骨组织细胞的力学调控研究

力学环境是影响骨组织细胞形成、增殖和功能成熟的一个重要因素. 骨细胞是力学感受细胞, 将力学信号传递给效应细胞; 成骨细胞、破骨细胞为力学效应细胞, 使骨形成和骨吸收处于动态平衡以维持骨力学稳定性. 目前对骨组织细胞间力学调控的机理仍不甚清楚. 综述了骨组织细胞力学生物学作用和细胞间力学调控的一些相关问题. 在概述了成骨细胞、骨细胞和破骨细胞的生物学特性基础上,阐述了骨重建力学调控理论,成骨细胞、骨细胞和破骨细胞生物力学效应和细胞间力学调控最新研究进展. 最后对骨组织细胞三维网络间力学调控研究做出展望.     

骨组织生长重建的力学生物学机制研究进展

生物力学已被证实是骨组织生长、重建及成形当中一个十分重要的因素. 骨组织的损 伤修复过程本质上是细胞的生物学过程和应力作用下的生长过程. 这虽然肯定了生物力学在 骨组织生长、重建过程中的重要地位, 但是, 人们对生物力学因素如何诱导骨生长、 重建的力学生物学机制仍不甚了解. 而骨组织工程需要更为科学完善的细胞生物学机制来研究和探 索骨组织的构建过程. 本文概述了国内外生物力学与骨组织生长重建的宏微观理论, 主要讨 论了骨组织结构及功能形成过程中的力学生物学相关问题.     

微流控通道内细胞及其初级纤毛的力传导行为

细胞处于复杂的生理环境之下,附着在细胞表面的初级纤毛被认为是重要的力学信号传感器,其与细胞的代谢、发育、分裂和增殖等生理活动密切相关.为了研究细胞及其初级纤毛在微流体环境下的力传导行为,本文建立了力-电协同驱动下的矩形微流控通道和含有多孔黏弹性属性的贴壁细胞有限元模型系统.考察了细胞的细胞质和细胞核在振荡层流下的应力、应变、孔隙压力和孔隙流速等力学信号响应,量化研究了初级纤毛作为细胞独特的力学感受器的生物力学行为. 结果表明:细胞在振荡层流下的力学响应表现出和外加力-电驱动载荷相同的震荡规律.渗透率是细胞多孔弹性力学行为的主要影响因素. 初级纤毛是细胞主要的力学感受器,细胞可以通过纤毛长度和直径调节其力学感受敏感性(应力影响区域),随着初级纤毛长度的增大, 其纤毛挠曲刚度减小, 但是敏感性增大.模型的建立为进一步研究微流体剪切作用下的细胞生长、分化等微观机理提供基础,同时也为检测细胞微结构器(纤毛等蛋白链)的力学性能提供了理论技术支持.      

剪切载荷作用下植物细胞的力学特性分析

根据植物细胞的结构特点,以二维问题为研究对象,在已建立的植物单细胞力学模型的基础上,利用有限元方法和MATLAB计算软件研究了单细胞受到剪切载荷作用时,外力、应力、应变及内压间的相互关系,给出了关系曲线图。得出了在剪切情况下,外力、应力、应变及内压之间的关系是非线性的;细胞内压改变量随外力或细胞变形或细胞壁应力的增加而增加;细胞壁的应力随剪切力的增大而增大;细胞将在哪个方向破裂等6个结论。     

分数维空间中的损伤力学研究初探

结合损伤力学和分形几何理论，给出分数维空间中分形损伤变量定义ω（ｄ，ζ）及其解析表达式．指出欧氏空间损伤变量ω０实际是分数维空间分形损伤变量ω（ｄ，ζ）当维数取Ｅｕｃｌｉｄｅａｎ维数时的一种特例，将欧氏空间损伤变量定义推广到分数维空间，建立起一种兼顾反映损伤细观结构效应和宏观损伤力学分析需要的损伤定义与描述方法．在此基础上，推导了材料损伤演化律和损伤本构关系的分形表达形式．作为例证，文中分析了单调压缩载荷下混凝土损伤及演化行为．实验对比分析表明：分形损伤模型较好地反映了混凝土实际损伤力学行为．     

第三届国际实验力学会议(ICEM 2001)征文(2001年10月15日17日,北京)

第三届国际实验力学会议（Ｔｈｅ　３ｒｄ　Ｉｎｔｅｒｎａ－ｔｉｏｎａｌ　 Ｃｏｎｔｅｒｅｎｃｅ 　ｏｎ　 Ｅｘｐｅｒｉｍｅｎｔａｌ 　Ｍｅｃｈａｎｉｃｓ,ＩＣＥＭ ２００１）将于 ２００１年１０月１５日～１７日在北京召开,这个会议是中国力学学会自成系列的实验力学国际会议本届会议由中国力学学会（ＣＳＴＡＭ）主办;日本机械工程学会材料与力学分会（ＪＳＭＥ－ＭＭＤ）、英国应变测量学会（ＢＳＳＭ）、国际光学工程学会（ＳＰＩＥ）、国际测量协会（ＩＭＥＫＯ）协办．伍小平院士为本届大会主席．一、征文范围 实验方法：数…     

肌球蛋白Ⅱ缺失细胞胞质分裂机制研究

哺乳动物细胞胞质分裂过程中伴随着一系列形态学改变,随着分裂沟不断收缩,形成连接两个子细胞的细胞间桥.间桥不断拉长、变细,直至断裂、生成两个子细胞.采用细胞力学和形态学测量及分析方法,通过施加肌球蛋白Ⅱ抑制剂,定量研究了NRK细胞间桥变细动力学;采用细胞免疫荧光技术,检测了早期胞质分裂肌动蛋白的分布,揭示肌球蛋白Ⅱ缺失细胞胞质分裂可能的机制.结果表明:施加肌球蛋白Ⅱ抑制剂的NRK细胞,其整体形态学和细胞间桥形态学曲线明显不同于0.3%DMSO组.根据流体力学特性和所测量的力学参数对曲线进行模拟发现,表面张力对肌球蛋白Ⅱ抑制组细胞的间桥动力学曲线轨迹影响很大.研究结果提示由细胞力学特性决定的拉普拉斯压力和细胞运动共同参与了肌球蛋白Ⅱ缺失细胞胞质分裂的调节.     

三峡工程中的若干力学问题

简要介绍了三峡水利枢纽工程概况，工程建设中主要技术难点，以及几个主要工程力学问题，包括流体力学、固体力学、二相流及爆破力学等问题．结合三峡工程侧重叙述岩石（体）力学应考虑的新问题．大型岩土工程是庞大的复杂系统，岩石力学涉及众多学科．建议应用系统工程的理论和方法研究岩石（体）力学，使其在国民经济中发挥更大作用，在岩石（体）力学研究中还需针对不同的目标、任务考虑各种非线性问题．因此，岩石（体）力学应与工程问题更紧密地结合．     

第八届亚洲流体力学会议简介

１概况亚洲流体力学会议是由亚洲流体力学委员会（ＡｓｉａｎＦｌｕｉｄＭｅｃｈａｎｉｃｓＣｏｍｍｉｔｔｅｅ）主办的国际例会,轮流在亚洲各国每二年召开一次．第八届亚流会（ＴｈｅＥｉｇｈｔｈＡｓｉａｎＣｏｎｇｒｅｓｓｏｆＦｌｕｉｄＭｅｃｈａｎｉｃｓ．８ＡＣＦＭ）于１９９９年１２月６日～１０日在我国深圳召开．这是第二次在我国召开,第一次是１９８３年在北京召开的第二届亚流会．会议由中国力学学会和深圳市科学技术协会协办,中国力学学会具体承办．会议主席为亚洲流体力学委员会副主席、北京空气动力学研究所崔尔杰院士．…     

基于应变能准则优化模型的骨骼重建数值模拟

将骨骼重建的适应性弹性理论及参考应变能理论与结构优化及有限元方法结合,建立了基于应变能准则优化模型的骨骼重建数值模拟方法,研究骨骼内部重建的机理和规律。以单元应变能密度为刺激源,由内部材料的分布变化来模拟骨重建的过程和规律。通过对股骨头重建的数值模拟,取得了与临床实验相符的结果,也证实了骨结构形态是对力学环境的最佳适应,定量地反映了力学刺激对骨骼重建的影响,得到了符合骨骼重建规律的结论。     

On the relationship between the dynamic behavior and nanoscale staggered structure of the bone

Bone, a typical load-bearing biological material, composed of ordinary base materials such as organic protein and inorganic mineral arranged in a hierarchical architecture, exhibits extraordinary mechanical properties. Up to now, most of previous studies focused on its mechanical properties under static loading. However, failure of the bone occurs often under dynamic loading. An interesting question is: Are the structural sizes and layouts of the bone related or even adapted to the functionalities demanded by its dynamic performance? In the present work, systematic finite element analysis was performed on the dynamic response of nanoscale bone structures under dynamic loading. It was found that for a fixed mineral volume fraction and unit cell area, there exists a nanoscale staggered structure at some specific feature size and layout which exhibits the fastest attenuation of stress waves. Remarkably, these specific feature sizes and layouts are in excellent agreement with those experimentally observed in the bone at the same scale, indicating that the structural size and layout of the bone at the nanoscale are evolutionarily adapted to its dynamic behavior. The present work points out the importance of dynamic effect on the biological evolution of load-bearing biological materials.     

A mathematical model of cortical bone remodeling at cellular level under mechanical stimulus

A bone cell population dynamics model for cortical bone remodeling under mechanical stimulus is developed in this paper. The external experiments extracted from the literature which have not been used in the creation of the model are used to test the validity of the model. Not only can the model compare reasonably well with these experimental results such as the increase percentage of final values of bone mineral content (BMC) and bone fracture energy (BFE) among different loading schemes (which proves the validity of the model), but also predict the realtime development pattern of BMC and BFE, as well as the dynamics of osteoblasts (OBA), osteoclasts (OCA), nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂) for each loading scheme, which can hardly be monitored through experiment. In conclusion, the model is the first of its kind that is able to provide an insight into the quantitative mechanism of bone remodeling at cellular level by which bone cells are activated by mechanical stimulus in order to start resorption/formation of bone mass. More importantly, this model has laid a solid foundation based on which future work such as systemic control theory analysis of bone remodeling under mechanical stimulus can be investigated. The to-be identified control mechanism will help to develop effective drugs and combined nonpharmacological therapies to combat bone loss pathologies. Also this deeper understanding of how mechanical forces quantitatively interact with skeletal tissue is essential for the generation of bone tissue for tissue replacement purposes in tissue engineering.     

Anisotropic density growth of bone—A computational micro-sphere approach

Bones are able to adapt their local density when exposed to mechanical loading. Such growth processes result in densification of the bone in regions of high loading levels and in resorption of the material in regions of low loading levels. This evolution and optimisation process generates heterogeneous distributions of bone density accompanied by pronounced anisotropic mechanical properties. While several constitutive models reported in the literature assume the growth process to be purely isotropic, only few studies focus on the modelling and simulation of anisotropic functional adaptation we can observe in vivo. Some of these few computational models for anisotropic growth characterise the evolution of anisotropy by analogy to anisotropic continuum damage mechanics while others include anisotropic growth but assume isotropic elastic properties.The objective of this work is to generalise a well-established framework of energy-driven isotropic functional adaptation to anisotropic microstructural growth and density evolution. We adopt the so-called micro-sphere concept, which proves to be extremely versatile and flexible to extend sophisticated one-dimensional constitutive relations to the three-dimensional case. In this work we apply this framework to the modelling and simulation of anisotropic functional adaptation by means of a directional density distribution, which evolves in time and in response to the mechanical loading condition. Several numerical studies highlight the characteristics and properties of the anisotropic growth model we establish. The formulation is embedded into an iterative finite element algorithm to solve complex boundary value problems. In particular, we consider the finite-element-simulation of a subject-specific proximal tibia bone and a comparison to experimental measurements. The proposed model is able to appropriately represent the heterogeneous bone density distribution. As an advantage over several other computational growth models proposed in the literature, a pronounced local anisotropy evolution is identified and illustrated by means of orientation-distribution-type density plots.     

考虑载荷特性的骨重建力学调控机制

骨组织具有适应变化力学环境的能力.通过分析骨组织适应力学环境的调控机制,吸纳工程强度设计准则思想,提出考虑载荷特性的骨重建力学调控机制,探讨载荷特性对力学激励的影响,对牙槽骨“张力区骨增生和压力区骨吸收”的现象进行分析和数值模拟.结果表明考虑载荷特性的骨重建力学调控机制是合理的,是骨重建力学调控机制理论的补充和完善.     

Some specific features and consequences of the thermal response of rubber under cyclic mechanical loading

The present paper deals with the specificities of the thermal response of rubber under cyclic mechanical loading at constant ambient temperature. This question is important, since the stabilized thermal response is used in fatigue life criteria, especially for the fast evaluation of fatigue life. For this purpose, entropic coupling in a thermo-hyperelastic framework is first used to predict the variation in the heat source produced or absorbed by the material during cyclic loading. The heat diffusion equation is then used to deduce temperature variations under adiabatic and non-adiabatic conditions. The influence of several parameters on the stabilized thermal response is studied: signal shape, frequency, minimum and maximum stretch levels, multiaxiality of the mechanical state. The results show that, in the steady-state regime, the mean value between the maximum and minimum temperature variations over a mechanical cycle is different from zero. This is due to the specific variation in the heat source, which depends on both the stretch rate and the stretch level. This result has numerous consequences, in particular for fatigue. Indeed, the stabilized mean value between the maximum and minimum temperature variations during fatigue tests does not reflect only fatigue damage, since the entropic coupling also leads to a value different from zero. This is a major difference with respect to materials exhibiting only isentropic coupling, such as metallic materials.     

Discrete element simulation of effects of multicontact loading on single particle crushing

Particle crushing commonly occurs in granular materials and affects their structures and mechanical properties. Unlike idealized particles in experimental single particle crushing tests with two loading points, natural particles are crushed under multicontact loading. To date, the criteria and patterns of particle crushing under multicontact conditions are not fully understood. By using the three-dimensional discrete element method, this report explores the effect of multicontact loading on the crushing criterion of a single particle, the crushing pattern, and the relationship between the particle crushing strength and loading distribution. The particles are modelled as aggregates of glued Voronoi polyhedra. The numerical results indicate that the logarithm of the mean principal stress has a good linear correlation with the coordination number. For a specific coordination number, the number of child particles presents a significant normal distribution. For a specific number of child particles, the volumes of child particles can be statistically described as normal or gamma distribution. Three typical models are proposed to qualitatively analyse the relationship between the loading distribution and crushing strength. The relevant conclusions can be helpful in engineering practice and in further studies on crushable granular materials via the discrete element method.     

多胞材料的力学行为

多胞材料具有独特的力学性质,其工程应用日益增加.人造多胞材料可以分为蜂窝材料和泡沫材料两类.本文介绍了这两类材料在不同载荷条件下力学行为的研究概况.对于某些天然材料(木材和松质骨)的多胞结构及其模型也作了简要介绍.      

一种骨小管中液体流动产生的流量及切应力模型

骨组织受力变形后其内部液体就会流动,同时在其微观结构——骨单元壁中扩散,并进一步产生一系列与骨液流动相关的物理效应,如流体剪切应力、流动电位等,这些物理效应被细胞感知并做出破骨或成骨等反应,来使骨适应外部载荷环境.鉴于骨组织产生的内部液体流动很难实验测定,理论模拟是目前的主要研究手段.基于骨单元的多孔弹性性质建立了骨小管内部液体的流动模型,该模型将骨单元所受的外部载荷与骨小管内部液体的压力、流速、流量和切应力联系起来,并进一步可以研究其力传导与力电传导机制.骨小管模型的建立分别基于中空和考虑哈弗液体的骨单元模型,并考虑了骨单元外壁的弹性约束和刚性位移约束两种边界条件.最终得到骨单元在外部轴向载荷作用下,骨小管内部液体的流量及流体切应力的解析解.结果表明:骨小管中的液体流量与流体切应力都正比于应变载荷幅值和频率,并由载荷的应变率决定.因此应变率可以作为控制流量和流体切应力的一种生理载荷因素.流量随着骨小管半径的增大而非线性增大,而流体切应力则随着骨小管半径的增大而线性增大.此外,在相同的载荷下,含哈弗液体的骨单元的模型中,骨小管中液体的流量和切应力均大于中空骨单元模型.