Applications of Raman spectroscopy in herbal medicine

Raman spectroscopic techniques are a group of chemical fingerprint detection methods based on molecular vibrational spectroscopy. They are compatible with aqueous solutions and are time saving, nondestructive, and highly informative. With complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) becoming increasingly popular, more people are consuming natural herbal medicines. Thus, chemical fingerprints of herbal medicines are investigated to determine the content of these products. In this study, I review the different types of Raman spectroscopic techniques used in fingerprinting herbal medicines, including dispersive Raman spectroscopy, resonance Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform (FT)–Raman spectroscopy, surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy, and confocal/microscopic Raman spectroscopy. Lab-grade Raman spectroscopy instruments help detect the chemical components of herbal medicines effectively and accurately without the need for complicated separation and extraction procedures. In addition, portable Raman spectroscopy instruments could be used to monitor the health and safety compliance of herbal products in the consumer market.     

电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定当归补血汤中多种微量元素

采用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定当归补血汤中多种微量元素,考查当归、黄芪以不同的配比进行煎煮时微量元素的溶出情况。实验证明、当归、黄芪生药材及水煎液经硝酸-高氯酸体系消化,样品消解完全,可以满足ICP-AES检测的要求。相对标准偏差为0.82%～5.56%,加标回收率为97.2%～115.4%,完全能满足中草药中微量元素的测试要求。而各种微量元素的溶出率均以当归、黄芪为1∶5的配比的共煎液中各种微量元素溶出率最高, 证实了该配伍的合理性。文章为药剂学研究提出了一个简便、准确和可行的研究方法的同时,也对当归补血汤配伍合理性进行了考察,为其临床疗效提供了有效依据。     

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering spectroscopic analysis of Saposhnikovia divaricata decoction

ABSTRACT

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering spectroscopy was employed to analyze the biochemical composition of the Saposhnikovia divaricata decoction, which is a common traditional Chinese medicine. No reliable Raman peak was observed in traditional Raman spectra of Saposhnikovia divaricata decoction. However, 12 main Raman peaks (534, 616, 648, 685, 730, 781, 850, 958, 1242, 1319, 1460, and 1571 cm^?1) were observed in the surface-enhanced Raman scattering spectroscopy spectra from the mixture of silver colloids with Saposhnikovia divaricata decoction as a result of the silver colloid enhanced effects on the Raman scattering of Saposhnikovia divaricata decoction. The results demonstrated that the surface-enhanced Raman scattering spectroscopy may provide a new kind of non-destructive, accurate, direct, and fast detecting method for the Saposhnikovia divaricata decoction or other traditional Chinese medicine in the form of decoction.     

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma detection by tissue smears using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma is one of the most common malignant neoplasms in head and neck. In this work, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy technique was used to study the molecular differences between cancerous and noncancerous smear samples which were obtained after clinical biopsy by smearing the tissue on the slides. Principal component analysis combined with linear discriminant analysis provided a sensitivity of 79.4% and a specificity of 81.8% for differentiation between cancerous and noncancerous nasopharyngeal tissue smears. This work provides a good basis for the methodology of nasopharyngeal tissue smear based on surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy technique and is worth further studying.     

Visible Raman spectroscopy for the discrimination of olive oils from different vegetable oils and the detection of adulteration

We have investigated the potential of Raman spectroscopy with excitation in the visible spectral range (VIS Raman) as a tool for the classification of different vegetable oils and the quantification of adulteration of virgin olive oil as an example. For the classification, principal component analysis (PCA) was applied, where 96% of the spectral variation was characterized by the first two components. A significant similarity between sunflower oil and extra‐virgin olive oil was found using this approach. Therefore, sunflower oil is a potential candidate for adulteration in most commercially available olive oils. Beside the classification of the different vegetable oils, we have successfully applied Raman spectroscopy in combination with partial least‐squares (PLS) regression analysis for very fast monitoring of adulteration of extra‐virgin olive oil with sunflower oil. Different mixtures of extra‐virgin olive oil with three different sunflower oil types were prepared between 5 and 100% (v/v) in 5% increments of sunflower oil. While in the present context the adulteration usually refers to the addition of reasonable amounts of the adulterant (given the similarity with the basic product), we show that the technique proposed can also be used for trace analysis of the adulterant. Without using techniques like surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), a quantitative detection limit down to 500 ppm (0.05%) could be achieved, a limit irrelevant for adulteration in commercial terms but significant for trace analysis. The qualitative detection limit even was at considerably lower concentration values. Based on PCA, a clear discrimination between pure extra‐virgin olive oil and olive oil adulterated with sunflower oil was achieved. The adulterant content was successfully determined using PLS regression with a high correlation coefficient and small root mean‐square error for both prediction and validation. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

HPLC-ICP-MS研究炮制对中药砷形态的影响

应用高效液相色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱联机技术(HPLC-ICP-MS)建立了中药中AsⅢ,AsⅤ,MMA和DMA等四种砷形态的同时测定方法,用该方法对黄芪、大黄、黄芩、何首乌、地黄等五种中药炮制前后砷形态的变化进行了比较研究,并对一个总砷超标的冬虫夏草样品进行了砷形态的分析.方法学验证表明:四种砷形态的线性相关系数(...     

表面增强拉曼光谱在麻黄汤冲剂分析中的应用

本文报道了应用表面增强技术将薄层色谱和表面增强拉曼散射结合获得了分析中成药麻黄汤冲麻中麻黄碱光谱的新方法。     

近红外漫反射光谱法和模式识别技术鉴别中药材产地

采用近红外漫反射光谱法获得了来自不同产地的中药材的红外光谱,结合近邻法和多类支持向量机等模式识别技术,对来自四个不同产地的269个白芷样本和六个不同产地的350个野生和栽培丹参样本进行了产域鉴别,得到的交叉验证准确率分别达到99%和95%,为中药材产地的快速无损鉴别探索了一条有效的途径。     

基于拉曼光谱和最小二乘支持向量机的橄榄油掺伪检测方法研究

为实现橄榄油中掺伪油类型的识别和掺伪量预测,对掺入葵花籽油、大豆油、玉米油的橄榄油共117个样品进行拉曼光谱检测,并用基于多重迭代优化的最小二乘支持向量机模型对掺入油的类型进行识别,综合识别率为97%。同时分别采用最小二乘支持向量机、人工神经网络模型、偏最小二乘回归建立橄榄油中葵花籽油、大豆油、玉米油含量的拉曼光谱定标模型,结果显示最小二乘支持向量机具有最优的预测效果,其预测均方根误差(RMSEP)在0.007 4～0.014 2之间。拉曼光谱结合最小二乘支持向量机可为橄榄油掺伪检测提供一种精确、快速、简便、无损的方法。     

ICP-AES测定5种止咳类中药材重金属含量

采用硝酸-高温灰化对5种止咳类中药材中金属元素进行消解,用电感耦合等离子体-原子发射光谱法测定了试样中Pb、Cu、Cr、Cd、As 5种重金属元素含量。结果表明,5种止咳类中药材中重金属含量差异显著,铅元素在紫菀、枇杷叶和白前3种中药材中的含量超过国家标准,砷元素在紫菀、白前、杏仁和前胡4种中药材中的含量也超过了国家标准,不利于这些药材的药用和出口。该法中加标回收率为93.87%—99.21%,相对标准偏差为0.42%—3.22%（n=6）,具有良好的精密度和准确度。可作为该类中药材重金属含量快速检测和控制的方法。     

噻菌灵在纳米银胶表面吸附的表面增强拉曼光谱研究

噻菌灵(TBZ)属苯并咪唑类杀菌剂,容易在水果、蔬菜及相应的果蔬饮品中形成有毒残留。基于密度泛函理论(DFT)的量子化学计算方法和表面增强拉曼光谱(SERS)技术,从理论和实验角度系统研究了噻菌灵在纳米银胶粒子表面的吸附行为和增强效应。采用柠檬酸钠还原法制备了具有表面增强拉曼散射活性的银纳米溶胶,并对水相的噻菌灵进行了SERS光谱研究。利用TBZ-Ag₄四种吸附模型对噻菌灵与银纳米溶胶的相互作用进行了理论分析。结合FT-Raman光谱和B3LYP/6-311G(d)理论计算的结果,借助Gaussian View5.0程序的图形化功能,对噻菌灵分子的振动模式、FT-Raman振动光谱和SERS光谱进行了系统的指认。研究结果表明：噻菌灵分子的所有原子在同一平面上,属于Cs对称性;其在银纳米溶胶表面具有十分显著的表面增强拉曼活性;分子中的S原子与银胶粒子发生吸附作用,并通过该分子的长轴方向垂直于银纳米银胶表面;可利用SERS光谱方法对痕量的噻菌灵进行快速检测。为研究噻菌灵的特性以及其快速检测提供了理论和实验依据。     

FT-Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering of Phenylalanine Using Silver-Coated Glass Fiber Filters

A simple and facile method has been developed to produce surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) active surfaces. Tollen's reagent was used to coat silver onto the surface of glass fiber filters. Using a Fourier transform (FT) Raman instrument, strong surface-enhanced Raman signals have been observed for L-phenylalanine on these surfaces. The use of an FT-Raman instrument combined with this new SERS method allows for a method with both high sensitivity and selectivity. A linear dependence of the Raman signal on L-phenylalanine concentration (0.01–1.0 mM) has been demonstrated. The SERS technique presented here is both novel and promising for biochemical analysis.     

白术煎剂表面增强拉曼光谱分析

测试分析了白术煎剂及其在银胶中的拉曼光谱,并对其进行初步谱峰归属。白术煎剂表面增强拉曼光谱在396,548,617,730,955和1 327 cm-1处,出现6个明显的拉曼信号。测试了白术煎剂和白术煎剂-银胶混合体系的紫外-可见吸收光谱,该吸收光谱在长波区出现新共振吸收峰(999 nm处),进而研究了白术煎剂在银溶胶上的吸附特性及其表面增强机理。结果表明,表面增强拉曼光谱可能为白术煎剂或其他中药煎剂提供一种准确、直接、快速的检测方法。     

The Effect of L-Cysteine on Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering of Malachite Green in Silver Colloids

ABSTRACT

Colloidal silver nanoparticles were prepared by a simple chemical reduction method. The effect of L-cysteine on the surface-enhanced Raman scattering activity of colloidal silver nanoparticles was investigated by using malachite green as a probe molecule. It was found that the surface-enhanced Raman scattering activity of colloidal silver nanoparticles was improved tremendously with the help of L-cysteine. The possible reasons for this enhancement effect were given. Specifically, in silver colloidal solution, no surface-enhanced Raman scattering spectrum of malachite green was observed at a relatively low concentration (≤2.5 × 10^?5 mol/L). However, well-resolved and high-quality surface-enhanced Raman scattering spectra of malachite green were successfully obtained after the addition of L-cysteine to silver colloids, and the minimum detection limit for malachite green was down to 10^?8 mol/L.     

六氢吡啶的表面增强拉曼散射研究

表面增强拉曼光谱在化学、生物及表面科学等领域都有广泛应用, 因此六氢吡啶的表面增强拉曼光谱的研究具有重要意义。实验用法国JOBIN YVON公司的光谱仪测定了六氢吡啶的正常拉曼光谱及其在银溶胶、银膜表面的表面增强拉曼光谱(SERS), 确保了实验结果的可靠性。利用表面增强拉曼散射技术研究了六氢吡啶的拉曼谱, 对它的拉曼峰进行了指认, 并得出了在银表面的吸附方式。同时分析了六氢吡啶在银溶胶及银膜表面拉曼散射光强增强程度不同的原因。     

基于显微聚焦拉曼光谱技术的丹参产地鉴别研究

产地是影响中药材质量的重要因素,产地差异导致中药材质量参差不齐,为维护市场秩序,有必要建立中药材产地鉴别方法,以便更加精准地判别和分析中药材品质。以多产地临床大宗药材丹参为研究对象,收集不同产地丹参样品150份,采用显微聚焦拉曼光谱技术在无损条件下对每份丹参样品的每根药材表面随机扫描1～n次,求每份样品扫描1～n次的平均光谱。分析原始光谱数据发现丹参表面光谱信号同时包含了丹参酮类成分的拉曼光谱和杂质的荧光光谱,主要表现在特定波长范围内不同产地丹参存在各自的聚集区和丹参表面光谱信号强度明显弱于或强于丹参酮类对照品的拉曼光谱信号强度。对扫描1～n次的平均光谱数据进行预处理后运用偏最小二乘判别分析（PLS-DA）和随机森林分类算法[不筛选（RF）或筛选重要变量（RF-VS）]建立扫描1～n次的丹参产地分类模型。结果随机扫描1次所得最优模型训练集和测试集预测准确率分别为88%和87%,且对质量差和质量优的丹参样品区分准确率高达97%;随机扫描2次和3次所得最优模型训练集和测试集预测准确率均分别为89%和87%,结合模型运行效率和成本,选择随机扫描1次所得光谱,经一阶导数（1ST-D）预处理和RF-VS计算所得模型为丹参最终产地鉴别模型。综上,在无损伤条件下显微聚焦拉曼光谱技术能建立快速、准确的丹参产地鉴别预测模型,为该技术进一步用于贵细中药材的产地和真伪鉴别提供参考。     

L-天冬氨酸在银胶体中吸附状态的表面增强拉曼光谱研究

利用表面增强拉曼光谱 (Surface EnhancedRamanScattering,SERS)研究了L 天冬氨酸在银溶胶体中的吸附状态及其浓度变化对表面增强拉曼散射效应的影响 ,并探讨了L 天冬氨酸在银溶胶表面的吸附作用特点和规律。实验结果表明 ,L 天冬氨酸在银溶胶中有明显的SERS信号 ,经过分析表明 ,该化合物能够吸附在银表面 ,这种吸附是通过羧基和氨基中的氮原子与银结合来实现的 ,L 天冬氨酸分子中带有负电荷的羧基和氨基中带有孤对电子的氮原子都能与银原子配位 ,其中羧基在银表面的增强为电荷转移机制增强 ,具有化学吸附的特征 ;氨基在银表面的增强为电磁场增强机制 ,为物理吸附。而且SERS强度随着L 天冬氨酸浓度的变化而改变 ,当其浓度为 10 - 3mol·L- 1 时增强效果较好 ,当浓度降低 ,增强作用也逐步变弱     

动态表面增强拉曼光谱在敌瘟磷快速定量分析中的应用

动态表面增强拉曼光谱是在干态与湿态表面增强拉曼光谱(SERS)检测的基础上发展而来的,不仅具有极好的信号增强,还具有良好的重复性与稳定性。提出了一种基于动态SERS与多元分析方法的敌瘟磷快速定量分析方法。实验中,首先测量100,50,10,5,1,0.5和0.1 mg·L-1敌瘟磷动态SERS谱图,并使用多项式校正方法去除光谱基线漂移。然后,处理后的全范围(600~1 800 cm-1)与特征范围(674~713,890~1 195,1 341~1 399和1 549~1 612 cm-1)光谱分别利用支持向量机回归(SVR)构建定量模型,实现对敌瘟磷的定量分析。同时,实验还评估了主成分分析(PCA)对定量分析结果的影响。实验结果表明特征范围光谱所建立的模型预测误差较小,而数据经过PCA处理后预测误差得到进一步下降。最优回归模型是由特征范围光谱经PCA处理后所构建的模型(RMSECV=0.065 7 mg·L-1),模型能够准确地预测敌瘟磷溶液浓度。为了测试实际检测中的效果,该方法被用来对苹果表面的敌瘟磷残留进行检测,并通过气相色谱法进行验证。结果表明该方法对于同一样本多次检测值波动较小,且检测均值与气相色谱检测值相差较小,相对误差最大仅为5.13%。此外,动态SERS检测可在2 min内完成,且后续数据处理也可在数秒内完成,同时整个过程的试剂消耗仅在2 μL左右。因此,所提出的方法在敌瘟磷快速准确检测具有极大优势。     

氯化亚锡抑制吡啶分子表面增强拉曼光谱测定中的碳化现象

碳化是表面增强拉曼光谱中难以避免的干扰现象,特别是对于活性有机和生物分子的检测。作为一种最常用的探针分子,吡啶同样也存在碳化的问题。然而,作者发现通过引入SnCl2,可以有效地抑制表面增强拉曼光谱测定中吡啶分子的碳化现象。该方法操作简单,所引入的SnCl2只在谱图低波段处出现少而易区分的特征峰,不干扰被测样品的光谱分析。有别于文献中所采用的真空、惰性气氛、低温和低激光功率等物理方法,此法是解决碳化问题的一种崭新的化学方法,可望应用于其他易碳化的有机和生物分子的表面增强拉曼光谱检测。     

Applications of Raman and Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Techniques to Humic Substances

This paper highlights the use of Raman, FT-Raman and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) techniques for the study of humic substances. In contrast to other technologies which reveal information only about the average compositions and the kinds of functional groups present in humic substances, Raman and especially FT-Raman spectroscopies characterize the building blocks of humic substances and their changes in derivation and separation processes. Furthermore, surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) techniques are able to readily detect humic substances and co-existing organic species at low concentrations typically found in natural environments and reveal definitive information about the specific groups in humic substances that bind on metal electrodes. Further applications of both Raman and SERS techniques can be extended to complicated systems as well as real environmental samples. Experiments have demonstrated: (1). the backbones of humic substances are structurally disordered carbon networks in most cases; (2). The backbones of humic substances from different sources and types are similar to each other; (3). Normal Raman spectroscopic study of humic substances should concentrate on the use of near-IR laser(s) resulting from strong fluorescence background and self-adsorption under the excitation with visible laser irradiation; (4). FT-Raman spectroscopy is the required analytical method to assess the effectivity of fractionation methods; (5). SERS spectra of humic substances on metal colloids and films are in most aces very similar to the corresponding Raman spectra of neutralized samples; (6). SERS techniques are very sensitive and highly selective, also both visible lasers and near-IR lasers can be used for SERS study; (7). SERS spectra on metal electrodes may provide additional information about the binding sites and adsorption mechanisms of humic substances on metal surfaces.