应用高分辨率影像的城市固体废弃物提取

日益增多的城市固体废弃物不断威胁着城市的生态环境。应用遥感技术的城市固体废弃物监测与管理比实地调查的方法省时省力。然而,分布不规律的城市固体废弃物成分复杂,在高分辨率遥感影像上表现出极强的异质性,无论是针对像素,还是针对运用对象的影像分析方法都难以实现计算机自动提取。针对城市固废堆在重采样低分辨率影像上异质性得到减弱、同质性增强,而在高分辨率上细节丰富、位置准确的特点,提出了一种融合多分辨率对象的城市固废提取方法。以北京市海淀区的QuickBird影像进行实验,结果表明,露天城市固废堆的识别精度可达75%,表明这种多分辨率信息提取策略对于监测露天的城市固废堆十分有效。     

Evaluation of Heat Transfer Coefficient During Drying of Typical Municipal Solid Waste Matrices with Significant Shrinkage at Medium Temperature

High-moisture municipal solid waste leads to lower heat value, lower combustion efficiency, and frequent and serious erosion during incinerating. Municipal solid waste should be dried before being efficiently incinerated. The purpose of this work is to carry out experimental study and simulation on characteristics of moisture migration of municipal solid waste matrices at medium temperature (100°C–200°C) in a muffle furnace. Obvious shrinkage during moisture migration of biological waste matrices with high initial moisture content was observed. The results showed the initial moisture content and framework mobility of waste matrices and the rate of moisture migration influence on shrinkage; and linear relationships between shrinkage and moisture content ratio of waste matrices during the first falling-rate period at certain drying temperature were established. Certain experimental results of drying characteristics of moisture migration of biological waste matrices, such as potato slices and watermelon peels, under medium temperature were simulated using the shrinkage model with introducing a shrinkage term in the governing equations. The model was numerically solved by applying the finite-differences method. The results show good agreement with experiment data. The shrinkage of biological waste matrices can enhance surface heat transfer of matrices. Thus, shrinkage plays an important role in the drying behavior of high-moisture biological municipal solid waste matrices.     

加速器驱动的反应堆系统固态钨靶的优化研究

文中就加速器驱动的反应堆系统靶的几何设计、泄漏中子产额、泄漏中子能谱及靶中能量沉积问题进行了研究.提出了钨饼与水层组成的组合靶概念,在中子产额影响较小的情况下,较好地解决了固态靶散热问题.     

基于遗传算法的超级电容RTG能量管理研究

为提高超级电容混合动力轮胎式集装箱门式起重机(Rubber Typed Gantry, RTG)系统的能量利用率和燃油的经济性,需要对混合动力能量系统进行有效的管理。提出了一种考虑系统能耗和非再生能量因素情况下,能分别确定混合动力系统中柴油发电机组最优输出功率和超级电容器组的最优输出功率的优化方法。建立了柴油发动机组和超级电容器组的数学模型。根据混合动力RTG关键特性参数和负载需求值,得出了负载需求曲线图。考虑发电机组燃油消耗的能量、来自电容器组的能量贡献和产生的非再生能量,构造了整体能耗的成本函数。并引入遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm, GA)进行求解,最后进行仿真和对比分析。结果表明,与传统的基于规则的控制策略相比,遗传算法优化后的能量管理系统,其能量消耗减少了35.9%。     

Thermodynamic Performance Analysis of a Waste Heat Power Generation System (WHPGS) Applied to the Sidewalls of Aluminum Reduction Cells

To recover energy from the waste heat of aluminum reduction cells, a waste heat power generation system (WHPGS) with low boiling point working fluid based on Organic Rankine Cycle was proposed. A simplified model for the heat transfer around the walls of aluminum reduction cells and thermodynamic cycle was established. By using the model developed and coded in Matlab, thermal performance analysis of the system was conducted. Results show that the electrolyte temperature and the freeze ledge thickness in the cell can significantly affect the heat absorption of the working fluid in the heat exchange system on the walls. Besides, both the output power and the thermal efficiency of the power generation system increase with the system pressure. The output power and thermal efficiency of the system can also be affected by the type of working fluid used in the system. Working fluids for the best system performance under different output pressures were determined, based on the performance analysis. This WHPGS would be a good solution of energy-saving in aluminum electrolysis enterprises.     

关于量子体系的高效相干能量转移的最优初始化的研究

For an energy transfer network, the irreversible depletion of excited electron energy occurs through either an efficient flow into an outer energy sink or an inefficient decay. With a small decay rate, the energy transfer efficiency is quantitatively reflected by the average life time of excitation energy before being trapped in the sink where the decay process is omitted. In the weak dissipation regime, the trapping time is analyzed within the exciton population subspace based on the secular Redfield equation. The requirement of the noise-enhanced energy transfer is obtained, where the trapping time follows an exact or approximate 1/Γ-scaling of the dissipation strength Γ. On the opposite side, optimal initial system states are conceptually constructed to suppress the 1/Γ-scaling of the trapping time and maximize the coherent transfer efficiency. Our theory is numerically testified in four models, including a biased two-site system, a symmetric three-site branching system, a homogeneous onedimensional chain, and an 8-chromophore FMO protein complex.     

Experimental Heat Transfer Coefficients of Waste Heat Recovery Unit in Detergent Manufacturing Process

The waste heat recovery unit is one of the most important units in the chemical process. It recovers waste heat from the exhaust gas of the process resulting in the reduction of heat loss. In the detergent manufacturing process, the particulate air leaving the spray dryer is the exhaust gas containing the large amount of heat. Therefore, a waste heat recovery unit can significantly reduce heat loss. In this work, heat transfer coefficients of a waste heat recovery unit in the detergent manufacturing process were studied. Waste heat from the particulate air is recovered in the shell and coiled tube heat exchanger. The particulate air flows in the shell side, and water flows in the tube side. Four coiled tubes with different coil pitches were investigated. The results show that the tube-side heat transfer coefficient increases as the coil pitch decreases. Loading ratio also has an important effect on heat transfer coefficients. The increase of loading ratio leads to a lower value of the overall heat transfer coefficient. From 100 experiments, empirical correlations for the prediction of tube-side and shell-side heat transfer coefficients were proposed. The results indicate that the predicted heat transfer coefficients agree well with the experimental values.     

A Method for the Atomic Absorption Analysis of Solid Samples in Flames

Atoms of several elements are produced when metal and certain silica refractory samples are heated in a flame. When concentrated HCL is then aspirated a signal enhancement occurs. The peak height of this signal can be used for the analysis of Mn and Cu in nails, Fe in brass and MgO in silica refractory. The technique is very matrix dependant and detection limits are poorer than for conventional atomic absorption.     

物理实验管理系统的构建与实现

介绍了通过运用网络平台构建物理实验中心的管理系统,以实现学生选课、成绩管理、教学信息管理和发布、教学资料的上网及仪器管理等一系列的功能,使物理实验中心的各项工作有序而高效.     

Observation of a Sharp Transition in Contact Angle in the Wetting of Graphite by Solid Pb-Ni Alloys

The wetting of Pb-Ni crystals on graphite has been observed at 558 K in a Scanning Auger Microprobe. Samples were prepared so as to produce 10 m crystals of Pb with Ni contents increasing from 0 to 0.3 wt% along one axis of the graphite substrate. In the low Ni region, the contact angle was found to decrease slowly from 119° to 98° with increasing Ni content. In the region of high Ni content, a constant contact angle of 83° was measured. In between, crystals with contact angles of 98° and 83° were observed to coexist, near the limit of solubility of Ni in Pb, indicating the presence of a first order transition in contact angle. The continuous decrease in contact angle, in the low Ni region, is due to Ni adsorption at the Pb-graphite interface, which leads to a decrease in interfacial energy. The constant contact angle in the high Ni region is associated with the precipitation of a Ni-rich phase. Various hypotheses are advanced to account for the first order transition in contact angle as a function of Ni concentration.     

Thermodynamic Analysis and Optimization of a Novel Power-Water Cogeneration System for Waste Heat Recovery of Gas Turbine

A power-water cogeneration system based on a supercritical carbon dioxide Brayton cycle (SCBC) and reverse osmosis (RO) unit is proposed and analyzed in this paper to recover the waste heat of a gas turbine. In order to improve the system performance, the power generated by SCBC is used to drive the RO unit and the waste heat of SCBC is used to preheat the feed seawater of the RO unit. In particular, a dual-stage cooler is employed to elevate the preheating temperature as much as possible. The proposed system is simulated and discussed based on the detailed thermodynamic models. According to the results of parametric analysis, the exergy efficiency of SCBC first increases and then decreases as the turbine inlet temperature and split ratio increase. The performance of the RO unit is improved as the preheating temperature rises. Finally, an optimal exergy efficiency of 52.88% can be achieved according to the single-objective optimization results.     

Influence of the Motion Behavior on the Contact Heat Transfer Between the Covered Wall and Solid Bed in Rotary Kilns

The effect of the transverse motion behavior on contact heat transfer was experimentally investigated in an indirectly heated batch rotary drum. Inside the drum, one rotating and one stationary measuring rod were installed, each assembled with 16 K-type thermocouples to measure temperatures. Thus, the radial and circumferential temperature gradients within the solid bed were measured, and the contact heat transfer was determined. As test materials, quartz sand, alumina, and cement powder were used, and the parameters filling degree (10–20%) and rotational speed (1–6 rpm) were varied.     

应用ICP-MS分析猪污物中铅砷镉的形态分布

为有效控制资源化过程中畜禽污物所含重金属对环境和人类健康的危害,需要监测污物中重金属的赋存形态和浓度。采集北京昌平种猪场的猪污物样品(鲜样和干清样),用BCR提取法、硝酸-高氯酸消化法和ICP-MS仪器检测铅砷镉(Pb,As,Cd)总量及各形态含量。结果表明,猪污物中Pb,As,Cd的总量分别为29.0,28.2和0.288 mg·kg-1 DW(鲜样)以及19.7,28.2 和0.134 mg·kg-1 DW(干清样),均没有超过我国的城镇垃圾农用控制标准(As接近标准值)。两类样品中重金属的形态分布规律明显不同：鲜样中三种金属可交换态及碳酸盐结合态均超过50%,有机物及硫化物结合态则低于20%;而干清样中高生态毒性的可交换态及碳酸盐结合态和Fe/Mn氧化物结合态的比例较鲜样中都明显降低(降幅可达20%以上),表明干清样用于堆肥对农田更安全。该研究结果将为北京地区养猪场污物的资源开发和生态安全评价提供重要基础数据。     

抗酸化微生物复合菌系对餐厨垃圾堆肥腐殖质组分光谱学性质的影响

抗酸化微生物复合菌系（AAMC）通过多种耐酸、嗜酸微生物的协同作用,在克服由于酸化抑制导致的餐厨垃圾堆肥发酵崩溃问题方面效果显著,接种AAMC可明显加速有机物质降解。然而生物堆肥存在有机物彻底降解和碳重新固定（形成稳定的腐殖质类物质）两种途径,有机质降解与腐殖质形成具有互动关系,为腐殖质形成提供原材料。为探究接种AAMC对餐厨垃圾堆肥腐殖质品质的影响,采用树脂柱法进行腐殖质分组,分别研究接种AAMC对富里酸、亲水性组分和胡敏酸3个组分分子结构复杂度和稳定性的影响。设接种组（AAMC）、加碱组（MgO和K₂HPO₄）和自然堆肥组3个处理,采用三维荧光技术（EEM）结合两种定量表征方法区域体积积分（FRI）和平行因子分析（PARAFAC）,实现对富里酸、亲水性组分和胡敏酸3个组分光谱学性质定量表征的准确性和完整性。FRI结果显示,堆肥结束后3个腐殖质组分中表征简单分子结构组分例如羧基或蛋白源结构区域的P_{i, n}值均降低,接种组降低幅度显著大于对照组,降低幅度大小排序为：接种组＞加碱组＞对照组。表征高芳香度和缩聚程度的胡敏酸类物质区域的P_{i, n}值均上升,且接种组上升幅度显著高于其他两处理,上升幅度排序也为：接种组＞加碱组＞对照组。PARAFAC结果显示,富里酸和胡敏酸组分又可分成短波长胡敏酸、长波长胡敏酸和色氨酸或类蛋白类物质3个组分,亲水性组分又可分为短波长胡敏酸、色氨酸和酪氨酸3个组分。堆肥结束后,表征短波胡敏酸和长波胡敏酸组分的F_max升高,而表征色氨酸等类蛋白类物质组分的F_max降低,升高或降低的幅度接种组最高,显著高于加碱组和对照组。综上结果说明接种AAMC可明显促进腐殖质组分子结构复杂化、稳定化,提高腐殖质组分高芳香度和缩聚程度,改善餐厨垃圾堆肥腐殖质品质,利于施用堆肥土壤保水保肥。这可能与AAMC具有高的小分子有机酸降解、转化能力,可规避酸累积对堆肥微生物活性的抑制导致的堆肥腐殖化效率低的问题密切相关。添加化学缓冲剂也能一定程度促进腐殖质组分稳定化、结构复杂化和提高堆肥腐殖化程度。这可能与堆料pH的改善,使得小分子有机酸可被持续降解和转化,有利于堆肥腐殖化进程有关。     

光学相干层析系统相干传递函数研究

在弱物体近似下从成像系统角度对光学相干层析测量技术进行了理论研究。分析了该技术测量样品纵深结构时图像的形成机理。结果表明它相当于一复振幅线性平移不变系统，从而可用相干传递函数描述系统性能，所得相干传递函数表明系统具有低通特性，半峰值带宽△ｋ＝２△λ／λ＾２。由于物体频谱整体平移了１／λ，测量的是纵向结构的高频信息。本文的工作为定量分析光学相干层析对未知结构的测量结果及进一步提高空间分辨率提供了理论     

航空机电作动器健康管理验证系统研究

针对健康管理智能算法与推理模型性能的验证与评估需求,设计了一种航空机电作动器健康管理验证系统;通过分析航空机电作动器的故障机理,提出了电机、控制器、齿轮减速器的数学建模方法和对应的主要失效模式的故障注入方法,设计了验证系统硬件平台、基于组件模式的通用软件运行环境及支持实时显示功能的验证与评估模块;仿真结果表明,该平台能够支持各种健康管理算法与系统模型的加载和调用,并能够实现验证与评估信息的在线显示。     

新区综合能源系统多目标最优化设计

经济性和碳排放的平衡是未来城市能源利用的主要方向。新城区开发需要先进的能源系统设计方法,以定量化计算不同设计方案下的经济性与碳排放。基于城市能源系统的主要特征,本文提出了一种新区综合能源系统多目标最优化设计方法。在需求侧,通过能耗指标分摊法预测负荷;在供应侧,利用超结构建模包含各种能源-技术组合,求解混合整数线性规划问题。本文以雄安新区启动区能源系统为案例进行多目标最优化设计,探讨了碳排放与成本之间的权衡取舍。     

构建基于ISO 9000的大学物理实验教学质量管理体系

为了能够控制、保证和提高大学物理实验教学质量,引入ISO 9000族标准,以顾客的满意为目标,以江苏大学物理实验中心为例提出了一个以过程为基础的大学物理教学质量管理体系,并进一步阐述了体系的建立思路.     

Possibility of Combining Nuclear Level Pumping in a Plasma with Lasing in a Solid

Nuclear isomers can be used for the storage and release of “clean” nuclear energy and several triggering schemes have been discussed. Here the possibility to utilize resonance between atomic and nuclear transitions in the form of a hybridization of atomic-nuclear excitation is considered. Several isotopes and specific nuclear levels are identified as candidates for triggering via atomic transitions. A variety of ionization states and atomic-shell configurations arises in a hot plasma generated by short high-power pulses of laser light. The non-radiative conversion of the ionization energy within an atom can be suppressed in the hot plasma surroundings. The time scales of different processes in nuclear, atomic and condensed-matter subsystems are compared and the fast ionization in a solid, X-ray radiance in a plasma, and sample melting and recrystallization may precede nuclear fluorescence. A time scale shorter than 0.1 ns makes this sequence promising for the collective excitation of short-lived modes in a nuclear subsystem. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

中心化开放式大学物理实验教学管理系统的设计

研究型大学建设背景下,农林院校大学物理实验实行中心化开放式教学,有效发挥公共基础课教学的基础性作用,具有十分重要的意义.根据高等农林院校中心化开放式教学的特点,采用B/S和C/S混合模式,设计了中心化开放式大学物理实验教学管理系统.该系统的使用保证了中心化开放式大学物理实验教学体系的运行,实现了多元化的考核方式,使物理实验教学中心资源发挥了最大效益,在提高学生的综合素质、培养学生的创新精神与实践能力方面发挥重要作用.