Effect of Opacity on the Solar Spectral Line of C I 165.7 nm by Escape Factor Treatment

In this article, we report that by using the intensity ratio of the (2-2) to (1-2) component of CI emission lines at about 165.7 nm, we determined the optical depth at the line center of the (2-2) component of CI emission lines by escape factor treatment. The optical depth at the line center of the (2-2) component is calculated to be 0.9998, which is a more reasonable value of solar spectral lines than the value that has been reported. The variation of the optical depth at the line center for different positions from the solar limb is discussed. Using the measured abundance of carbon and the results of ionization balance calculations, we estimate the electron density in the CI emitting region. The density of hydrogen is estimated in the CI emitting region by this method, and is testified to be a better value than the value that has been reported. This discussion will be significant in the analysis of opacity on the solar ultraviolet (UV) or extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) spectrum.     

Analysis of the Opacity of Magnesium XII 0.842 nm Doublet in the Solar Coronal X-ray Spectrum

Using the observed intensity ratio of the magnesium XII 0.842 nm doublet in the solar coronal X-ray spectrum, we investigate the opacity of the (1/2–3/2) component of the magnesium XII doublet. The escape factor and the opacity of the (1/2–3/2) component of the magnesium XII 0.842 nm doublet are discussed. Results show that the opacity has great effect on the (1/2–3/2) component of the magnesium XII 0.842 nm doublet. While using the abundance of magnesium and the results of ionization balance, we calculate the variation of electron density as a function of observed intensity ratio.     

Density Dependence of the Detailed Spectral Line Effects on the Opacity of Astrophysical Abundant Elements： oxygen

A full relativistic detailed-level-accounting approach has been developed independently to deal with the detailed spectral line effects on the opacity of the third most abundant element in stars: oxygen. The atomic energy levels and the oscillator strengths of the radiative transitions between the energy levels are obtained by carrying out the full relativistic one-configuration Dirac-Fock calculations. The photoionization cross sections are obtained via an average atom scheme with a consideration for the splitting of the ionization threshold due to the ionization stages and the term-couplings. As an example, the spectra resolved opacities and the mean opacities of oxygen are calculated to show the importance of the detailed spectral line profiles with the density of the matter.     

Laser induced incandescence determination of the ratio of the soot absorption functions at 532 nm and 1064 nm in the nucleation zone of a low pressure premixed sooting flame

In this work, the two-excitation wavelength laser induced incandescence (LII) method has been applied in a low-pressure premixed methane/oxygen/nitrogen flame (equivalence ratio 2.32) to determine the variation of the ratio of the soot absorption functions at 532 nm and 1064 nm E(m,532 nm)/E(m,1064 nm) along the flame. This method relies on the comparison of LII signals measured upon two different excitation wavelengths (here 532 nm and 1064 nm) and with laser fluences selected in such a way that the soot particles are equally laser-heated. The comparison of the laser fluences at 532 nm and 1064 nm leads to an easy determination of E(m,532 nm)/E(m,1064 nm). The reliability of the method is demonstrated for the first time in a low pressure flame in which the soot nucleation zone can be spatially resolved and which contains soot particles acting differently with the laser fluence according to their residence time in the flame. The method is then applied to determine the profile of E(m,532 nm)/E(m,1064 nm) along the flame. A very important decrease of this ratio is observed in the region of nascent soot, while the ratio remains constant at high distance above the burner. Implication on temperature determination from spectrally resolved measurement of flame emission is studied.     

Evaluation of the Intensities of Spectral Lines under the Influence of Interferences and the Determination of Global Maxima of the Mass–Spectrum Peaks

We describe the technique by which the intensity of spectral lines can be evaluated and the global maxima of the mass–spectrum peaks under the influence of pulse interferences can be defined using an experimental setup based on a commercial MX–7304A mass spectrometer, IBM personal computer (PC), and a digital extremum regulator that allows one to ignore local extrema and bring about automatic search for a global maximum of the mass–spectrum peak and its tracking with an accuracy of 0.0012% at a speed of response of 50 kHz, elevated speeds of the scanning of masses 500 amu/sec, and stability of regulation.     

The Effect of the Relative Motion of Atoms on the Frequency of the Emitted Light and the Reinterpretation of the Ives-Stilwell Experiment

We examine the process of the emission of light from an atom that is in a relative translational motion with respect to the medium at rest in which the electromagnetic excitations propagate. The effect of Lorentz contraction of the of electron orbits on the emitted frequency is incorporated in the Rydberg formula, as well as the emitter’s Doppler effect is acknowledged. The result is that the frequency of the emitted light is modified by a factor that is identical with what is called the ‘relativistic Doppler effect’. The new emission formula is applied for reinterpretation of the Ives-Stilwell experiment and shown that within the second order of approximation with respect to the speeds of the atom and the ‘absolute speed’ (Earth’s speed relative to the medium), the absolute motion does not affect the interference. The expression for the modification of the frequency involves both a first and a second-order term with respect to the speed of the atoms in the cathode tube. The latter turns out to be quantitatively the same as if the time would have changed its rate in the frame moving with the atoms. Thus, a new interpretation of the results of this famous experiment is provided without stipulating time dilation.     

The Spectrum of the Billiard Laplacian of a Family of Random Billiards

Random billiards are billiard dynamical systems for which the reflection law giving the post-collision direction of a billiard particle as a function of the pre-collision direction is specified by a Markov (scattering) operator P. Billiards with microstructure are random billiards whose Markov operator is derived from a “microscopic surface structure” on the boundary of the billiard table. The microstructure in turn is defined in terms of what we call a billiard cellQ, the shape of which completely determines the operator P. This operator, defined on an appropriate Hilbert space, is bounded self-adjoint and, for the examples considered here, a Hilbert-Schmidt operator. A central problem in the statistical theory of such random billiards is to relate the geometric characteristics of Q and the spectrum of P. We show, for a particular family of billiard cell shapes parametrized by a scale invariant curvature K (Fig. 2), that the billiard Laplacian P−I is closely related to the ordinary spherical Laplacian, and indicate, by partly analytical and partly numerical means, how this provides asymptotic information about the spectrum of P for small values of K. It is shown, in particular, that the second moment of scattering about the incidence angle closely approximates the spectral gap of P.     

Absolute frequency measurements of wavelength standards 532 nm, 543 nm, 633 nm and 1540 nm

This paper describes the results of absolute frequency measurements of primary wavelength standards 633 nm, 543 nm, 532 nm, (iodine stabilized) and 1540 nm (acetylene stabilized) in CMI. The values obtained with Menlo Systems femtosecond frequency comb in CMI are compared with previous measurements of the same standards in BIPM, BEV and MPQ. Measured sub-Doppler linewidths and relative intensities of several hyperfine spectral components of iodine molecule are also presented.     

The Effect of Dark Matter on Solar System and Perihelion Precession of Earth Planet

This paper visualizes effect of dark matter on solar system and especially perihelion precession of Earth planet. The relation between the rate of perihelion shift of Earth planet and dark matter are obtained.     

The Foundations of Quantum Mechanics and the Evolution of the Cartan-Kähler Calculus

In 1960–1962, E. Kähler enriched É. Cartan’s exterior calculus, making it suitable for quantum mechanics (QM) and not only classical physics. His “Kähler-Dirac” (KD) equation reproduces the fine structure of the hydrogen atom. Its positron solutions correspond to the same sign of the energy as electrons. The Cartan-Kähler view of some basic concepts of differential geometry is presented, as it explains why the components of Kähler’s tensor-valued differential forms have three series of indices. We demonstrate the power of his calculus by developing for the electron’s and positron’s large components their standard Hamiltonian beyond the Pauli approximation, but without resort to Foldy-Wouthuysen transformations or ad hoc alternatives (positrons are not identified with small components in K ähler’s work). The emergence of negative energies for positrons in the Dirac theory is interpreted from the perspective of the KD equation. Hamiltonians in closed form (i.e. exact through a finite number of terms) are obtained for both large and small components when the potential is time-independent. A new but as yet modest new interpretation of QM starts to emerge from that calculus’ peculiarities, which are present even when the input differential form in the Kähler equation is scalar-valued. Examples are the presence of an extra spin term, the greater number of components of “wave functions” and the non-association of small components with antiparticles. Contact with geometry is made through a Kähler type equation pertaining to Clifford-valued differential forms.     

Self-Broadening Coefficients of CH3D Spectral Lines in the P-Branch of the v2 Band at 2200 cm−1

Abstract

We report the pressure broadening coefficients of 18 lines of the P-branch of the v₂, band of CH₃D near 2200 cm^?1, obtained at room temperature, using a Fourier Transform spectrometer with a resolution of 0.006 cm^?1     

The Implementation of Impulse Approximation in the Wave Function and the Response Function of Many-Fermion System

In this work, we investigate the ambiguities proposed by Benhar et al. about different implementation of the impulse approximation (IA) for calculation of the response function of many-Fermion system. The many-Fermion wave-function of composite system is calculated in the framework of impulse approximation by considering the iteration equation of many-Fermion wave-function through the system Hamiltonian propagator, and it is shown that by imposing the plane wave approximation for the struck particle it is possible to remove these ambiguities (the plane wave impulse approximation (PWIA)). Finally it is concluded that in order to get relevant result, one should be careful to perform the IA on the many-Fermion wave function to calculate the response function of the system, since the system response is obviously very sensitive to this quantity.     

The Spectral Zeta Function for Laplace Operators on Warped Product Manifolds of the type I × f N

In this work we study the spectral zeta function associated with the Laplace operator acting on scalar functions defined on a warped product of manifolds of the type I × _f N, where I is an interval of the real line and N is a compact, d-dimensional Riemannian manifold either with or without boundary. Starting from an integral representation of the spectral zeta function, we find its analytic continuation by exploiting the WKB asymptotic expansion of the eigenfunctions of the Laplace operator on M for which a detailed analysis is presented. We apply the obtained results to the explicit computation of the zeta regularized functional determinant and the coefficients of the heat kernel asymptotic expansion.     

The Calibration Kit Spectral Fluorescence Standards—A Simple and Certified Tool for the Standardization of the Spectral Characteristics of Fluorescence Instruments

With the Calibration Kit Spectral Fluorescence Standards BAM-F001-BAM-F005, we developed a simple tool for the characterization of the relative spectral responsivity and the long-term stability of the emission channel of fluorescence instruments under routine measurement conditions thereby providing the basis for an improved comparability of fluorescence measurements and eventually standardization. This first set of traceable fluorescence standards, which links fluorescence measurements to the spectral radiance scale in the spectral range of 300-770 nm and has been optimized for spectrofluorometers, can be employed for different measurement geometries and can be adapted to different fluorescence techniques with proper consideration of the underlying measurement principles.     

Absolute frequency measurement of acetylene transitions in the region of 1540 nm

An optical frequency comb has been used to measure the frequency of a diode laser system, locked to the P(10), P(11), P(15), P(16), P(20), and P(21) transitions in the ₁+₃ overtone band of ¹³C₂H₂. When locked to any of these transitions, the laser frequency showed a stability of 4×10^-12 in 1 s and a reproducibility of better than 1 kHz. The frequency of the reference P(16) transition was found to be P(16)=194369569383.83 kHz with an uncertainty of 0.32 kHz, based on measurements of a single system, and 2.5 kHz, based on the reproducibility of independent systems. PACS 06.30.Ft; 33.20Ea; 42.62.Fi     

Multilayer Ag/Y Mirrors for the Spectral Range of 9–11 nm

Technical Physics - Multilayer Ag/Y mirrors intended for the spectral range of 9–11 nm have been investigated. The parameters of mirrors, specifically, the thicknesses of transition layers,...     

The Influence of Temperature on the Spectral Dependences of Aluminum’s Optical Properties

Data in the literature on the optical properties of aluminum in the range of 198–1173 K are analyzed. Analytical expressions describing the dependences of aluminum permittivity on photon energy and temperature are proposed and tested. The spectral dependences of the aluminum absorption coefficient and specular reflectance at normal incidence, as well as of the absorption-efficiency coefficients of aluminum nanoparticles in a lithium-fluoride matrix, are calculated at different temperatures. The results obtained indicate the appearance of unusual nonlinear absorption effects in nanocomposites containing aluminum nanoparticles, which manifest themselves in a decrease in the absorption efficiency with increasing temperature at photon energies exceeding 1.40 eV.     

Experimental Determination of Transmittance of Porous Cerium Dioxide Media in the Spectral Range of 300–1,100 nm

Abstract

A spectroscopy system is developed to measure radiative characteristics of participating media in the spectral range of 300–1,100 nm. The system incorporates a short-arc radiation source, double monochromator, optical chopper synchronized with a lock-in amplifier, and a silicon detector. Measurements of overall spectral transmittance are performed with two types of cerium dioxide samples with average porosities of 0.08 and 0.72, respectively. For both sample types, the spectral variation of the transmittance indicates mixed contribution by absorption and scattering to the observed attenuation in the considered spectral range. All samples are characterized by high opacity to radiation up to approximately 400 nm.     

The Variation of Financial Arbitrage via the Use of an Information Wave Function

We define an ‘information wave function’, Ψ(q). We underline the role of risk-neutral probabilities in financial non-arbitrage. We argue how a change in the probabilities based on Ψ(q) can induce arbitrage.     

Absolute frequency measurement of the iodine-stabilized He-Ne laser at 633 nm

The absolute frequency of an iodine-stabilized He-Ne laser at 633 nm stabilized on the i (or a₁₃) component of the 11-5 R(127) hyperfine transition of the ¹²⁷I₂ molecule is measured using a femtosecond optical comb generator and an iodine-stabilized Nd:YAG laser standard at 1064 nm. We link the measured absolute frequency to the current internationally adopted value via frequency intercomparison between JILA and the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM), leading to the determination of the absolute frequency of the BIPM-4 standard laser. The resulting absolute frequency f_i(BIPM) of the BIPM-4 standard laser is f_i(BIPM)=473612214711.9±2.0 kHz, which is 6.9 kHz higher than the value adopted by the Comité International des Poids et Mesures (CIPM) in 1997. Received: 29 May 2000 / Revised version: 13 September 2000 / Published online: 22 November 2000