金属冲击温度的辐射法测量问题

 金属的冲击温度及熔化温度测量对构建其完全状态方程具有重要意义。简要综述了用于金属冲击温度及熔化温度辐射法测量的一维热传导理想界面模型和非理想界面模型,并着重对模型中明示或隐含的关键假定的合理性、影响金属冲击温度与熔化温度结果的主要因素进行了分析、讨论,以期对实验数据有一个合理的评估。还讨论了求解理想和非理想界面模型一维热传导方程界面温度时所隐含的冲击压缩下热导率不随温度而变、冲击压缩下金属样品/窗口界面辐射的灰体假定,以及窗口材料的透明性、非理想界面模型中表观界面温度的修正、动载条件下金属高压熔化温度的测量、界面的非Flourier热传导等问题。分析结果表明,目前采用辐射法测量大致可以得到冲击温度,在发生熔化的情况下可获得熔化温度,但离精密测量的要求还有较大差距。     

冲击波物理与爆轰物理——冲击波物理与爆轰物理学科研究进展

分析了当前冲击波温度测量中广泛使用的Grover理想界面模型的局限性，指出传统的冲击波温度测量方法在实验技术上和数据处理上存在的问题，指出了辐射法冲击波温度测量在实验装置设计上必须满足的具体要求。通过对发生冲击或卸载熔化时“样品／窗口”界面温度的分析，以及对金属和窗口材料在高压下的热传导特性的分析，建立了卸载熔化温度与界面温度之间的直接关联，提出了利用辐射法测量金属高压熔化温度的新方法。     

非线性晶体内腔倍频的温度模式分布

为了提高谐波转换效率和消除温升引起的晶体走离效应，对于非线性晶体温度场分布特点进行了分析与计算.同时研究了基波偏心辐射对KTP晶体温度场的影响.通过对腔内倍频KTP晶体工作特点的分析，建立了方形非线性晶体热模型并首次引入了方形晶体辐射偏心度的定义.基于热传导方程，得到了温度场分布的一般解析表达式.     

高功率激光器窗口三维温度场分析及其热透镜研究

对高功率激光器输出耦合镜的受热情况进行了分析,在实际工作模型下 设定了圆柱坐标下的热传导方程边界条件。对高功率激光器输出耦合镜所处的物理状态进行了符合实际情况的简化,求得了热传导方程的解析解。对GaAs窗口材料分析了高功率激光器输出耦合镜内部温度分布,在考虑了材料折射率与线膨胀系数随温度变化的因素后,计算了等效光程变化及其引起的热透镜效应。     

金属的冲击波温度测量（Ⅲ）：“基板／样品”界面间隙对辐射法测量冲击波温度

讨论了在利用辐射法测量金属的冲击波温度时，金属基板（靶板）与金属镀膜样品之间的间隙对“金属镀膜样品／窗口”界面上的温度的影响及其对冲击波温度测量的意义。“金属基板／间隙／镀膜样品／透明窗口”这样一种由四层介质组成的典型的靶－样品装置被广泛用于金属材料的冲击波温度测量中。利用拉普拉斯变换对上述“以介质模型”在经受冲击波压缩全盘香的热传导方程进行求解。结果表明：当冲击波扫过金属镀膜样品与窗口之间的界面     

脉冲激光对类金刚石（DLC）薄膜的热冲击效应研究

强激光辐照红外热像系统时，可造成系统的干扰和破坏，激光的波长不同，对系统的破坏效果也不同.为了保护红外系统窗口以及提高窗口的透过率，红外窗口广泛沉淀类金刚石（DLC）薄膜.当入射的激光波长位于红外系统响应波段外时，激光对系统的破坏首先是激光对DLC薄膜的破坏.以波长为1.06μm的激光为例，研究了脉冲激光对DLC薄膜的损伤机理，建立了DLC薄膜的热冲击效应模型，并通过求解热传导和应力平衡方程，得出了薄膜的温度场和应力场分布.理论分析表明，热应力破坏在脉冲强激光对DLC膜的损伤机理中占主导地位.当 辐照能量密度为E₀=100mJ·cm^-2时，在薄膜表面距光斑中心约 40μm区域内的压应 力明显超出其断裂强度，将造成膜层的剥离、脱落.理论分析与实验结果基本相符，表明建 立热冲击效应模型的正确性. 关键词： 激光辐照 类金刚石（DLC）薄膜 热冲击效应     

强激光对传输光学元件热效应的数值模拟研究

强激光通过反射镜、窗口等光学元件传输过程中，光学材料对激光会有微弱的吸收，由此引起光学元件的热畸变，影响传输效率和远场能量集中度。基于三维瞬态热传导方程和弹性应力-应变方程，研究了波长1.315μm非对称环形强激光束辐照下硅反射镜、白宝石窗口的温度、变形和应力的分布规律，特别研究了激光强度、激光输出时间、光束遮拦比、光强分布的空间梯度等对元件热效应的影响；还研究了波长3．8μm非对称空心矩形激光束辐照下氟玻璃窗口温度、变形和应力的分布规律。计算了变形对光束波前位相和光束质量的影响。     

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从Lagrange观点出发,采用分裂格式法求解一维辐射流体力学方程组中的三温方程,用于紧凑等离子体环与靶碰撞产生的X射线辐射的数值模拟研究。提出了求解电子、离子、辐射场三温相脱离的能量方程的隐式差分格式,介绍了能量交换项与压力做功及热传导项分开计算的分裂格式方法,数值模拟得到了其对温度变化的影响。     

金属冲击温度测量中金属/窗口界面表观光谱辐亮度的再研究

 在冲击压缩下，理想接触的金属/窗口界面温度历史是时间无关的，因而一般认为界面的表观光谱辐亮度也是时间无关的。研究表明：（1）在冲击压缩下，将伴随金属对光的吸收系数减小和光学厚度增大。因此，在考虑辐射输运效应后，理想接触的金属/窗口界面处的表现光谱辐亮度是时间相关的。非常明显的时间相关过程自冲击波到达界面后持续约10 ns。（2）若把存在空间温度梯度的金属界面辐射看作是透光厚度内平均温度的等效辐射效应，其结果与辐射输运效应的计算结果是很相近的。     

物质内部有辐射的热传导问题

本文研究了在透明物质内部有辐射的热传导问题,得到了普遍的传热方程。接着详细研究了在稳定的情形下普遍传热方程在四种特殊形状的物体中的解,这四种特殊形状是,平面、圆柱体、球体、和长椭球。在平面问题中进行了数值计算,所得的结果与以前开累所得的不同。本文指出,开累忽略了热向各个方向辐射的性质,而只考虑了辐射在温度变化的方向,因而所得的传热方程不同。     

CUDA-accelerated simulation of multiple scattering using decoupling approximation

Abstract  

In this research a CUDA-accelerated simulation method of multiple scattering in dense participating media based on decoupling approximation is proposed. Simulation of multiple scattering is important, in that it visually illustrates how radiance transfers between gaseous particles. The existing radiance transfer equation has poor computational performance because of its complicated integral calculation of in-scattering in each radiance update. However, this computation can be avoided using previous cached results proposed in this paper. To construct the cached results, we first decouple the phase function in radiance transfer equation with singular value decomposition (SVD) approximation. SVD approximates the multivariate phase function as a sum of products of incident light and outgoing light of lower dimensionality. Then the incident light and outgoing light data of current radiance update are cached independently in two textures. The cached two textures are used to replace integral calculation of in-scattering in the next radiance update to improve computation performance. The proposed method is designed in a parallelized way so that the parallel computing power of CUDA can be fully exploited. The simulation results show that our method allows fast rendering of dynamic scenes while high accuracy is maintained.     

Integration of Chandrasekhar's integral equation

We solve Chandrasekhar's integration equation for radiative transfer in the plane-parallel atmosphere by iterative integration. The primary thrust in radiative transfer has been to solve the forward problem, i.e., to evaluate the radiance, given the optical thickness and the scattering phase function. In the area of satellite remote sensing, our problem is the inverse problem: to retrieve the surface reflectance and the optical thickness of the atmosphere from the radiance measured by satellites. In order to retrieve the optical thickness and the surface reflectance from the radiance at the top-of-the atmosphere (TOA), we should express the radiance at TOA “explicitly” in the optical thickness and the surface reflectance. Chandrasekhar formalized radiative transfer in the plane-parallel atmosphere in a simultaneous integral equation, and he obtained the second approximation. Since then no higher approximation has been reported. In this paper, we obtain the third approximation of the scattering function. We integrate functions derived from the second approximation in the integral interval from 1 to ∞ of the inverse of the cos of zenith angles. We can obtain the indefinite integral rather easily in the form of a series expansion. However, the integrals at the upper limit, ∞, are not yet known to us. We can assess the converged values of those series expansions at ∞ through calculus. For integration, we choose coupling pairs to avoid unnecessary terms in the outcome of integral and discover that the simultaneous integral equation can be deduced to the mere integral equation. Through algebraic calculation, we obtain the third approximation as a polynomial of the third degree in the atmospheric optical thickness.     

Adjoint problem of radiative transfer for a pseudo-spherical atmosphere and general viewing geometries

We formulate the adjoint radiative transfer for a pseudo-spherical atmosphere and various retrieval scenarios. The single scattering radiance is computed in a spherical atmosphere by using the source integration technique, while for the multiple scattering radiance we formulate an one-dimensional adjoint radiative transfer equation in a plane-parallel atmosphere. The adjoint solution of the radiative transfer equation is obtained by employing the discrete ordinate method with matrix exponential. We provide an abbreviated derivation of our formalism as well as a discussion of the numerical implementation of the theory.     

非理想性参数在0.9～2.1区的氩等离子体物态方程研究

采用平面冲击压缩方法产生密度和温度都均匀的氩等离子体,根据辐射高温计记录和飞片速度的测定,通过阻抗匹配方法确定了氩等离子体的Hugoniot物态方程,等离子体温度在1.5 eV～2.6 eV范围,压力在0.2～0.8 GPa之间.计算表明,Saha-Debye-Hückel模型不适用于描述该密度区域的氩等离子体.本文采用Gryaznov模型的计算结果,测量值和理论计算结果符合较好.     

Evolution equation for radiance and coherence

If the field of applications of radiometry is restricted to energy calculations of optical systems then the theorem about invariant of the phase radiance (or the reduced radiance) along the light ray takes the form of Liouville's equation. This differential equation is a good basis for the traditional radiometry of Lambertian sources, as well as radiometry of the quasi-homogeneous sources. It is known that the wave analogue of phase radiance is the Wigner definition function. This wave analogy helps to clarify the limits of applicability of the concepts and approximations, e.g. properties of optical media in which the radiation transfer can be described by Liouville's equation.     

QuickBird多光谱图像像元分解

以QuickBird卫星记录的DN值图像为实验数据,根据1～4波段积分辐亮度之和与全色波段积分辐亮度之间的比例关系及能量守恒律构建分解方程,将1～4波段图像每个像元分解成16(4×4)个像元,获得了分辨率为0.61 m的1～4波段辐亮度图像.与原图像比较,空间分辨率提高到4倍,地物细部特征清晰,视觉效果明显提高,图像成图适宜比例尺从1:10 000提高到1:2 500.     

Free-Space Propagation of the Generalized Radiance Defined in Terms of the Coherent-Mode Representation of Cross-Spectral Density Function

The equation for free-space propagation of the generalized radiance defined formerly by the authors in terms of the coherent-mode representation of the cross-spectral density function is derived within the accuracy of the paraxial approximation. It is shown that, in the short-wavelength limit, this generalized radiance obeys in a good approximation the fundamental radiative transfer law of classical radiometry.     

Effect of the reflection of underlying surface on sky radiance distribution

Sky radiance might be influenced by the multiple reflectance between the earth's albedo surface and the atmosphere. Based on the Lambert's law and the radiative transfer equation (RTE), a model is developed to calculate the additional sky radiance at wavelengths of 0.4-3 μm due to the reflectance contribution of the underlying surface. The iterative method is used to calculate sky radiance without the reflectance from underlying surface. The hybrid modified delta-Eddington approximation is used to compute the atmospheric reflection of the radiation from the earth's surface. An interaction factor is introduced to deal with the multiple reflectance between the atmosphere and the underlying surface. The sky radiance increment is evaluated for some different albedos of the earth's surface. The results show that the sky radiance increment rises rapidly while viewing zenith angle is near to 90°, and the larger the albedo of the earth's surface is, the more obvious this effect appears.