各向异性浸润表面在液体操控中的应用

在自然界中,各种生物表面,如水稻叶、蝴蝶翅膀、沙漠甲虫鞘翅、蜘蛛丝、仙人掌刺及猪笼草口缘等,都存在着各向异性浸润性.当液体接触线遇到固体表面的物理不对称性或化学不均匀性时,就会发生各向异性浸润现象,表现为表面在特定而非随机的方向上展现出不同的液滴接触角和滑动角,并伴随着液体的各向异性扩散和各向异性运动行为.近年来,各向异性浸润表面的理论研究和实际应用引起了人们广泛的关注.液体操控,尤其是可控定向液体输送,作为一种极具发展前景的重要智能液体操纵形式,在许多领域发挥着重要作用.各向异性浸润表面因其独特的物理化学性质,在液体操控领域的应用获得了快速发展.本文结合本课题组的研究工作,提出了各向同性浸润和各向异性浸润的有关观点,总结了以微/纳米结构为主的人造各向异性浸润表面在液体操控领域的最新进展,包括可控浸润性、微流控及液体运输和水/雾收集.最后讨论了这一快速发展领域目前面临的挑战和未来的发展前景.     

纤维集合体内液体浸润的统计力学模型

采用Ising模型研究液体在纤维集合体内的浸润过程.假定纤维之间、纤维和液体之间的相互作用以van der Waals力为主,则纤维与液体之间的粘附能和液体内部的内聚能均可用Lifshitz理论计算（表面张力所作的功也被考虑在内）.该模型结合Monte Carlo 方法可用于模拟纤维集合体内液体浸润过程.模拟结果与芯吸实验相吻合,表明这一方法适用于液体在纤维集合体内浸润过程的研究.通过改变初始条件,该模型可进一步模拟液体在更加复杂的纤维结构内的浸润过程.     

化学反应中吸热或放热显示演示器

按图制作仪器若在仪器的一侧安装上一块涂上白色的木板,显示效果会更加明显。演示时,若系两种液体物质进行反应,可将反应液分别由漏斗注入小烧杯中,并不断用玻璃棒搅拌;若系固体物质与液体物质反应时,则将固体物质先放入小烧杯内,然后将液体由漏斗注入小烧杯,同样用玻璃棒不断搅拌。     

液滴尺寸与表面张力

液体的滴数问题是化学实验等实际工作中经常遇到的界面问题.液滴体积与液体的表面张力有关,因此一定体积的液体所具有的液滴数也与表面张力有关.但若仅考虑表面张力的影响而忽视密度的作用,则有可能得出不正确的结论.本文从一道考题入手,讨论了表面张力、密度等因素对液滴大小的影响,对考题答案进行了分析.     

IR125和HDITCP在不同烷基链长阳离子离子液体中的光异构化动力学

利用稳态吸收和荧光光谱以及时间相关单光子计数实验,分别测得近红外花菁分子IR125和HDITCP在不同烷基链长阳离子离子液体中的荧光量子产率和荧光寿命,并通过计算获得了它们各自在相应离子液体中的光异构化速率.发现IR125和HDITCP在不同离子液体中的光异构化速率没有随着离子液体粘度的增大而产生明显变化.与IR125和HDITCP在与离子液体具有相同粘度的甘油水溶液中的光异构化速率对比,发现IR125和HDITCP在离子液体中的光异构化能垒比它们在甘油水溶液中的光异构化能垒增大约2 kJ?mol-1,这表明在高粘度的离子液体中IR125或HDITCP与离子液体之间特殊的相互作用会阻碍它们各自的光异构化过程.     

离子液体的周期性变化规律及导向图

离子液体是完全由阴阳离子组成的室温下呈液态的盐类, 其作为绿色溶剂近年来成为众多领域的研究热点. 由于阴阳离子种类繁多, 阴阳离子的不同组合而形成的离子液体种类理论上几乎是无限的. 而在庞大的离子液体家族中如何选择合适的离子液体或者如何设计新型的功能离子液体成为离子液体研究及其应用的瓶颈. 门捷列夫的元素周期律启发我们在离子液体中寻找与之类似的规律. 本文正是基于这样一个思路, 试图建立离子液体周期率和离子液体导向图, 从而为寻找和设计离子液体提供明确的方向. 如果最终能够建立起一套完整的离子液体各种性质的周期律, 将会从本质上理解离子间及分子片间的性质差异与相互作用.     

猪笼草口缘超湿滑的揭密:Jiang-Taylor毛细升与液体定向输运

<正>无动力液体定向输运可为可控微流体、药物定向输送、可控化学反应和定向润滑防粘等提供创新设计新思路,具有广泛的应用前景[1]。一般而言,液体在表面上的自主运动的动力来源于表面能的不平衡或者由结构引起的毛细力不平衡,而单方向运动往往是由于梯度表面张力、梯度拉普拉斯压力或者各向异性结构引起的[2,3]。构建倾斜纳米线阵列或者表面化学浸润梯度均可实现液体的定向输送,但是这些液体输送具有速度慢、距     

电位滴定法研究离子液体的碱性

近年来碱性离子液体的设计、合成及应用获得广泛关注. 离子液体碱性表征对于碱性离子液体的应用具有重要意义. 然而, 关于碱性离子液体碱性表征深入研究的报道还比较少. 我们合成了系列碱性离子液体, 利用电位滴定法测定了碱性离子液体的pK_b值, 通过相应pK_b值来表征离子液体的碱性强度, 最后考察了离子液体碱性与其结构之间的关联关系. 结果表明, 羧酸根碱性离子液体的碱性主要由阴离子决定, 但不同的阳离子也会影响到其碱性强度, 从而对离子液体的碱性进行微调; 对于胺基功能化的咪唑型离子液体, 由于离子液体结构中咪唑阳离子具有较强的吸电子诱导效应, 相对于对应的三乙胺其碱性显著下降.     

离子液体在电池中的应用

离子液体由于具有热稳定性好、电导率高、电化学窗口宽、不挥发、不燃烧等特点,其作为新一代功能电解质材料在不同电池体系中的应用成为当前研究的热点.本文对离子液体在电池体系中的最新研究进展作了较为全面的阐述,其中着重介绍了本研究团队近年来面向锂二次电池、超级电容器和燃料电池等不同电化学体系应用研究开发的离子液体基功能电解质材...     

不同反应体系中(S)-1-(4-甲氧基)-苯基乙醇的不对称生物合成

在不同反应体系中,研究了固定化红酵母细胞催化对甲氧基苯乙酮不对称还原合成(S)-1-(4-甲氧基)-苯基乙醇的反应.结果表明,在含离子液体的混合反应体系和双相反应体系中,该不对称还原反应的效率得到了不同程度的提高.此外,离子液体中阴阳离子类型对该反应的影响较大,特定阴阳离子间的匹配对同定化红酵母细胞发挥最佳催化效果至关...     

Degradable poly(ethylene oxide) hydrogels formed by crosslinking with tert‐butylperoxybenzoate

Poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO, number‐average molecular weight: 2,000,000) was crosslinked by reaction with t‐butylperoxybenzoate in the melt. Upon swelling in water, the resulting hydrogels were acidic and suggested clear evidence of spontaneous hydrolysis that continued over periods of several weeks to give clear and low‐viscosity aqueous solutions of PEO oligomers. In contrast, in neutral media the gels did not show any signs of hydrolysis. As shown by UV, IR, and size exclusion chromatographic analysis, the PEO hydrolysis products consist of benzoic acid and hydroxyl‐ and carboxyl end‐functionalized low‐molecular‐weight PEOs. This is consistent with the acid‐catalyzed hydrolysis of acetal‐, orthoester‐, and similar end‐functionalized PEOs formed by radical coupling of various PEO radicals with benzoate, alkoxy, and other radicals. Titration of the hydrolysis mixtures indicated that the total molar amount of acid exceeds that of the maximum amount of benzoic acid produced during gel formation. However, the amount of benzoic acid equaled this maximum amount. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 41: 520–527, 2003     

Protein-resistant poly(ethylene oxide)-grafted surfaces: chain density-dependent multiple mechanisms of action

A clear understanding of the mechanisms responsible for the protein-resistant nature of end-tethered poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) surfaces remains elusive. A barrier to improved understanding is the fact that many of the factors involved (chain length, chain density, hydration, conformation, and distal chemistry) are inherently correlated. We hypothesize that, by comparing systems of variable but precisely known chain density, it should be possible to gain additional insight into the effects of the other factors. To evaluate this hypothesis, chain-end-thiolated PEOs were chemisorbed to gold-coated silicon wafers such that a range of chain densities was obtained. Three different PEOs were investigated: hydroxy-terminated chains of molecular weight 600 (600-OH), methoxy-terminated chains of molecular weight 750 (750-OCH3), and methoxy-terminated chains of molecular weight 2000 (2000-OCH3). In situ null ellipsometry was used to determine PEO chemisorption kinetics, ultimate PEO chain densities, protein adsorption kinetics, and ultimate protein adsorbed quantities. With this approach, it was possible to ascertain the effects of PEO distal chemistry (-OH, -OCH3), chain length, and layer hydration on protein adsorption. The data obtained suggested that properties related to chain density (conformational freedom, hydration) were the main determinants of protein resistance at chain densities up to a critical value of approximately 0.5 chain/nm2; at this value, protein adsorption was a minimum for the methoxy-terminated PEOs. For the hydroxyl-terminated PEO, adsorption leveled off at the critical value. Thus distal chemistry appears to be a major determinant of protein resistance at chain densities greater than the critical value.     

Janus-type dendrimer-like poly(ethylene oxide)s

A straightforward and original methodology allowing the synthesis of Janus-type dendrimer-like poly(ethylene oxide)s (PEOs) carrying orthogonal functional groups on their surface is described. The use of 3-allyloxy-1,2-propanediol (1) as a latent AB2-type heterofunctional initiator of anionic ring-opening polymerization (AROP) of ethylene oxide (EO) and of selective branching agents of PEO chain ends served to construct the two dendrons of these dendrimer-like PEOs, following a divergent pathway. Thus, the first PEO generation of the first dendron was grown by AROP from 1 followed by the reaction of the corresponding alpha-allyl,omega,omega'-bishydroxy- heterofunctional PEO derivative with 2-(3'-chloromethybenzyloxymethyl)-2-methyl-5,5-dimethyl-1,3-dioxane (2) used as a branching agent. This afforded the dendron A with four latent peripheral hydroxyls protected in the form of two ketal rings. The remaining alpha-allylic double bond of the PEO thus prepared was transformed into two hydroxyl groups using OsO4 in order to create the first PEO generation of the dendron B by AROP of EO. Allyl chloride (3) was then used as another (latent) branching agent to react with the terminal hydroxyl of the corresponding PEO chains. Deprotection under acidic conditions of the ketal groups of dendron A, followed by AROP of EO, afforded the second PEO generation on this face. This alternate and divergent procedure, combining AROP of EO and selective branching of PEO branches, could be readily iterated, one dendron after the other up to the generation six, leading to a Janus-type dendrimer-like PEO exhibiting a total mass of around 300 kg/mol and possessing 64 peripheral groups on each face. The possibility of orthogonal functionalization of the surfaces of such Janus-type dendritic PEOs was exploited. Indeed, a dendron of generation 4 was functionalized with hydroxyl functions at its periphery, whereas the other was end-capped with either tertiary amino or disulfide groups. In a variant of this strategy, azido groups and acetylene could also be orthogonally introduced at the periphery of the fourth generation Janus-type dendrimer-like PEO and subjected to polycondensation by a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction. This afforded a necklace-like covalent assembly of dendrimer-like PEOs through the formation of stable [1,2,3]-triazole linkages.     

聚乳酸/聚氧化乙烯共混体系的热行为和力学性能及流变行为

采用熔融共混方法制备了聚乳酸与聚氧化乙烯的共混物.细致研究了重均分子量分别为2 kDa、10kDa1、00 kDa和600 kDa的聚氧化乙烯对聚乳酸的改性效果,并使用DSC、DMA及旋转流变仪等分析了共混物的相容性、热行为、力学性能和流变行为.结果表明,在聚氧化乙烯的组分含量不超过20 wt%的前提下,共混体系保持为完全相容体系,当聚氧化乙烯的分子量超过10 kDa时,其对聚乳酸的增塑效果,不随分子量增加而降低;增加聚氧化乙烯的分子量,可以提高材料的弹性模量和熔体强度.     

Adsorption of poly(ethylene oxide) at the air/water interface: a dynamic and static surface tension study

The adsorption of polyethylene oxide (PEO) homologues in a wide range of molecular weight (from M(PEO)=200 to 10(6)) at the air/aqueous solution interface was investigated by dynamic and static surface tension measurements. An approximate estimate for the lower limit of PEO concentration was given at which reliable equilibrium surface tension can be determined from static surface tension measurements. It was shown that the observed jump in the earlier published sigma-lg(c(PEO)) curves is attributable to the nonequilibrium surface tension values at low PEO concentrations. The adsorption behavior of short chain PEO molecules (M(PEO)1000) is similar to that of the ordinary surfactants. The estimated standard free energy of PEO adsorption, DeltaG(0), increases linearly with the PEO molecular weight until M(PEO)=1000. In this molecular weight range, DeltaG(0) was found to be approximately the fifth of the hydrophobic driving force related to the adsorption of a surfactant with the same number of methylene groups. In the case of the longer chain PEOs the driving force of adsorption is so high that the adsorption isotherm is near saturation in the experimentally available polymer concentration range. Above a critical molecular weight the PEO adsorption reveals universal features, e.g., the surface tension and the surface density of segments do not depend on the polymer molecular weight.     

Crystallization behavior of disproportionately high and low molecular weight PEO blends

The crystallization behavior of PEOs with molecular weight of 1 Ok and 200k as well as their blends was studied in details. The results show that the lower molecular weight PEO crystallizes with faster crystallization rate as judged from a shorter time for completing the crystallization. On the other hand, the higher molecular weight PEO crystallizes at relatively higher temperature, indicating an early start of crystallization compared with the lower molecular weight one. The blends of these two PEOs with different blend ratios always cocrystallize during the cooling processes. It is confirmed that mixing of the 10k PEO with the 200k one is in favor of the crystallization of the system. This is not only demonstrated by the early start of the crystallization at higher crystallization temperature, and also a faster crystal growth of the blend with respect to the 200k PEO. The crystallization of the blends at higher temperature is caused by an early start of nucleation and an increment of nucleus density. This may originate from the density fluctuation of the blend and a reduction in energy barrier for nucleation. Moreover, it is found that the crystallinity of the 1 Ok PEO rich blends increases with increasing concentration of the 10k PEO. This is caused by the solvent effect of the 10k PEO toward the 200k PEO. On the other hand, the crystallinity of the 30/70 （10k/200k） PEO blend is decreased a little bit. This may be a balanced result of the improved crystallization of the 200k PEO at the expense of the high crystallization ability of the 1 Ok PEO.     

pH responsiveness of dendrimer-like poly(ethylene oxide)s

Poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and poly(acrylic acid) (PAA), two polymers known to form pH-sensitive aggregates through noncovalent interactions, were assembled in purposely designed architecture -a dendrimer-like PEO scaffold carrying short inner PAA chains-to produce unimolecular systems that exhibit pH responsiveness. Because of the particular placement of the PAA chains within the dendrimer-like structure, intermolecular complexation between acrylic acid (AA) and ethylene oxide (EO) units-and thus macroscopic aggregation or even mesoscopic micellization-could be avoided in favor of the sole intramolecular complexation. The sensitivity of such interactions to pH was exploited to generate dendrimer-like PEOs that reversibly shrink and expand with the pH. Such PAA-carrying dendrimer-like PEOs were synthesized in two main steps. First, a fifth-generation dendrimer-like PEO was obtained by combining anionic ring-opening polymerization (AROP) of ethylene oxide from a tris-hydroxylated core and selective branching reactions of PEO chain ends. To this end, an AB(2)C-type branching agent was designed: the latter includes a chloromethyl (A) group for its covalent attachment to the arm ends, two geminal hydroxyls (B(2)) protected in the form of a ketal ring for the growth of subsequent PEO generations by AROP, and a vinylic (C) double bonds for further functionalization of the interior of dendrimer-like PEOs. Reiteration of AROP and derivatization of PEO branches allowed us to prepare a dendrimer-like PEO of fourth generation with a total molar mass of 52,000 g x mol(-1), containing 24 external hydroxyl functions and 21 inner vinylic groups in the interior. A fifth generation of PEO chains was generated from this parent dendrimer-like PEO of fourth generation using a "conventional" AB(2)-type branching agent, and 48 PEO branches could be grown by AROP. The 48 outer hydroxy-end groups of the fifth-generation dendrimer-like PEO obtained were subsequently quantitatively converted into inert benzylic groups using benzyl bromide. The 21 internal vinylic groups carried by the PEO scaffold were then chemically modified in a two-step sequence into bromoester groups. The latter which are atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) initiating sites thus served to grow poly(tert-butylacrylate) chains. After a final step of hydrolysis of the tert-butyl ester groups, double, hydrophilic, dendrimer-like PEOs comprising 21 internal junction-attached poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) blocks could be obtained. Dynamic light scattering was used to determine the size of these dendrimer-like species in water and to investigate their response to pH variation: in particular, how the pH-sensitive complexation of EO and AA units affects their overall behavior.     

Crystallization of carboxylic acid salts in poly(ethylene oxide) oligomers at higher temperatures

Many alkali metal carboxylates when dissolved in poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) oligomers, are phaseseparated by heating. These were revealed to be the crystals of the initially dissolved corresponding salts from the X-ray diffraction patterns. Some acetate salts achieve the lower limit of the lattice energy for phase separation of ordinary inorganic salts by heating in PEO oligomers. These carboxylate salts were therefore expected to show crystallization behavior in PEO oligomers by heating. The effects of cation size, alkyl chain length and molecular weight of PEO on the solubility are summarized. Negative temperature dependence of solubility of these acetate salts is seen in the PEO oligomers only when the salts have long alkyl chains. The salts containing larger cations needed a longer chain length of PEOs for crystallization by heating. These salts with longer alkyl chains showed positive temperautred dependence in lower molecular weight polyethers, but negative temperature dependence in solubility in PEO with molecular weights higher than 400. In PEO₄₀₀, all the carboxylates with longer alkyl chains were phase separated by heating.     

Modification of polyurethane surface with an antithrombin-heparin complex for blood contact: influence of molecular weight of polyethylene oxide used as a linker/spacer

Polyurethane (PU) was modified using isocyanate chemistry to graft polyethylene oxide (PEO) of various molecular weights (range 300-4600). An antithrombin-heparin (ATH) covalent complex was subsequently attached to the free PEO chain ends, which had been functionalized with N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) groups. Surfaces were characterized by water contact angle and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) to confirm the modifications. Adsorption of fibrinogen from buffer was found to decrease by ~80% for the PEO-modified surfaces compared to the unmodified PU. The surfaces with ATH attached to the distal chain end of the grafted PEO were equally protein resistant, and when the data were normalized to the ATH surface density, PEO in the lower MW range showed greater protein resistance. Western blots of proteins eluted from the surfaces after plasma contact confirmed these trends. The uptake of ATH on the PEO-modified surfaces was greatest for the PEO of lower MW (300 and 600), and antithrombin binding from plasma (an indicator of heparin anticoagulant activity) was highest for these same surfaces. The PEO-ATH- and PEO-modified surfaces also showed low platelet adhesion from flowing whole blood. It is concluded that for the PEO-ATH surfaces, PEO in the low MW range, specifically MW 600, may be optimal for achieving an appropriate balance between resistance to nonspecific protein adsorption and the ability to take up ATH and bind antithrombin in subsequent blood contact.     

Sequential functionalization of janus‐type dendrimer‐like poly(ethylene oxide)s with camptothecin and folic acid

Janus‐type dendrimer‐like poly(ethylene oxide)s (PEOs) of 1st, 2nd, and 3rd generation carrying terminal hydroxyl functions on one side and cleavable ketal groups on the other were used as substrates to conjugate folic acid as a folate receptor and camptothecin (CPT) as a therapeutic drug in a sequential fashion. The conjugation of both FA and CPT was accomplished by “click chemistry” based on the 1,3 dipolar cycloaddition coupling reaction. First, the hydroxyl functions present at one face of Janus‐type dendrimer‐like PEOs were transformed into alkyne groups through a simple Williamson‐type etherification reaction. Next, the ketals carried by the other face of the dendrimer‐like PEOs were hydrolyzed, yielding twice as many hydroxyls which were subsequently subjected to an esterification reaction using 2‐bromopropionic bromide. Before substituting azides for the bromide of 2‐bromopropionate esters just generated in the presence of NaN₃, an azido‐containing amidified FA derivative was reacted through click chemistry with alkyne functions introduced on the other face of the dendrimer‐like PEOs. A purposely designed alkyne‐functionalized biomolecule derived from CPT was conjugated to the azido functions carried by the dendritic PEOs by a second “click reaction.” In this case, twice as many CPT as FA moieties were finally conjugated to the two faces of the Janus‐type dendrimer‐like PEOs, the numbers of folate and CPT introduced being 2 and 4, 4 and 8, and 8 and 16 for samples of 1st, 2nd, and 3rd generation, respectively (route A). An alternate route for functionalizing the dendrimer‐like PEO of 1st generation consisted, first, in conjugating the azido‐containing CPT onto the alkyne groups present on one face of the dendritic PEO scaffold. The alkyne‐functionalized FA was further introduced by click chemistry after the bromides of 2‐bromopropionate esters were chemically transformed into azido groups. The corresponding prodrug thus contains 2 CPT and 4 FA external moieties (route B). Every reaction step product was thoroughly characterized by ¹H NMR spectroscopy. A preliminary investigation into the water solution properties of these functionalized dendritic PEOs is also presented. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011