Magnetic Behaviour and Heating Effect of Fe3O4 Ferrofluids Composed of Monodisperse Nanoparticles

Fe3O4 ferrofluids containing monodisperse Fe3O4 nanoparticles with different diameters of 8, 12, 16 and 18nm are prepared by using high-temperature solution phase reaction. The particles have single crystal structures with narrow size distributions. At room temperature, the 8-nm ferrofluid shows superparamagnetic behaviour, whereas the others display hysteresis properties and the coercivity increases with the increasing particle size. The spin glass-like behaviour and cusps near 190K are observed on all ferrofluids according to the temperature variation of field-cooled （FC） and zero-field-cooled （ZFC） magnetization measurements. The cusps are found to be associated with the freezing point of the solvent. As a comparison, the ferrofluids are dried and the FC and ZFC magnetization curves of powdery samples are also investigated. It is found that the blocking temperatures for the powdery samples are higher than those for their corresponding ferrofluids. Moreover, the size dependent heating effect of the ferrofluids is also investigated in ac magnetic field with a frequency of 55 kHz and amplitude of 200 Oe.     

Shape-controlled Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles from Gold(III)-chelates of β-diketones

Chelating ligands with β-diketone skeleton have been employed for the first time as reductant to produce ligand stabilized gold nanoparticles of different shapes out of aqueous HAuCl₄ solutions. Evolution of stable gold nanoparticles happens to be first order with respect to gold particles having rate constants ∼ ∼10⁻² min⁻¹ and subsequent chlorine insertion in the β-diketone skeleton is reported as a general feature. Spherical or triangular or hexagonal particle evolution goes selectively under the influence of different β-diketones in terms of capping and reducing capabilities of the reductants.     

Tunable inhibition of β-amyloid peptides by fast green molecules

The aggregation of β-amyloid (Aβ) protein into toxic intermediates and mature fibrils is considered to be one of the main causes of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Small molecules as one of blockers are expected to be the potential drug treatment for the disease. However, the nucleation process in molecular assembly is less informative in the literatures. In this work, the formation of Aβ (16-22) peptides was investigated with the presence of small molecule of fast green (FG) at the initial aggregation stage. The results exhibited the tunable inhibitory ability of FG molecules on Aβ (16-22) peptides. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) demonstrated that the inhibitory effect would be dependent on the dose of FG molecules, which could delay the lag time (nucleation) and form single layer conjugates. Spectral measurements further showed that the β-sheet secondary structure of Aβ (16-22) reduced dramatically after the presence of FG molecules. Instead, non-β-sheet nanosheets were formed when the FG/Aβ (16-22) ratio reached 1:1. In addition, the cytotoxicity of aggregates reduced greatly with the presence of FG molecules compared with the Aβ (16-22) fibrils. Overall, this study provided a method for suppressing the toxic amyloid aggregates by FG molecules efficiently, and also showed a strategy for fabrication of two-dimensional materials by small molecules.     

Comparative Experiments on XUV Emissions from Groove and Planar Target

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Photon Emissions from a Spinor Bose–Einstein Condensate of Positroniums

We investigate the quantum dynamics of the decay of a multiple-component positronium condensate into pairs of photons. A positronium atom has four internal spin states which are interconvertible through s-wave interactions. The quantum fields of all spin states of positroniums and photons are simulated from first principle in quasi-one-dimensional system using the truncated Wigner method. This method warrants us a full treatment of the depletion of positronium fields and the spin mixing induced by s-wave collisions between positronium atoms. Particularly,it yields the momentum spectrum of the emitted photons and the photon-photon correlations.     

Tunable two-wavelength lasing of Ti: Al_2O_3 and its two-wave mixing in β-BaB_2O_4

A tunable Ti: sapphire laser with a symmetric two-channel dispersive resonator operated simultaneously at two wavelengths was obtained. The delay between λ_1 and λ_2 pulses did not exceed a few nanosecond. Independent tunable range of each output wavelength is 720-820nm, and the maximum wavelength difference was about 55nm. The competition and connectivity between two waves have been observed. The frequency suming and doubling of the two waves generated in BBO were also obtained.     

Study on the thermal sensitivity of β-NaYF4: Yb3+-Er3+ nano-thermometers based on luminescence ratiometric technology

It is demonstrated here that relative sensitivity should gain more concern than absolute sensitivity when designing a new type of nano-thermometer based on luminescence ratiometric technology. Following the NIR excitation by a 980 nm laser diode, the 520/527 and 540/547 nm upconversion luminescence bands, which are respectively ascribed to the ²H_11/2–⁴I_15/2 and ⁴S_3/2–⁴I_15/2 transitions of Er³⁺ ions embedded in NaYF₄ nanocrystals, are investigated as a function of temperature between 303 and 483 K. It is found that the 520/540, 520/547, 527/540 and 527/547 nm emission lines can constitute four pairs of thermally coupled energy levels. These four pairs of lines own the different absolute sensitivities. However, the relative sensitivities for them are identical at the same temperature. A third parameter, that is, temperature resolution, is then introduced to identify the difference between the two sensitivities. It is found that these four pairs of lines own the same temperature resolution, suggesting that absolute sensitivity is an intermediate parameter and relative sensitivity reflects the fundamental nature of sensors.     

Upconversion Spectrum of Tm-doped Fiber Pumped by Multiwavelengths from 760 nm to 810 nm

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Proton and Two-proton Emissions from Proton-rich Nuclei with 10≦Z≦20

Proton (p) and two-proton (2p) emissions from the proton-rich nuclei with 10≦Z≦20 have been explored by the in-fight decay and implantation decay methods, respectively, in a series of experiments at the HIRFL-RIBLL facility. The in-flight 2p emissions from the excited states of 28,29S /26,27P and 17;18Ne were studied by complete-kinematics measurements. Mechanisms of 2p decay and related p-p correlations have been explored. Obvious 2p correlated emissions have been observed in the cases of 28,29S but not in 27,28P, indicating the 2p halo plays an important role in the diproton emission. In the 17;18Ne cases, a small 2p opening angles were deduced by the HBT analyses, implying the BCS-BEC crossover may occur in the dilute nuclear matter. Moreover, 27S/26P/25Si, 22Si/20Mg, 23Si/22Al/21Mg, 24Si/23Al, and 36;37Ca were implanted in a thin double-sided-silicon-strip detector and their -delayed p and 2p decays have been measured by a surrounding silicon detector array under the continuous-beam mode. Important information on the nuclear spectroscopy, such as energy, lifetime, branching-ratio, and so on, has been extracted, which helps us to understand the nuclear structures of proton-rich exotic nuclei close to the drip-line.     

Ultraviolet and Deep-Ultraviolet Emissions from c-MgxZn1-xO/MgO Ultrathin Multilayer Heterostructures

Cubic phase MgxZn1-x O/MgO multilayer heterostructures （c-Mgx Zn1-xO/MgO MHs） are grown on Si（100） and quartz substrates by reactive electron beam evaporation at low temperature （250℃）. Cross-sectional morphology observations by field-emission scanning electron microscopy show the legible interfaces of c-MgxZn1-x O/MgO MHs. X-ray diffraction demonstrates that c-MgxZn1-xO/MgO MHs are of highly （100）-oriented. Optical trans- mission investigations of c-Mgx Zn1-x O/MgO MHs on quartz substrates reveal the coexistence of the two phases, c-MgxZn1-xO and MgO. Photoluminescence examination indicates the emergence of deep-ultraviolet emission centred at about 290nm along with the blue shift of the ultraviolet emission from 405nm to 39Gnm when the nominal thickness of c-MgxZn1-xO well layers of MHs is diminished to 3nm, which is probably originated from quantum confinement effect.     

Blue Upconversion Luminescence from Yb~(3 )-doped Oxyfluoride Vitroceramics Excited by 960nm Laser

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HO3+/Tm3+共掺α-NaYF4单晶体的光谱特性

采用坩埚下降法生长出Ho3+离子掺杂浓度～1.90 mol％、Tm3+不同掺杂离子浓度(0.99 mol％,1.58 mol％,2.37 mol％,3.16 mol％,3.99 mol％,7.19 mol％)的双掺杂立方晶相NaYF4单晶体.根据测定的吸收光谱以及800 nmLD波长激发下的发射光谱、发射截面和衰减曲线,研究从Tm3+离子到Ho3+离子的能量传递机制、Tm3+离子的浓度猝灭效应和Ho3+离子在2.04 μm波段的优化发光效应.当Ho3+离子浓度保持为～1.90 mol％不变,Tm3+离子浓度从0.99 mol％增加到1.59 mol％时,2.04 μm波段的发射强度逐步增强;当浓度从1.59mol％增加到7.19mol％时,发射强度逐步减弱.Ho3+ (1.90 mol％)/Tm3+ (1.59 mol％)共掺的单晶体的发射截面最大,达到2.17×10-20 cm2,其荧光寿命最长,为21.72 ms;同时,根据Ho3+离子的吸收截面和Tm3+离子的发射截面,计算得到该样品从Tm3+:3F4→Ho3+:5I7稀土离子能量传递系数和Ho3+:5I7→Tm3+:3F4反传递系数分别为CTm-Ho=24.14×10-40 cm6/s,CHo-Tm=2.05×10-40 cm6/s.     

Tunable Synthesis of Sub-20 nm Gold Nanoparticles Capping with Cyclodextrin for Host–Guest Molecular Recognition on Nano-Surface

Gold nanoparticles capping with three types of natural cyclodextrins are synthesized, allowing for precise control over their sizes ranging from 9 to 20 nm. These nanoparticles exhibit remarkable colloidal stability during long-term storage, as well as excellent tolerance to saline, acidic, and alkaline conditions. Importantly, the assembly of nanoparticles is performed by using the silica nanospheres functionalized with cinnamyl group and the gold nanoparticle capping with three types of cyclodextrin, highlighting the selective formation of core-satellite superstructure based on the host–guest molecular recognition on nano-surface between different nanoparticles.     

Ferroic phase transitions in β-LiNH4SO4

Abstract

The paper reviews the results of experimental and theoretical studies of ferroic phase transitions in β-LiNH₄SO₄ and its deuterated analogue. β-LiNH₄SO₄ undergoes succesive phase transitions: a paraelectric - ferroelectric phase transition at T₁ ? 462 K, a ferroelectric - ferroelastic phase transition at T₂ ? 283 K and a transition from one ferroelastic phase to the other at T₃ ? 28 K. Attention is focused on the influence of the order of phase transitions on the pattern of ferroelectric and ferroelastic domain structure, and also on the role played by the dynamics of molecular groups in the mechanism of transitions. The pre-transition effect connected with the ferroelectric-paraelectric transition: heterophase, capable of accounting for anomalies in different physical properties present 1-3 K below T₁ is shown. The anomalous temperature variation of spontaneous polarisation of the crystal is discussed within the framework of the phenomenological model of weak ferroelectrics.     

Ultrasound assisted extraction of β-carotene from Spirulina platensis

This paper illustrates the Ultrasound Assisted Extraction (UAE) of β-carotene from Spirulina platensis. Various parameters such as extraction time, solvent type, biomass to solvent ratio, temperature, electrical acoustic intensity, length of the probe tip dipped into the solvent, duty cycle and pre treatment effect were explored for the extraction of β-carotene. From economic point of view, the optimal conditions for the extraction of β-carotene from Spirulina were 1.5 g Spirulina (2 min pre soaked in methanol) in 50 ml n-heptane at 30 °C temperature, 167 W/cm² electrical acoustic intensity and 61.5% duty cycle for 8 min with probe tip length of 0.5 cm dipped into the extracting solvent from the surface. The maximum extraction achieved under the above mentioned optimum parameters was 47.10%. The pre-treatment time showed a promising effect on the yield as pre-treating the biomass with methanol for 2 min before ultrasonication showed 12 times increase in extraction yield of β-carotene.     

Comparison of Secondary Ion Emissions from Carbon Nanotubes under Bombardments of MeV Si and Si2 Clusters

The emission yields of H, H2, H3 and heavy ions from carbon nanotubes under bombardments of Si and Si2 clusters in an energy range of 0.3-3 MeV per atom are measured by using the time-of-flight technique (TOF). The emission yields of the secondary ions increase with increasing energy of Si and the electronic stopping processes play an important role. The enhanced emission yields of secondary ions induced by Si2 clusters at the low energies are clearly seen and attributed to the vicinage effect of the nuclear collision processes of cluster constituents and the secondary ion emissions are still dominated by electronic stopping processes at high energies.     

Photoinduced dynamics to photoluminescence in Ln3+ (Ln = Ce,Pr) doped β-NaYF4 nanocrystals computed in basis of non-collinear spin DFT with spin-orbit coupling

ABSTRACT

In this work, non-collinear spin DFT + U approaches with spin-orbit coupling (SOC) are applied to Ln³⁺ doped β-NaYF₄ (Ln = Ce, Pr) nanocrystals in Vienna ab initio Simulation Package taking into account unpaired spin configurations using the Perdew–Burke–Ernzerhof functional in a plane wave basis set. The calculated absorption spectra from non-collinear spin DFT + U approaches are compared with that from spin-polarised DFT + U approaches. The spectral difference indicates the importance of spin–flip transitions of Ln³⁺ ions. Suite of codes for nonadiabatic dynamics has been developed for 2-component spinor orbitals. On-the-fly nonadiabatic coupling calculations provide transition probabilities facilitated by nuclear motion. Relaxation rates of electrons and holes are calculated using Redfield theory in the reduced density matrix formalism cast in the basis of non-collinear spin DFT + U with SOC. The emission spectra are calculated using the time-integrated method along the excited state trajectories based on nonadiabatic couplings.     

Tunable single-frequency ultraviolet generation from a continuous-wave Ti : sapphire laser with an intracavity PPLN frequency doubler

We report a single-longitudinal-mode continuous-wave Ti:sapphire ring laser that is intracavity frequency doubled in periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN). Using a multi-grating PPLN crystal, the second harmonic is tunable from 386 to 403 nm – close to the PPLN ultraviolet absorption edge – with a maximum generated power of 114 mW. The wavelength dependence of the critical operating temperature required to eliminate photorefractive effects in the PPLN crystal is determined. PACS 42.65.Ky; 42.70.Mp; 42.72.Bj