缝洞型油藏致密基质灰岩的压力敏感性规律的NMR研究

相比于常规储层,缝洞型油藏灰岩储具有集体结构复杂、缝洞尺度差异大、裂缝起主要沟通作用等特点,使用常规方法研究其流动特性和流体分布规律异常困难．该文采用自行研制的核磁共振（NMR）在线驱替装置对塔河奥陶系油藏15块致密基质灰岩岩芯进行了压力敏感性实验,获得了高压及流动状态下岩芯的横向弛豫时间（T₂）谱变化情况．在此基础上分析了灰岩在压敏实验过程中微裂缝尺寸、孔隙度及渗透率的变化规律,并与常规测试分析结果进行了对比．结果表明：NMR在线检测技术可以定量测量岩芯孔隙及微裂缝的变化,为岩芯渗透率变化规律提供微观解释．     

动载下水平管内气水两相流流动特性

本文概要介绍了两流体模型及其控制方程,以及自主搭建的动载气水两相流系统实验台.利用气水两相流系统实验台旋转产生的动载条件进行了动载条件下气水两相流动实验,实时测量了空气和水的流量及试验段的压差,并在线测量了气水两相流动窄隙率.结果表明,过载对两相流动特性尤其足流量、压力和压降有显著影响.该研究结果在某种程度上有助于将两相流研究从自然状态扩展到载荷作用状态,同时为动载下气水两相流流动和传热的数值分析和理论研究打下一定基础.     

基于低场核磁共振的抚顺油页岩孔隙连通性演化研究

油页岩原位注热开采过程中，储层内部孔隙结构的连通性直接影响载热介质的流动行为和传热效率，同时对油气产物的扩散和流动行为起控制作用.本文利用低场核磁共振（LF NMR）技术，考察了不同热解终温（23~650℃）处理时，饱和水及束缚水状态下抚顺油页岩的T₂谱，分析了可动流体T₂截止值、束缚流体孔隙度、饱和流体孔隙度、渗透率等NMR孔隙参数，定量研究了随热解终温升高，抚顺油页岩孔隙结构的连通性演化规律.研究结果表明热解终温对抚顺油页岩孔隙连通性及渗透率的变化起控制作用，且可动流体孔隙度对总孔隙度的增加起主要促进作用，这说明热解终温升高加大了渗透率及油气产物的输运能力.本文为深入认识油页岩原位热解过程中孔隙结构的演化提供了依据.     

流化床干燥过程压力和电容层析成像测量分析

流化床干燥过程中床料物质属性和流动状态发生改变较大,单一的压力测量难以提供过程的全面信息。本研究将压力和电容层析成像(ECT)结合,用于干燥过程在线监测,探究不同工况下流化床的波动特性及不同参数对干燥过程的影响。结果表明,压差频谱分布可以反映颗粒密相和气泡相的波动特征;电容层析成像可以用于测量床料湿度和浓度分布。压差和电容层析成像的结合为流化床干燥过程关键参数提取、流动状态在线测量提供了一种新的方法。     

2D NMR技术在石油测井中的应用

近几年,2D NMR技术得到迅速发展,特别是在核磁共振测井领域. 该文将主要介绍2D NMR技术的脉冲序列、弛豫原理以及2D NMR技术在石油测井中应用. 2D NMR技术是在梯度场的作用下,利用一系列回波时间间隔不同的CPMG脉冲进行测量,利用二维的数学反演得到2D NMR. 2D NMR技术可以直接测量自扩散系数、弛豫时间、原油粘度、含油饱和度、可动水饱和度、孔隙度、渗透率等地层流体性质和岩石物性参数. 从2D NMR谱上,可以直观的区分油、气、水,判断储层润湿性,确定内部磁场梯度等. 2D NMR技术为识别流体类型提供了新方法.     

低场核磁共振流体分子结构在线探测技术

流体分子结构的探测是了解其物理、化学性质的基础.目前主要采用的实验室内分子结构探测技术包括光谱法和波谱法等,但这类测量方法具有测量效率低、需添加化学试剂、实验可重复性差等局限.基于低场核磁共振（NMR）技术进行流体组分的探测技术已十分成熟.该文提出进一步将该技术应用于烃类化合物流体分子结构的检测方法,并研发一种快速二维核磁共振驰豫测量脉冲序列和一套低场核磁共振流体在线检测系统.最终实现了一种快速、无损、清洁、有效的流体组分探测技术.     

低场核磁共振流体分子结构在线探测技术（英文）

流体分子结构的探测是了解其物理、化学性质的基础.目前主要采用的实验室内分子结构探测技术包括光谱法和波谱法等,但这类测量方法具有测量效率低、需添加化学试剂、实验可重复性差等局限.基于低场核磁共振(NMR)技术进行流体组分的探测技术已十分成熟.该文提出进一步将该技术应用于烃类化合物流体分子结构的检测方法,并研发一种快速二维核磁共振驰豫测量脉冲序列和一套低场核磁共振流体在线检测系统.最终实现了一种快速、无损、清洁、有效的流体组分探测技术.     

井下核磁共振流体分析实验室及其应用

井下流体分析在储层实时评价有十分重要的应用. 该文介绍了NMR流体分析实验室的发展,并以哈里伯顿的井下NMR流体分析实验室为例, 详细讨论了其关键技术,包括探头结构、磁体结构和电路结构,探讨了获取流体核磁共振特性参数的测量方法. NMR流体分析实验室可以获取流体的多种重要参数,结合NMR测井能够进行综合解释,其实时评价性能实现NMR测量的优势.     

大曲率弯管中拟塑性流体的流场测量

本文利用超声多普勒测速仪和动态压力测量方法,研究90°矩形截面弯管中拟塑性流体(浓度为0.1%和0.2%的羧甲基化纤维素溶液,CMC)的流场特性,在三种来流速度条件下,测量了沿流向截面内的主流速度和壁面测点的压力脉动特性。在介质的流变性参数测量的基础上,实验观察了层流和湍流状态下弯道截面内拟塑性流体流动不均匀性的特征,并与牛顿流体流动的经典实验进行了对比分析。动态压力测量则显示了在湍流状态下,拟塑性流体仍具有牛顿流体湍流流动的多尺度特征。     

微流控系统表面张力和黏度在线测量

微流控系统中界面流体界面张力和黏性作用力对传热、压降以及临界热流密度(CHF)起主导作用,由于流体物性在两相流系统中对环境参数非常敏感,因此对微流控系统界面张力和黏度的在线测量非常重要。本文提出了表面张力和黏度快速在线测量的新方法.该方法基于Taylor流在微通道中的流体动力学,通过液膜厚度的测量及其与流体物性间的理论关系式,对冷却工质FC-72及乙醇和水液体混合物的的动态表面张力和黏度进行了计算,并与文献参考值和理论模型做了比较,证实该方法可以得到可靠的表面张力和黏度结果。该方法具有样品耗量小、动态及在线测量优点,实现了微通道两相流动和物性测量的结合。     

A New Approach of Two-Dimensional the NMR Relaxation Measurement in Flowing Fluid

Driven-equilibrium fast saturation recovery (DEFSR), as a new method for two-dimensional (2-D) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxation measurement based on pulse sequence in flowing fluid, is proposed. The two-dimensional functional relationship between the ratio of transverse relaxation time to longitudinal relaxation time of fluid (T ₁/T ₂) and T ₁ distribution is obtained by means of DEFSR with only two one-dimensional measurements. The rapid measurement of relaxation characteristics for flowing fluid is achieved. A set of the down-hole NMR fluid analysis system is independently designed and developed for the fluid measurement. The accuracy and practicability of DEFSR are demonstrated.     

Influence of the Magnetic Field Modulation on the Absorption Signal in an NMR Peak Flow Meter

The influence of the parameters of the magnetic field modulation in the analyzer of an NMR peak flow meter with flowing fluid on the magnitude and shape of the read-out signal in the mode with the modulation amplitude being much greater than the width of the resonance line is analyzed. Correlation factors are determined for the measured amplitude of the detected signal and for the duration of the magnetic mark in relation to the parameters of the magnetic field modulation in the analyzer and to the flow rate of the flowing fluid.     

Simultaneous measurement of temperature and velocity maps by inversion recovery tagging method

A new method, called the inversion recovery (IR) tagging method, for simultaneous measurement of temperature and velocity maps of flowing fluid has been developed. The present method employs a set of tagging pulses which acts as an inversion pulse of the conventional IR method, based on the temperature dependence of the spin-lattice relaxation of water proton in a fluid, and has the advantage of being able to compensate the reduction of the NMR signal intensity due to flow motion and to reduce the total time to measure these maps. First, the accuracy of the temperature measurement of stagnant doped water in a differentially heated cell using the conventional IR method, as the basic sequence of the IR tagging method, has been evaluated. The accuracy was within 10% of the temperature difference DeltaT = 17.2 degrees C and the measurable temperature resolution was within +/-0.5 degrees C. Then temperature and velocity maps of the flowing doped-water through a cooled pipe were measured simultaneously by the IR tagging method, and the accuracy of temperature measurement was evaluated. The accuracy obtained using the present method was within 15% of the temperature difference DeltaT = 15 degrees C.     

Analysis of remote detection travel time curves measured from microfluidic channels

Remote detection technique can increase sensitivity of an NMR experiment by several orders of magnitude in microfluidic applications. Travel time experiment is a basic remote detection NMR experiment, which reveals the travel time distribution of the molecules flowing from the encoding coil region to the detector. In this article, we focus on analyzing how flow type (Poiseuille or plug flow), diffusion, dispersion and geometry of the flow channels are manifested in the travel time curves measured from microfluidic channels. We demonstrate that remote detection travel time experiment could be used even as an alternative NMR method for measuring self-diffusion coefficient of a fluid without magnetic field gradients. In addition, we introduce a modified travel time pulse sequence, which removes the signal of unencoded fluid spins as well as the background signal arising from the material inside or close to the detector.     

Fast measurements of average flow velocity by Low-Field ¹H NMR

In this paper, we describe a method for measuring the average flow velocity of a sample by means of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. This method is based on the Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill (CPMG) sequence and does not require the application of any additional static or pulsed magnetic field gradients to the background magnetic field. The technique is based on analyzing the early-time behavior of the echo amplitudes of the CPMG sequence. Measurements of average flow velocity of water are presented. The experimental results show a linear relationship between the slope/y-intercept ratio of a linear fit of the first echoes in the CPMG sequence, and the average flow velocity of the flowing fluid. The proposed method can be implemented in low-cost Low-Field NMR spectrometers allowing a continuous monitoring of the average velocity of a fluid in almost real-time, even if the flow velocity changes rapidly.     

Rapid MRI and velocimetry of cylindrical couette flow

A narrow-gap, temperature-controlled Couette flow rheometer has been developed to study fluid velocities within the annular gap between two concentric cylinders by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging and velocimetry. Alternative pulsed-field-gradient-based nuclear magnetic resonance imaging strategies which may be used for measurement of velocity within the Couette flow device have been evaluated. These include two-dimensional (2-D) imaging techniques with acquisition times of several minutes and a one-dimensional (1-D) projection method which exploits the symmetry of the device to reduce overall measurement time to less than 1 min. Velocity measurements made using each technique are presented for a Newtonian fluid undergoing Couette flow at shear rates of approximately 20 and 60 s^–1.     

Synchronization of oscillating reactions in an extended fluid system

We present experiments on the synchronization of a dynamical, chemical process in an extended, flowing, fluid system. The oscillatory Belousov-Zhabotinsky chemical reaction is the process studied, and the flow is an annular chain of counterrotating vortices. Azimuthal motion of the vortices is controlled externally, enabling us to vary the type of transport. We find that oscillations of the Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction synchronize throughout the extended fluid system only if transport in the flow is superdiffusive, with tracers in the flow undergoing rapid, distant jumps called Lévy flights.     

Flow encoded NMR spectroscopy for quantification of metabolite flow in intact plants

An NMR flow quantification technique applicable to metabolite flow in plants is presented. It combines flow sensitive magnetization preparation with slice selective spectroscopy. Flow encoded NMR spectroscopy is described to quantify, for the first time, flow velocities of metabolites in plants non-invasively. Flow sensitivity is introduced by magnetization preparation based on a stimulated echo experiment, prior to slice selective spectroscopy. For flow quantification eight different flow-weighted spectra are collected. With this flow preparation very slow flow velocities down to 0.1mm/s can be detected and small amounts of flowing metabolites can be observed despite the large background signal of stationary and flowing water. Important sequence optimization steps include appropriate choice of experimental parameters used for flow encoding as well as complete balancing of eddy currents from the flow encoding gradients. The method was validated in phantom experiments and applied in vivo. Examples of quantitative flow measurements of water and metabolites in phantoms and plants are provided to demonstrate the reliability and the performance of flow encoded spectroscopy.     

Using Flow Relaxography to Elucidate Flow Relaxivity

We have investigated the theoretical and experimental linear dependence of the reciprocal of the apparent longitudinal relaxation time [(T^*₁)⁻¹] of the NMR signal from spins in a flowing fluid on the volume flow rate,F_v, the so-calledinflow effect.We refer to the coefficient of this dependence as the longitudinalflow relaxivity, r_1F. A very simple model predicts that, under a range of conditions pertinent to modern flow studies and perfusion imaging experiments,r_1Fis controlled by the volume of the fluid in which the magnetization is perturbed by pulsed RF inversion or saturation, not the detection volume, and that it can be approximated as the reciprocal of half of the inversion volume. Phantom sample experiments, using a new, quantitative approach that we callflow relaxography,confirm the general predictions of this simple model. There are two intriguing implications of these findings for general NMR flow studies as well as for medical applications. It should be possible to vary the value ofr_1Fby simply (noninvasively) adjusting the inversion slice thickness, and thus measure the value of (blood¹H₂O, for example)F_vin a vessel without changingF_v, from the resultant varyingT^*₁values. Also, it should be possible to extrapolate to the intrinsicT₁value of the fluid signal (as if it were stationary), without altering or stopping the flow. Again, these are quite successful in phantom sample studies. Imaging versions of the flow relaxographic experiments are also possible. The twin goals of flow studies in medical MRI are the quantitative discrimination of the signals from flowing and nonflowing spins, and the accurate measurement of the flow rate of the former.     

A rapid measurement of flow propagators in porous rocks

NMR flow propagators have been obtained for brine flowing through Bentheimer sandstone using the rapid DiffTrain pulse sequence. In this way, 8 flow propagators at different observation times Delta were acquired in 67 mins, compared to 7 h for the same measurements implemented with conventional pulsed field gradient (PFG) sequences. DiffTrain allows this time saving to be achieved through the acquisition of multiple displacement probability distributions over a range of Delta in a single measurement. If only the propagator moments are required, this experiment time can be further reduced to 9 mins through appropriate sparse sampling at low q values. The propagator moments obtained from DiffTrain measurements with dense and sparse q-space sampling are shown to be equivalent to those obtained from conventional PFG measurements.