见吸收光谱、共振散射光谱法结合盐效应和DNA熔点(T_m)实验研究了柯里拉京(Cor)与小牛胸腺DNA分子之间的相互作用机制。实验结果表明,Cor静态猝灭DNA-EB体系的荧光。Cor与DNA作用后,其特征吸收峰强度发生减色效应;与DNA作用导致Cor在480.5 nm处的共振散射峰增强,并在330.2 nm处出现新共振散射峰。盐效应对Cor与DNA分子相互作用的影响较小。与Cor作用引起DNA的T_m值升高5.5℃。由此推断,Cor与DNA相互作用的主要方式为嵌插,两者间形成了超分子体系。通过计算获得Cor与DNA间结合常数(K_A)为5.82×10~3L/mol(298 K)、2.47×10~4L/mol(310 K),它们之间的作用为熵驱动的自发、吸热过程,疏水作用力是主要的非共价作用方式。     

碱性介质中茜素黄R与牛血清白蛋白作用的荧光法研究

在碱性条件下,采用荧光光谱法研究了茜素黄R(alizarin yellow R, AYR)与牛血清白蛋白(BSA)结合反应的光谱特征。研究表明,pH 11.00,激发波长为393 nm时,BSA的发射峰位于641 nm,且AYR对BSA有较强的荧光猝灭作用,AYR在BSA分子上荧光敏感部位有五个结合位点;由温度对AYR-BSA体系荧光猝灭速率的影响和动态猝灭常数K_SV以及静态猝灭结合常数K_LB的计算得出,AYR对BSA内源荧光的猝灭机制属于形成BSA-AYR复合物的静态猝灭,荧光猝灭常数为1.6×104 L·mol-1;由反应前后热力学函数ΔHθ＜0,ΔSθ＜0以及AYR对BSA-CBBG(CBBG-考马斯亮蓝G)体系具有荧光猝灭作用推出,茜素黄R与牛血清白蛋白之间的作用力主要是氢键和范德华力。     

Laboratory observations of spontaneous magnetic reconnection

Detailed measurements of spontaneous magnetic reconnection are presented. The experimental data, which were obtained in the new closed Versatile Toroidal Facility magnetic configuration, document the profile evolution of the plasma density, magnetic flux function, reconnection rate, and the current density during a spontaneous reconnection event in the presence of a strong guide magnetic field. The reconnection process is at first slow, which allows magnetic stress to build in the system while the current channel becomes increasingly narrow and intense. The onset of a fast reconnection event occurs as the width of the current channel approaches the ion-sound-Larmor radius rho s. During the reconnection event magnetically stored energy is channeled into energetic ion outflows and a rapid increase in the electron temperature.     

电子通量对ZnO/K2SiO3热控涂层光学性能的影响

 研究了电子通量对ZnO/K₂SiO₃热控涂层光学性能的影响。分别采用通量为5×10¹¹/cm²·s，8×10¹¹/cm²·s，1×10¹²/cm²·s 和5×10¹²/cm²·s的电子对试样进行辐照。电子辐照下涂层的光学性能发生了退化，并且发现了退化涂层在空气中的“漂白”现象。分析了ZnO/K₂SiO₃热控涂层光学性能的退化机制，同时讨论了电子通量对太阳光谱吸收系数的影响。实验结果发现，在5×10¹¹～1×10¹²/cm²·s的电子通量范围内，电子通量对ZnO/K₂SiO³热控涂层光学性能的影响相同。因此在这个电子通量范围内，采用加速地面试验来模拟空间的电子辐照效应是有效的。     

Study on Ultra-fast Cooling Behaviors of Water Spray Cooled Stainless Steel Plates

Spray cooling is an effective tool to dissipate high heat fluxes from hot surfaces. This article thoroughly investigates the effect of thickness of a hot stainless steel plate on the cooling time, cooling rate, heat flux, and heat transfer coefficient under constant mass flow rate maintained at 1 MPa using water as the coolant. Cylindrical samples of stainless steel with constant diameter (D = 25 mm) and thickness (δ = 7.5, 12, 16.5, and 21 mm) were used in the present study. Critical droplet diameter to achieve an ultra-fast cooling rate of 300°C/s was estimated by using an analytical model for samples of varying thicknesses. The analytical model (one side spray cooling) showed good agreement with experimental results with a relative error of 3.2% in the plate thickness range of 1–12 mm. An increasing trend in maximum heat flux was found with increasing thickness of the plate. Maximum heat flux as high as 1,800 kW/m² was achieved for a 21-mm-thick sample. Heat transfer coefficients in the range 0.092–96.24 kW/m²K, 0.111–98.9 kW/m²K, 0.074–63.4 kW/m²K, and 0.127–55.63 kW/m²K were reported for sample of varying thicknesses in the present study. Limited published work is available with reference to water spray cooling dynamics and thickness of stainless steel plate. Therefore, the present study focuses on the correlation between the thickness of the plate and spray dynamics of water spray cooling.     

高温超导Bi2212 圆线材的热失超行为研究

为了及时的发现和保护超导体在失超过程中由于局部温度的突然升高而导致的材料的不可逆破坏行为,对于超导材料的失超行为深入地研究和定量地分析是必要的. 本文结合电场方程和热平衡方程, 建立了能够描述失超行为的热-电耦合方程, 并构建了能够表征多芯 Bi2212 圆线材结构的三维模型, 同时基于有限单元法进行数值计算, 研究其失超 行 为. 通过对比实验与研究结果验证模型的准确性和有效性, 继而研究了正常区传播速度(NZPV) 和最小失超能( MQE) 与运输电流之间的关系, 并给出了热失超过程中电流重分布过程.     

NMR of Xe on CO/Ir(1 1 1) and on multilayer Xe/Ir(1 1 1)

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is performed on monolayer (ML) amounts of adsorbed ¹²⁹Xe on a single crystal substrate. The inherently low sensitivity of NMR is overcome by using highly nuclear spin polarized ¹²⁹Xe that has been produced by optical pumping. A polarization of 0.8 is regularly achieved which is 10⁵ times the thermal (Boltzmann) polarization. The experiments are performed with a constant flux of xenon atoms impinging on the surface, typically 4 ML/s. The chemical shift (σ) of ¹²⁹Xe is highly sensitive to the Xe local environment. We measured profoundly different shifts for the Xe bulk, for the surface of the Xe bulk, and for Xe on CO/Ir(1 1 1). The growth of the bulk is seen in a phase transition like change of σ as a function of temperature at constant Xe flux. At temperatures where no bulk forms at a flux of 4 ML/s, the xenon exchange rate was measured by a spin inversion/recovery method. The exchange time of Xe is found to be 0.24 s at 63.4 K and 64.4 K and somewhat longer at 61.2 K. An analysis is given involving the desorption out of the second layer and fast mixing of first and second layer atoms at these temperatures.     

在单模光纤中放大的反斯托克斯拉曼背向自发散射的温度效应

在单模光纤中,输入的激光功率大于阈值时．出现放大的反斯托克斯拉曼背向自发散射现象。实验发现：放大的反斯托克斯拉曼背向自发散射具有温度效应．与反斯托克斯拉曼背向自发散射一样,放大的拉曼散射光的光子通量受到光纤温度的调制。反斯托克斯拉曼背向白发散射的放大效应抑制了单模光纤中的相干噪声,改善了系统的信噪比。实验还发现．放大的反斯托克斯扎曼背向自发散射空域曲线上放大的端点位置随激发功率的增高前移并具有一定的规律性。放大的反斯托克斯拉曼背向自发散射的温度效应作为一种新的测温原理,已应用于远程30km分布光纤温度传感器系统。     

Bi-2223/Ag超导带材的失超传播速度研究

文中对超导带材的失超产生机理进行了详细分析,建立了其失超传播的计算模型。在此基础上,对Bi-2223/Ag高温超导带材失超传播进行了实验研究,用四引线法测得不同条件下其失超传播的U-t曲线,由此计算出Bi-2223/Ag超导带材的失超传播速度为0.4cm/s～1.98cm/s。实验结果表明:带材的失超传播速度与载流大小有关,与触发失超的能量无关,带材载流越大,失超传播得越快。     

System of quench detection in superconducting magnets of the nuclotron accelerator complex

A new system for quench detection in windings of superconducting magnets has been created for the Nuclotron synchrotron during the period from 2007 to 2012 during the course of preparing the accelerator for its work as part of the injection chain of the NICA heavy-ion collider and as a source of relativistic heavy ions for baryonic matter in the Nuclotron (BM@N) experiment. The results of testing the system components and its trial operation during the accelerator runs are given.