Fast removal and determination of doxycycline in water samples and honey by Fe<Subscript>3</Subscript>O<Subscript>4</Subscript> magnetic nanoparticles

Adsorption characteristics and doxycycline (DC) removal efficiency of Fe₃O₄ magnetic nanoparticles as adsorbents have been determined by investigating the effects of pH, concentration of the DC, amount of adsorbents, contact time, ionic strength and temperature. The mechanism of adsorption was also studied. The adsorption of DC to the Fe₃O₄ magnetic nanoparticles could be described by Langmuir-type adsorption isotherms. Short contact time between the reagents, reusability of Fe₃O₄ for three times after recycling of the nanoparticles, good precision and accuracy, wide working pH range and high breakthrough volume are among the highlights of this procedure. The proposed extraction and determination procedure based on magnetic nanoparticles as adsorbent was successfully applied to the determination of DC spiked in honey and various water samples. The method presented here is fast, simple, cheap and robust, and it does not require the use of organic solvents. Also, the method needs only a magnet and can be performed in any laboratory without sophisticated equipment.     

Synthesis of novel magnetic sulfur-doped Fe<Subscript>3</Subscript>O<Subscript>4</Subscript> nanoparticles for efficient removal of Pb(II)

In this work, we report the synthesis of magnetic sulfur-doped Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles (Fe₃O₄:S NPs) with a novel simple strategy, which includes low temperature multicomponent mixing and high temperature sintering. The prepared Fe₃O₄:S NPs exhibit a much better adsorption performance towards Pb(II) than bare Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles. FTIR, XPS, and XRD analyses suggested that the removal mechanisms of Pb(II) by Fe₃O₄:S NPs were associated with the process of precipitation (formation of PbS), hydrolysis, and surface adsorption. The kinetic studies showed that the adsorption data were described well by a pseudo second-order kinetic model, and the adsorption isotherms could be presented by Freundlich isotherm model. Moreover, the adsorption was not significantly affected by the coexisting ions, and the adsorbent could be easily separated from water by an external magnetic field after Pb(II) adsorption. Thus, Fe₃O₄:S NPs are supposed to be a good adsorbents for Pb(II) ions in environmental remediation.     

Catalytic Properties of TiO<Subscript>2</Subscript>/Fe<Subscript>3</Subscript>O<Subscript>4</Subscript> Nanoparticles in Plasma Chemical Treatment

We proposed here a new process coupling dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma with magnetic photocatalytic material nanoparticles for improving yield in DBD degradation of methyl orange (MO). TiO₂ doped Fe₃O₄ (TiO₂/Fe₃O₄) was prepared by the sol-gel method and used as a new type of magnetic photocatalyst in DBD system. It was found that the introduction of TiO₂/Fe₃O₄ in DBD system could effectively make use of the energy generated in DBD process and improve hydroxyl radical contributed by the main surface Fenton reaction, photocatalytic reaction and catalytic decomposition of dissolved ozone. Most part of MO (88%) was degraded during 30 min at peak voltage of 13 kV and TiO₂/Fe₃O₄ load of 100 mg/L, with a rate constant of 0.0731 min^?1 and a degradation yield of 7.23 g/(kW h). The coupled system showed higher degradation efficiency for MO removal.     

Adsorption behavior of <Superscript>99</Superscript>Tc on Fe,Fe<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript> and Fe<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>4</Subscript>

Summary The adsorption of ⁹⁹Tc on the adsorbers Fe, Fe₂O₃ and Fe₃O₄ was studied by batch experiments under aerobic and anoxic conditions. The effects of pH and CO₃^2- concentration of the simulated ground water on the adsorption ratios were also investigated, and the valences of Tc in solution after the adsorption equilibrium were studied by solvent extraction. The adsorption isotherms of TcO₄- on the adsorbers Fe, Fe₂O₃ and Fe₃O₄ were determined. Experimental results have shown that the adsorption ratio of Tc on Fe decreases with the increase of pH in the range of 5-12 and increases with the decrease of the CO₃^2- concentration in the range of 10^-8M-10^-2M. Under aerobic conditions, the adsorption ratios of ⁹⁹Tc on Fe₂O₃ and Fe₃O₄ were not influenced by pH and CO₃^2-concentration. When Fe was used as adsorbent, Tc existed mainly in the form of Tc(IV) after equilibrium and in the form of Tc(VII) when the adsorbent was Fe₂O₃ or Fe₃O₄ under aerobic conditions. The adsorption ratios of Tc on Fe, Fe₂O₃ and Fe₃O₄ decreased with the increase of pH in the range of 5-12 and increased with the decrease of the CO₃^2- concentration in the range of 10^-8M-10^-2M under anoxic conditions. Tc existed mainly in the form of Tc(IV) after equilibrium when Fe, Fe₂O₃ and Fe₃O₄ was the adsorbent under anoxic conditions. The adsorption isotherms of TcO_4- on the adsorbers Fe, Fe₂O₃ and Fe₃O₄ are fairly in agreement with the Freundlich’s equation under both aerobic and anoxic conditions.     

The Influence of Active Carbon Supports Toward the Electrocatalytic Behavior of Fe<Subscript>3</Subscript>O<Subscript>4</Subscript> Nanoparticles for the Extended Energy Generation of Mediatorless Microbial Fuel Cells

Magnetite (Fe₃O₄) nanoparticles anchored over the different active carbon supports were developed by a simple wet solution method. The developed nanostructures were magnetically self-assembled over the electrode surface and exploited as anode catalysts in mediatorless microbial fuel cells (MFC). The morphological characterizations revealed that 3～8-nm-sized Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles were homogeneously anchored over the different carbon matrices and the obtained diffraction patterns ensured the cubic inverse spinel structure of prepared Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles. The morphology, size, and structure of Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles anchored over the different active carbon supports were maintained identical, and the influence of active carbon support toward the effectual MFC performances was evaluated under various electrochemical regimes and conditions by using Escherichia coli as a catalytic microorganism. The electrochemical characterizations revealed that carbon nanotube (CNT)-supported Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles exhibited lower charge transfer resistance and high coulombic efficiency in comparison with the graphene and graphite nanofiber-supported composites. Among the studied anode catalysts, Fe₃O₄/CNT composite exhibited the maximum MFC power density of 865 mW m^?2 associated with excellent durability performances, owing to the specific interaction exerted between the microorganisms and the Fe₃O₄/CNT composite. Thus, the binder-free electrode modification process, mediatorless environment, rapid electron transfer kinetics, high power generation, and long durability performances achieved for the developed system paved futuristic dimensions for the high performance MFCs.     

Preparation of 4-sulfonylcalix[6]arene modified Fe<Subscript>3</Subscript>O<Subscript>4</Subscript> as adsorbent for adsorption of U(VI) from aqueous solution

The 4-sulfonylcalix[6]arene modified Fe₃O₄ (MFS) was characterized by FT-IR, SEM, VSM, TGA, etc., which showed that its saturation magnetization was 64.99 emu g^?1 with the particle size 10–40 nm. The maximum adsorption efficiency by MFS for 2.5 mg L^?1 U(VI) solution amounted to 94.39%, which was higher than that by Fe₃O₄ (65.22%) under its optimum adsorption conditions. The adsorption of MFS and Fe₃O₄ were both followed the pseudo-second order model and the Langmuir isotherm model. The Gibbs free energy change and enthalpy change revealed that the adsorption of U(VI) by MFS was a spontaneous and endothermic process.     

Synthesis and Characterization of the Superparamagnetic Fe<Subscript>3</Subscript>O<Subscript>4</Subscript>/Ag Nanocomposites

The study of superparamagnetic Fe₃O₄/Ag nanocomposites have received great research attention due to their wide range of potential applications in biomedicine. In this report, an easy microemulsion reaction was employed to synthesis Fe₃O₄/Ag nanocomposites with self-aggregated branch like nanostructures. The Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles were initially prepared and subsequently AgNO₃ was reduced as Ag by chemical reduction method. The results showed that the average size of the Fe₃O₄/Ag nanocomposites were in the range of 10 ± 2 nm. These nanoparticles were self-aggregated as a branch like nanostructure. The optical properties of Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles were modified with surface plasmon resonance of Ag nanoparticles. The observed saturation magnetization of superparamagnetic Fe₃O₄/Ag nanocomposites were 40 emu/g.     

Stabilization of Oil-in-Water Emulsions with SiO<Subscript>2</Subscript> and Fe<Subscript>3</Subscript>O<Subscript>4</Subscript> Nanoparticles

Stabilization of oil-in-water Pickering emulsions with SiO₂ and Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles has been studied. Emulsions containing three-dimensional gel networks formed by aggregated nanoparticles in the dispersion media have been shown to be stable with respect to flocculation, coalescence, and creaming. Concentration ranges in which emulsions are kinetically stable have been determined. Stabilization with mixed Ludox HS-30 and Ludox CL SiO₂ nanoparticles leads to the formation of stable emulsions at a weight ratio between the nanoparticles equal to 2 and pH 6.7. In the case of stabilization with Ludox CL and Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles, systems resistant to aggregation and sedimentation are obtained at pH 8. The use of mixed Ludox HS-30 and Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles has not resulted in the formation of emulsions stable with respect to creaming, with such emulsions appearing to be resistant only to coalescence at pH 2–6.     

Synthesis and characterization of a new nanomagnetic coordination composite from Fe<Subscript>3</Subscript>O<Subscript>4</Subscript> and Cu(II) complex: as an efficient catalyst in oxidation of benzyl alcohol

New nanomagnetic coordination compound, Cu(salal)@DA@ Fe₃O₄, was synthesized by bonding between the Cu(II) complex and Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles. The Cu complex has two aldehyde groups. The surface of Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles was modified by the dopamine molecules and the amine group of dopamine is free. Therefore, the Cu complex is covalently anchored to Fe₃O₄ nanoparticle by the formation of imine bonds between the aldehyde and amine groups. On the other hand, a Cu-Schiff base complex is immobilized on nano-Fe₃O₄ by dopamine as a bridge. Consequently, the homogeneous Cu complex is easily converted to the heterogeneous-magnetic compound in this project. The Cu complex, Fe₃O₄ and new nanocomposite were characterized by general techniques such as FTIR, TGA, XRD, FESEM, MAP and EDS. The average crystallite size of Fe₃O₄ and Cu(salal)@DA@ Fe₃O₄ were calculated by Scherrer’s formula and they are 18.52 and 24.69 nm, respectively. These results indicated the average crystallite size of Fe₃O₄ nanomaterials is slightly increased by surface modification by Cu complex. The FESEM images show a tiny spherical mushroom morphology for both nanocompounds, and the EDS analysis confirms the presence of Fe, Cu, C and O in the nanomagnetic coordination composite. The catalytic properties of these compounds were studied and compared to oxidation of benzyl alcohol by 30% H₂O₂ at room temperature. The results show that the catalytic properties Cu complex and Fe₃O₄ were enhanced by cooperation of both compounds in a nanocoordination composite.     

Ionic behavior modification of cation exchange ED membranes by using CMC-co-Fe<Subscript>3</Subscript>O<Subscript>4</Subscript> nanoparticles for heavy metals removal from water

A new mixed matrix polyvinyl chloride-based heterogeneous cation exchange membrane was prepared by incorporation of carboxy methyl cellulose-co-Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles through solution casting technique. The effect of simultaneous using of carboxy methyl cellulose and iron oxide nanoparticles in the casting solution on the physicochemical properties of membranes was studied. SOM images showed uniform particles distribution and uniform surfaces for the membranes relatively. The SEM images exhibited regular direction/spatial orientation for the CMC-co-Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles in the membrane matrix. XRD patterns showed that membrane heterogeneity was enhanced by using of Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles. Membrane ion exchange capacity, membrane surface hydrophilicity, membrane potential, surface charge density, transport number, selectivity, and ionic flux were increased by using CMC/Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles in membrane matrix. Results showed that membrane areal electrical resistance was declined up to 3.8 Ω cm² by utilizing CMC/Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles in the casting solution. Also PVC/CMC-co-Fe₃O₄ membrane showed higher transport number, selectivity, flux, and electrical conductivity compared to PVC/CMC membrane and unmodified ones. Electrodialysis experiment in laboratory scale showed higher dialytic rate in lead ions removal for PVC/CMC-co-Fe₃O₄ nanoparticle-mixed matrix ion exchange membrane compared to PVC/CMC membrane and pristine one.     

H<Subscript>3</Subscript>PMo<Subscript>12</Subscript>O<Subscript>40</Subscript> immobilized chitosan/Fe<Subscript>3</Subscript>O<Subscript>4</Subscript> as a novel efficient,green and recyclable nanocatalyst in the synthesis of pyrano-pyrazole derivatives

A novel nanomagnetic composite heteropolyacid immobilized chitosan/Fe₃O₄ was prepared via a facile one-pot synthetic approach. This magnetically recoverable nanocatalyst, H₃PMo₁₂O₄₀/chitosan/Fe₃O₄ (PMo/chit/Fe₃O₄), was fully characterized by XRD, FTIR, SEM and EDX analysis methods. A rapid, efficient and the chemoselective synthesis of different pyrano-pyrazole derivatives was achieved in excellent yields via a one-pot four-component reaction in the presence of catalytic amount of PMo/Chit/Fe₃O₄.     

Magnetic nanoparticles (Fe<Subscript>3</Subscript>O<Subscript>4</Subscript> &amp; Co<Subscript>3</Subscript>O<Subscript>4</Subscript>) and their applications in urea biosensing

Nanobiotechnology has opened a new and exciting opportunities for exploring urea biosensor based on magnetic nanoparticles (NPs) mainly Fe₃O₄ and Co₃O₄. These NPs have been extensively exploited to develop biosensors with stability, selectivity, reproducibility and fast response time. This review gives an overview of the development of urea biosensor based on Fe₃O₄ and Co₃O₄ for in vitro diagnostic applications along with significant improvements over the last few decades. Additionally, effort has been made to elaborate properties of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) in biosensing aspects. It also gives details of recent developments in hybrid nanobiocomposite based urea biosensor.     

Characterization and optimization of mesoporous magnetic nanoparticles for immobilization and enhanced performance of porcine pancreatic lipase

In this paper, Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles coated with mesoporous silica were prepared successfully, noted as Fe₃O₄ at the mobile composition of matter No. 41 (MCM-41). Also, Fe₃O₄ at MCM-41 was grafted by both 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTS) and 3-chloropropyltriethoxysilane (CPS), noted as Fe₃O₄ at MCM-41/APTS and Fe₃O₄ at MCM-41/CPS. The compounds were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, vibrating sample magnetometry, thermogravimetry and N₂ adsorption/desorption. Then, the enzyme, porcine pancreas lipase (PPL), was immobilized onto these modified nanoparticles by covalent attachment, physical adsorption and cross-linking, noted as Fe₃O₄ at MCM-41/CPS-PPL, Fe₃O₄ at MCM-41-PPL and Fe₃O₄ at MCM-41/APTS-PPL, respectively. The results showed that Fe₃O₄ at MCM-41/CPS was the best nanomaterial for PPL immobilization, exhibiting enhanced immobilization efficiency (maximum 96%), maximum relative activity (up to 96%), high stability and reusability (83% 56 days and 86.7% ten cycles). Additionally, it offered some other advantages, such as easy recycling and reuse, complying with the trend of green chemistry. Therefore, Fe₃O₄ at MCM-41/CPS in combination with a relevant method can be proposed for commercial applications.     

Selective Catalytic Reduction of NO by NH<Subscript>3</Subscript> over MoO<Subscript>3</Subscript> Promoted Fe<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript> Catalyst

A series of MoO₃ doped Fe₂O₃ catalysts prepared by the co-precipitation method were investigated in the selective catalytic reduction of NO by NH₃ (NH₃-SCR). The catalysts displayed excellent catalytic activity from 225 to 400°C and high tolerance to SO₂/H₂O poisoning at 300°C. To characterize the catalysts the N₂-BET, XRD, Raman, NO-TPD, NH₃-TPD and in situ DRIFTS were carried out. It was found that the main reason explaining a high NH₃-SCR performance might be the synergistic effect between Fe and Mo species in the catalyst that could enhance the dispersion of Fe₂O₃ and increase NH₃ adsorption on the catalyst surface.     

Preparation of Fe<Subscript>3</Subscript>O<Subscript>4</Subscript>-C18 nano-magnetic composite materials and their cleanup properties for organophosphorous pesticides

Magnetic Fe₃O₄-C18 composite nanoparticles of approximately 5–10 nm in size were synthesized and characterized by IR spectroscopy, atomic absorption spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy. The magnetic Fe₃O₄-C18 composite nanoparticles were applied for cleanup and enrichment of organophosphorous pesticides. Comparative studies were carried out between magnetic Fe₃O₄-C18 composite nanoparticles and common C18 materials. Residues of organophosphorous pesticides were determined by gas chromatography in combination with a nitrogen/phosphorus detector. The cleanup and enrichment properties of magnetic Fe₃O₄-C18 composite nanoparticles are comparable with those of common C18 materials for enrichment of organophosphorous pesticides, but the cleanup and enrichment are faster and easier to perform. Figure Presumed mechanism for the adhesion of the OPs to the Fe₃O₄-C18 magnetic nanoparticles     

Urea-assisted fabrication of Fe<Subscript>3</Subscript>O<Subscript>4</Subscript>@ZnO@Au composites for the catalytic photodegradation of Rhodamine-B

A new chemical approach for the fabrication of Fe₃O₄ embedded ZnO magnetic semicondutctor composite is reported. The method consists in increasing the pH of the synthesis solution by the thermal decomposition of urea instead of using common alkaline agents, such as NaOH and NH₄OH. The material (Fe₃O₄@ZnO) was used as a platform for the fabrication of highly dispersed gold nanoparticles (~5?nm). The catalytic efficiency of the material, Fe₃O₄@ZnO@Au, was tested in the photodegradation of Rhodamine-B solutions, and prominent catalytic efficiency, stability, and recycling were achieved. A single portion of the catalyst could be used up to five times without significant loss of activity and its photodegradation efficiency was considered high even after the 12th cycle (56%). Catalyst separation after each batch could be easily achieved because of the intrinsic magnetic property of the material. Leaching monitoring of free Zn species during the fabrication of the catalyst suggests that the use of urea decreased substantially the formation of non-magnetic-semiconducting species and provided a higher mass yield of the magnetic composite compared to an analogous protocol using NaOH. The catalyst was also characterized by detailed structural and chemical analyses, such as transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and vibration sample magnetometer (VSM).

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Thiol-functionalized Fe<Subscript>3</Subscript>O<Subscript>4</Subscript>/SiO<Subscript>2</Subscript> microspheres with superparamagnetism and their adsorption properties for Au(III) ion separation

Thiol-functionalized Fe₃O₄/SiO₂ microspheres (Fe₃O₄/SiO₂-SH) with high saturation magnetization (69.3 emu g^–1), superparamagnetism, and good dispersibility have been prepared by an ethylene glycol reduction method in combination with a modified Stöber method. The as-prepared composite magnetic spheres are characterized with fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), zeta potential, X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and superconducting quantum interference magnetometer, and tested in separation of Au(III) ions from aqueous solutions. The data for Au(III) adsorption on Fe₃O₄/SiO₂-SH are analyzed with the Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and Dubinin–Radushkevich isotherm models, and the pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, and intraparticle diffusion kinetics models. The adsorption behaviors of Au(III) on Fe₃O₄/SiO₂-SH follow the Langmuir isotherm model, and the adsorption process conforms to the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The maximum adsorption capacity of Au(III) on Fe₃O₄/SiO₂-SH is 43.7 mg g^–1. Acetate anions play an important role yet Cu(II) ions have little interference in the adsorption of Au(III) on the adsorbent. A satisfactory recovery percentage of 89.5% is acquired by using an eluent with 1 M thiourea and 5% HCl, although thiols have a high affinity to Au(III) ions based on the hard-soft acid-base (HSAB) theory by Pearson.     

One-Pot Synthesis of Novel Amino-Functionalized Fe<Subscript>3</Subscript>O<Subscript>4</Subscript> Hybrid Microspheres for Cu(II) Removal from Aqueous Solutions

In this work, we report the development of novel amino-functionalized Fe₃O₄ hybrid microspheres adsorbent from a facial and one-step solvothermal route by using FeCl₃·6H₂O as a single iron source and 3-aminophenoxy-phthalonitrile as ource of amino groups. During solvothermal process, the nitrile groups of 3-aminophenoxy-phthalonitrile would bond with the Fe₃O₄ through the phthalocyanine cyclization reaction to form the amino-functionalized Fe₃O₄ magnetic nano-material, which was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and thermo-gravimetric analyzer (TGA). From the scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observation, the resulting monodispersed amino-functionalized Fe₃O₄ hybrid microspheres with the diameters of 180–200 nm were synthesized via the self-assembly process. More importantly, as-prepared Fe₃O₄ nano-materials with abundant amino groups exhibited high separation efficiency when they were used to remove the Cu(II) from aqueous solutions. Furthermore, the adsorption isotherms of Fe₃O₄ nano-material for Cu(II) removal fitted the Langmuir isotherm model, in which the calculated maximum adsorption capacity could increase from 5.51 to 16.25 mg g^–1 at room temperature. This work demonstrated that the amino-functionalized Fe₃O₄ magnetic nano-materials were promising as efficient adsorbents for the removal of heavy metal ions from wastewater in low concentration.     

Nonstoichiometric Zn Ferrite and ZnFe<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>4</Subscript>/Fe<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript> Composite Spheres: Preparation,Magnetic Properties,and Chromium Removal

Monodisperse and porous nonstoichiometric Zn ferrite can be prepared by a solvothermal method. Such non-Zn ferrite was used to be the precursor for synthesis of ZnFe₂O₄/Fe₂O₃ composite via calcination at 600°C for 3 h in air. X-ray powder diffractometer (XRD) and Energy Dispersive Spectrometer (EDS) proved the nonstoichiometry of Zn ferrite synthesized by solvothermal method and the formation of ZnFe₂O₄/Fe₂O₃ composite via calcination. TEM image showed that non-Zn ferrite spheres with wormlike nanopore structure were made of primary nanocrystals. BET surface area of non-Zn ferrite was much higher than that of ZnFe₂O₄/Fe₂O₃ composite. Saturation magnetization of non-Zn ferrites was significantly higher than that of ZnFe₂O₄/Fe₂O₃ composites. Calcination of non-Zn ferrite resulted in the formation of large amount of non-magnetic Fe₂O₃,which caused a low magnetization of composite. Because of higher BET surface area and higher saturation magnetization, non-Zn ferrite presented better Cr⁶⁺ adsorption property than ZnFe₂O₄/Fe₂O₃ composites.     

Preparation and Characterization of Fe<Subscript>3</Subscript>O<Subscript>4</Subscript>@SiO<Subscript>2</Subscript> Nanoparticles Incorporated Polymer Monolithic Column for Gas Chromatography

We report on the synthesis of Fe₃O₄@SiO₂ nanoparticles incorporated poly(divinylbenzene) monolithic column via in situ polymerization. The monolith had larger specific surface area and relatively uniform porous structure and was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, nitrogen adsorption–desorption, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The monolith was then applied for the evaluation of gas chromatography separation properties. Here, an electromagnetic induction heating technique was employed to control the column temperature with the thermal effect of eddy current in ferromagnetic materials Fe₃O₄. The monolith offered good separation efficiency for benzene and toluene and a higher column efficiency was obtained up to 4481 and 9216 plates per meter, respectively. In addition, the injection volume and column capacity of the proposed system are as much as 5 µL and 100 ng. This makes it possible to use a UV detector. The fabricated Fe₃O₄@SiO₂ nanoparticles incorporated poly(divinylbenzene) monolithic column has been shown to be very promising for gas chromatography separation.

Graphical Abstract

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