高分子化学位移的量化计算与固体NMR实验研究

该文以2种不同立构聚丙烯（iPP和sPP）为讨论对象,首先研究了量化计算方法在预测高分子¹³C 各向同性和各向异性化学位移（CSA）中的应用,然后讨论了近年来发展的测定¹³C CSA粉末线形的2种重要固体NMR实验技术（SUPER和RAI）的特点和实验优化问题. 最后,利用可获得接近无扭曲线形的SUPER技术测定了等规立构聚丙烯样品的¹³C CSA粉末线形,并与量化计算理论结果比较. 结果表明：¹³C 各向同性化学位移及CSA粉末线形的理论计算结果均与固体NMR实验结果有很好的符合,预示通过¹³C CSA量化计算结合固体NMR实验是阐明高分子微观结构的有力工具.     

先进固体NMR技术研究高分子结构与动力学

随着固体NMR理论和谱仪硬件技术的不断发展,近年来固体NMR技术在高分子多尺度结构与动力学研究领域中正发挥着越来越重要的作用. 多脉冲及高速魔角旋转（MAS）等质子高分辨技术的发展使得高灵敏度的¹H谱可有效地用于高分子化学结构与链间相互作用的检测;基于化学键（J-耦合）相关和通过空间（偶极耦合）相互作用的各种二维异核相关谱NMR新技术,使得复杂高分子的链结构得以严格解析. 基于MAS下同核和异核偶极-偶极相互作用、化学位移各向异性等各向异性相互作用重聚的系列新技术,使得研究者可在采用高分辨¹H或¹³C 检测信号的同时检测准静态下的各向异性相互作用,进而获得与之密切相关的结构和动力学信息. 通过质子偶极滤波技术可有效检测多相聚合物中的界面相与相区尺寸、高分子共混物中的相容性等问题. 在动力学的研究中,通过质子间自旋扩散的有效压制技术和化学位移各向异性的重聚,目前已经可以有效地获取链段上单个化学键的快速局域运动以及链段的超慢分子运动. 上述丰富的多尺度NMR技术可以使研究者在不同空间和时间尺度上对高分子聚合物的微观结构、相分离和动力学行为等进行详细的研究,进而阐明高分子微观结构与宏观性能的关联. 该文以固体NMR中最主要的2类核（¹H和¹³C）的检测技术为主线,简单介绍近年来固体NMR领域的一些最新研究进展及其在高分子结构和动力学研究中的应用.     

乳制品中胆碱及其衍生物的快速核磁共振检测

胆碱及其衍生物是一类具有重要生物功能的小分子代谢物,可部分在人体合成,但是更重要的来源是饮食.胆碱被认为是一种人体必需的营养物质,常存在于牛奶、豆类等日常饮食中,也是一种重要的婴儿食品添加剂.饮食中胆碱的长期缺乏与器官功能障碍等疾病有关,因此胆碱衍生物的快速检测分析对食品检测具有重要意义.核磁共振（NMR）技术无需样品分离就可完成相关物质的检测,是理想的食品中胆碱衍生物检测工具.但由于相关分子结构类似,化学位移接近,利用常规NMR技术检测胆碱及其衍生物较为困难.本文采用¹H-¹⁴N SOFAST-HMQC技术对乳制品中的不同胆碱衍生物进行了快速分析检测,结果发现：与1D ¹H NMR谱检测相比,该技术对胆碱衍生物的检测具有高选择性,可消除这些复杂混合体系中其它背景分子干扰;与¹H-¹⁴N HSQC谱检测技术相比,该技术具有更高的灵敏度,在单位时间内信号增强可达1.5~2.0倍.     

NMR方法在煤炭分析中的应用进展

简要介绍了核磁共振（NMR）方法在煤炭组成及热解过程分析中的应用. 目前用于煤炭分析的NMR方法主要包括固体NMR和液体NMR. 从检测手段来看,以¹³C NMR和¹H NMR方法较多,¹⁵N NMR, ¹⁹F NMR和³¹P NMR也在煤炭的分析中发挥了重要作用. 其中用于区分和选择性检测不同官能团的NMR谱编辑方法的发展, 进一步推进了NMR在煤炭化工中的应用.     

通过宽线固体核磁共振氢谱研究半晶高分子的相结构

宽线固体核磁共振氢谱（¹H NMR）是一种研究半晶高分子相结构的经典方法.本文以半晶聚乙烯的宽线固体¹H NMR谱为例，探讨了通过Gaussian/Sinc、Gaussian和Lorentzian函数组合对宽线固体¹H NMR谱图进行拟合的方案，并根据半晶聚乙烯的相结构成分对拟合得到的各信号成分进行归属.并在此基础上探讨了各个相结构中分子链运动与信号线型的相关性，以及利用宽线固体¹H NMR谱测量半晶高分子结晶度存在的困难.     

核磁共振技术在生物质转化中的应用

生物质结构的精确分析研究有利于其各个组分的转化利用,而核磁共振（NMR）技术是生物质解聚及结构演变分析中重要的表征技术.本文主要介绍了¹H NMR、¹³C NMR、³¹P NMR和2D HSQC四种NMR技术在生物质结构、产物定性和定量分析、反应路径和催化解聚机理探究中的应用,然后讨论了NMR技术应用于生物质研究中存在的主要问题,并进行了展望.     

基于咔唑-靛红双-硫代碳酰腙衍生物的NMR研究

采用多种核磁共振（NMR）技术（包括¹H NMR、¹³C NMR、¹H-¹H COSY、¹H-¹³C HSQC、¹H-¹³C HMBC），对基于咔唑-靛红双-硫代碳酰腙新型衍生物2，即1-[（3Z）-2-氧代吲哚-3-亚基]-5-[（9-己基-3-咔唑基）亚基]硫代碳酰腙的¹H和¹³C NMR信号进行了全归属，确定了其结构．     

吡喃葡糖基氮杂环卡宾-钯(II)-吡啶配合物的NMR研究

以溴化1-（2,3,4,6-四-O-乙酰基-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基）-3-丁基咪唑盐（化合物1）、吡啶和醋酸钯为原料,快速合成了空气稳定的1-（2,3,4,6-四-O-乙酰基-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基）-3-丁基-咪唑-2-亚基]-溴化钯（II）-吡啶（配合物2）.配合物2的结构中存在乙酰基-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基,糖环上有多个手性碳,其核磁共振氢谱（¹H NMR）和碳谱（¹³C NMR）较复杂,不易归属.本文通过元素分析对配合物2的组成进行表征,运用1D和2D NMR技术（包括¹H NMR、¹³C NMR、DEPT135、DEPT90、DEPT45、COSY、¹H-¹³C HSQC、¹H-¹³C HMBC）对配合物2的¹H和¹³C NMR信号进行全归属.研究发现,在乙酰基-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基的稠环上多个弱配位的氧和乙酰基氧原子上孤电子对的作用下,配合物2的氮杂环卡宾-钯（II）-吡啶金属键形成对稠环上碳氢化学环境的影响比对丁基的影响更为明显.     

固体核磁共振技术在锂/钠离子电池碳负极中的应用及研究进展

碳负极材料作为锂/钠离子电池的传统负极材料一直获得广泛的推广和应用,但其仍存在充电时间长、库伦效率低等问题,研究碳负极材料充放电机理是解决这些问题的关键.固体核磁共振（NMR）技术是一种研究固体材料中目标原子所处化学环境以及材料内部结构变化的有效手段.通过测定锂/钠离子电池中⁶Li、⁷Li和²³Na高速魔角旋转（MAS）条件下的固体NMR谱图,能够清晰获得锂/钠离子电池碳负极脱/嵌过程中的结构变化,以及碳原子与Li/Na的配位情况,从而为碳负极材料的设计及其电化学性能的提升提供充分的理论依据.本文综述了近年来固体NMR技术在锂/钠离子电池碳负极材料研究中的应用以及相关研究进展.     

新药硫酸头孢匹罗的NMR研究

应用1D NMR、2D NMR （COSY、HMQC、HMBC、NOESY）及脉冲梯度场2D NMR技术[gHSQC（¹H-¹⁵N）、gHMBC（¹H-¹⁵N）]深入研究了第四代新型超广谱头孢菌素类抗生素硫酸头孢匹罗的结构,并首次对其¹H NMR、¹³C NMR谱和¹⁵N NMR谱的信号进行了全归属,通过NOESY实验对其立体结构提供有力依据.     

Compositional analysis of multi-element magnetic nanoparticles with a combined NMR and TEM approach

The increasing interest in nanoscale materials goes hand in hand with the challenge to reliably characterize the chemical compositions and structural features of nanosized objects in order to relate those to their physical properties. Despite efforts, the analysis of the chemical composition of individual multi-element nanoparticles remains challenging—from the technical point of view as well as from the point of view of measurement statistics. Here, we demonstrate that zero-field solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) complements local, single particle transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies with information on a large assembly of chemically complex nanoparticles. The combination of both experimental techniques gives information on the local composition and structure and provides an excellent measurement statistic through the corresponding NMR ensemble measurement. This analytical approach is applicable to many kinds of magnetic materials and therefore may prove very versatile in the future research of particulate magnetic nanomaterials.     

Magnetic susceptibility effects on 13C MAS NMR spectra of carbon materials and graphite

13C high-resolution solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) was employed to study carbon materials prepared through the thermal decomposition of four different organic precursors (rice hulls, endocarp of babassu coconut, peat, and PVC). For heat treatment temperatures (HTTs) above about 600 C, all materials presented 13C NMR spectra composed of a unique resonance line associated with carbon atoms in aromatic planes. With increasing HTT a continuous broadening of this resonance and a diamagnetic shift in its central frequency were verified for all samples. The evolution of the magnitude and anisotropy of the magnetic susceptibility of the heat-treated carbon samples with HTT explains well these findings. It is shown that these results are better understood when a comparison is made with the features of the 13C NMR spectrum of polycrystalline graphite, for which the magnetic susceptibility effect is also present and is much more pronounced.     

水化磷脂层中蛋白质和多肽的高分辨固体核磁共振波谱学

有序样品的固体核磁共振(NMR)已快速发展成测定蛋白质和多肽在“仿真”水化磷脂层中高分辨结构的重要谱学方法. 由于与膜相连的蛋白质和多肽的结构、动力学和功能往往都和其周边自然环境密切相关,因此人们把蛋白质和多肽有序排列于水化磷脂层中进行固体NMR测量, 从而获得与取向相关的各向异性自旋相互作用. 这些取向约束可作为结构参数重构蛋白质在水化磷脂层中的高分辨三维结构. 近十年来在样品制备,NMR探头和实验方法方面的显著发展,极大地促进了有序样品的固体NMR的发展,并使之成为测定与膜相连的蛋白质和多肽结构的有效方法. 该综述介绍有序样品的固体NMR谱学方法,并总结此领域里的最新研究进展.     

Characterization of lipid bilayer formation in aligned nanoporous aluminum oxide nanotube arrays

Aligning lipid bilayers in nanoporous anodized aluminum oxide (AAO) is a new method to help study membrane proteins by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopic methods. The ability to maintain hydration, sample stability, and compartmentalization over long periods of time, and to easily change solvent composition are major advantages of this new method. To date, 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine (DMPC) has been the only phospholipid used for membrane protein studies with AAO substrates. The different properties of lipids with varying chain lengths require modified sample preparation procedures to achieve well formed bilayers within the lining of the AAO substrates. For the first time, the current study presents a simple methodology to incorporate large quantities of 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine (POPC), DMPC, and 1,2-dipalmitoyl-3-sn-phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) phospholipids inside AAO substrate nanopores of varying sizes. (2)H and (31)P solid-state NMR were used to confirm the alignment of each lipid and compare the efficiency of alignment. This study is the first step in standardizing the use of AAO substrates as a tool in NMR and EPR and will be useful for future structural studies of membrane proteins. Additionally, the solid-state NMR data suggest possible applications of nanoporous aluminum oxide in future vesicle fusion studies.     

Four‐component relativistic chemical shift calculations of halogenated organic compounds

The calculation of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) properties of organic compounds with heavy elements has been a computational challenge due to the importance of relativistic effects and the cost of relativistic calculations capable of capturing these effects. The heavy‐atom effect on the chemical shift of light atoms also challenges the interpretation of NMR spectra of organic compounds, since relativistic effects can affect the predicted values of protons bonded to heavy atoms by as much as 20 ppm. Here, we investigate the chemical shifts of six organic compounds with/without halogen atoms using non‐relativistic and state‐of‐the‐art four‐component relativistic methods, comparing the results to available experimental data. Our study confirms the importance of relativistic effects in modeling NMR properties of organic compounds involving heavy atoms and shows that these effects cannot be properly described by non‐relativistic methods. We also demonstrate that relativistic four‐component calculations of NMR chemical shifts now have reached a level of maturity that allows these methods to be used routinely in theoretical studies of NMR properties of large organic compounds containing heavy elements. The accuracy of these calculations is high enough to allow them to be used in assisting in the structural characterization of natural compounds. Comparison of the GGA functionals used in the four‐component relativistic density functional theory calculations shows that the PBE functional seems to be well suited for such studies. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

NMR Crystallography as a Novel Tool for the Understanding of the Mode of Action of Enzymes: SOD a Case Study

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) crystallography is an approach for revealing molecular and supramolecular structures and molecular packing for systems where standard X-ray crystallography gives no results. It combines solid-state NMR techniques with chemical models and/or molecular dynamics and/or quantum chemical calculations. These techniques are often supported by other structure characterization methods. In the present review, recent results on the application of NMR crystallography for the investigation of the mode of action of superoxide dismutases are discussed. Studies of substrate–inhibitor complexes of human manganese and Streptomyces nickel superoxide dismutase are presented, which are chemical models of the transient enzyme–substrate complex. The review is completed by new, previously unpublished results, calculating an NMR structure of NiSOD model peptide-bound cyanide based on experimental restraints measured by us and derived from the literature and extended DFT calculations.     

Raman Spectroscopy of Natural Bone and Synthetic Apatites

Abstract

Raman spectroscopy of natural bones and hydroxyapatites is described. In addition, how Raman spectroscopy has proved crucial in providing baseline data for the modification of synthetic apatite powders that are routinely used now as bone replacement materials is explained. It is important to understand the chemical structural properties of natural bone. Bone consists of two primary components: an inorganic or mineral phase, which is mainly a carbonated form of a nanoscale crystalline calcium phosphate, closely resembling hydroxyapatite, and an organic phase, which is composed largely of type I collagen fibers. Other constituents of bone tissue include water and organic molecules such as glycosaminoglycans, glycoproteins, lipids, and peptides. Ions such as sodium, magnesium, fluoride, and citrate are also present, as well as hydrogenophosphate. Hence, the mineral phase in bone may be characterized essentially as nonstoichiometric substituted apatite. Such a distinction is important in the development of synthetic calcium phosphates for application as skeletal implants. An understanding of bone function and its interfacial relationship to an implant clearly depends on the associated structure and composition. Therefore, it is essential to fully understand the chemical composition of bone, and Raman spectroscopy is an excellent technique for such an analysis.     

碱基分子的原子电距矢量表达及核磁共振碳谱模拟

提出以原子电性距离矢量(VAED)描述各种碱基分子中不同等价碳原子的化学环境,结合γ效应校正与碳原子类型,建立核磁共振碳谱(¹³C NMR)化学位移(CS)的五参数线性模型.用于碱基分子中4类不同碳(其中主要是仲叔季碳)的等价碳原子化学位移的估计,复相关系数R和均方根误差RMS[ppm]分别为仲叔季碳:1)对C2n=12,R=0.9998,R²=0.9997,F=2732.2498,EV=0.9994,RMS=0.1804,SD=0.18842)对C3n=41,R=0.9334,R²=0.8712,F=38.3299,EV=0.8528,RMS=9.5268,SD=9.64523)对C4n=23,R=0.9183,R²=0.8433,F=14.3479,EV=0.7972,RMS=6.5304,SD=6.67721)对C2n=12,R=0.9998,R²=0.9997,F=2592.7072,EV=0.9994,RMS=0.1852,SD=0.19342)对C3n=41,R=0.9270,R²=0.8594,F=34.6283,EV=0.8393,RMS=9.548,SD=10.07843)对C4n=23,R=0.9071,R²=0.8229,F=12.3881,EV=0.7708,RMS=6.9425,SD=7.0985经交互校验,模拟稳定性较好.并综合几种处理方法,找到一种较好的建模方法,将它用于4个外部样本化学位移的定量预测,结果良好.     

A stray-field imaging,CRAMPS and MQMAS study of the drying process of precasting materials used in a steel-making converter

Optimization of the drying process conditions in a steel-making converter in a steel works is very difficult since the process is off-line and time-consuming. However, it is important to optimize drying process conditions (temperature, surface active agents, etc.), as steam explosion can readily occur with insufficient drying time. To help understanding, we have demonstrated that we can monitor the drying of real refractory mortar with stray-field imaging. We chose, this method because of the possibility of detecting shortT ₂ components. This paper shows the effect of varying water content in different materials on the drying rate. In particular, we find that the free-water loss rate is relatively independent of water content. However the bound-water loss rate is more affected. Also, solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) (¹H-CRAMPS and²⁷Al M(3 and 5)QMAS) studies are performed to clarify the change of chemical structure by drying treatment. It is clear that imaging and solid-state NMR give useful information to optimize drying conditions. With this data, we can adjust and optimize the drying process and time in steel works.     

氧化物纳米材料表面结构与性质的固体核磁共振波谱研究

氧化物纳米材料的多种应用与其表面结构和性质密切相关.近年来,固体核磁共振波谱在相关研究中提供了关键信息.本综述总结了近期发展的、以固体核磁共振波谱为主的两种表征氧化物纳米材料表面结构和性质的方法,包括表面选择的同位素标记¹⁷O核磁共振波谱与动态核极化表面增强核磁共振波谱,并对氧化物纳米材料的固体核磁共振波谱研究的发展趋势进行了展望.