Anisotropic Orientation of Lactate in Skeletal Muscle Observed by Dipolar Coupling in H NMR Spectroscopy

Double quantum (DQ), J-resolved (1)H NMR spectra from rat and bovine skeletal muscle showed a splitting frequency ( approximately 24 Hz) for the lactate methyl protons that varied with the orientation of the muscle fibers relative to the magnetic field. In contrast, spectra of lactate in solution consist of a J-coupled methyl doublet and a J-coupled methine quartet (J(HH) = 7 Hz) with no sensitivity to sample orientation. Spectra acquired in magnetic fields of 4.7, 7, and 11 T showed that the splitting was not due to inhomogeneities in magnetic susceptibility within the muscle, because the magnitude of the splitting did not scale with the strength of B(0) fields. Triple quantum coherence (TQC) spectra revealed two distinct transition frequencies on the methyl resonance. These frequencies resulted from intra-methyl and methine-methyl couplings in this four spin system (A(3)X). Decoupling experiments on the triple quantum coherence showed that the observed frequency splitting was due mainly to the dipolar interactions between the methine and methyl protons of the lactate molecule. Thus, all the proton resonances of the lactate molecules in muscle behave anisotropically in the magnetic field. Adequate design and interpretation of spectroscopic experiments to measure lactate in muscle, and possibly in any cell and organ which contain asymmetric structures, require that both the dipolar coupling described here and the well-known scalar coupling be taken into account.     

Quantitative Evaluation of the Lactate Signal Loss and Its Spatial Dependence in PRESS Localized H NMR Spectroscopy

Localized ¹H NMR spectroscopy using the 90°−t₁−180°−t₁+t₂−180°−t₂−Acq. PRESS sequence can lead to a signal loss for the lactate doublet compared with signals from uncoupled nuclei which is dependent on the choice of t₁ and t₂. The most striking signal loss of up to 78% of the total signal occurs with the symmetrical PRESS sequence (t₁=t₂) at an echo time of 2/J (290 ms). Calculations have shown that this signal loss is related to the pulse angle distributions produced by the two refocusing pulses which leads to the creation of single quantum polarization transfer (PT) as well as to not directly observable states (NDOS) of the lactate AX₃ spin system: zero- and multiple-quantum coherences, and longitudinal spin orders. In addition, the chemical shift dependent voxel displacement (VOD) leads to further signal loss. By calculating the density operator for various of the echo times TE=n/J, n=1, 2, 3, …, we calculated quantitatively the contributions of these effects to the signal loss as well as their spatial distribution. A maximum signal loss of 75% can be expected from theory for the symmetrical PRESS sequence and TE=2/J for Hamming filtered sinc pulses, whereby 47% are due to the creation of NDOS and up to 28% arise from PT. Taking also the VOD effect into account (2 mT/m slice selection gradients, 20-mm slices) leads to 54% signal loss from NDOS and up to 24% from PT, leading to a maximum signal loss of 78%. Using RE-BURP pulses with their more rectangular pulse angle distributions reduces the maximum signal loss to 44%. Experiments at 1.5 T using a lactate solution demonstrated a maximum lactate signal loss for sinc pulses of 82% (52% NDOS, 30% PT) at TE=290 ms using the symmetrical PRESS sequence. The great signal loss and its spatial distribution is of importance for investigations using a symmetrical PRESS sequence at TE=2/J.     

导数红外光谱法定量测定环己烷中微量苯的含量

本文利用导数红外光谱测定了环己烷中微量苯的含量。测定中选择 6 74± 2cm-1峰为定量峰 ,并采用峰高、峰面积、一阶导数 (最大、最小、区间 )、二阶导数等方法 ,所得标准曲线方程的相关系数在 0 990～0 995范围之间。当样品中苯的含量在 0 0 10～ 0 10g·10mL-1时 ,其吸光度与浓度呈线性关系。为定量测定提供了快速准确的方法     

激光微等离子体光谱分析法测定土壤中的铝钙

采用YJG-Ⅱ激光微区分析仪结合CCD光栅光谱仪构成的激光微等离子体光谱分析系统,在减压氩气环境下,以土壤标样为样品,测量了土壤中铝元素和钙元素的含量,对激光微等离子体光谱分析法定量分析土壤中元素的准确度与可行性进行了研究。实验中分别以Al Ⅰ 394.40 nm和Ca Ⅱ 396.85 nm为分析线,采用“三标准试样法”,由计算机拟合logI～logC工作曲线,对土壤中铝、钙进行了测量。结果表明：对此两种元素定量分析的相对标准偏差(RSD)最大为5.80%,定量分析结果与标准值的相对偏差最大为7.65%,说明该方法对土壤中铝、钙的测定满足分析精确度的要求。     

近红外光谱技术对人参药材人参皂苷含量测定及产地识别的研究

以东北三省6个产地的74份人参样品为研究对象,采集其近红外光谱,以多元散射校正原始光谱;采用超高效液相色谱技术,建立样品中人参皂苷Rg₁,Rb₁,Re的含量测定方法,以样品中这三种皂苷的总量作为参考值,在6 001～4 007和10 000～8 786 cm-1建模区间,采用偏最小二乘法建立了人参样品中人参皂苷近红外定量模型,交叉验证均方根误差为0.115,预测均方根误差为0.167,相关系数分别为0.947 7和0.915 3。同时对近红外原始光谱进行多元散射校正和Savitzky-Golay平滑处理,以8 531～7 559 cm-1谱段对人参样品进行产地识别,结果表明,74份样品可分为3类,分别对应辽宁、吉林和黑龙江产区,校正模型判正率为96%,预测模型判正率达90%。2010版《中国药典》以人参样品中人参皂苷Rg₁,Rb₁,Re的总量作为评价人参质量的化学指标,该工作所建立的近红外预测人参样品三种皂苷总量的方法快速、准确,可用以评价人参样品的质量。     

一维NOESY和HOHAHA技术用于苯环壬酯的立体结构研究

中枢抗胆碱药物苯环壬酯-2′-苯基-2′-环戊基-2′-羟基乙酸-N-甲基-3-氮杂双环（3,3,1）壬-9α-酯的化学结构比较复杂,部分谱峰重叠,本文采用2种NMR新方法,MMDY混合脉冲梯度选择一维HOHAHA和多重激发梯度选择一维NOESY相结合对其¹H NMR和立体化学进行了研究,重叠谱峰的归属得到确定. 根据NOE实验结果,证实该化合物为9α差向异构体,并且确定了在氘代氯仿中氮杂双环为椅式-椅式构象;哌啶环中氮甲基位于e键. 本结果有助于此类化合物的化学结构和溶液构象的测定.      

激光诱导击穿光谱用于NaCl溶液中Na元素含量分析

为了研究Na元素在水中的检测灵敏度,采用激光诱导击穿光谱检测NaCl溶液中的Na元素。选择NaⅠ589.0 nm和NaⅠ589.6 nm作为分析谱线,利用配置的六种浓度的NaCl溶液,采用外标法、内标法以及小波变换降噪法,给出了NaCl溶液中Na元素的定标曲线。发现通过内标法获得的定标曲线的线性相关系数r达到0.998,优于外标法（r=0.985）,并且优于小波降噪后外标法（r=0.986）。相对外标法而言,小波变换降噪法有效降低了LIBS光谱中的连续背景光谱噪声,使LIBS的RSD从5.68%降至1.61%,从而使LOD值从50.8 μg·mL-1降至19.54 μg·mL-1, 内标法选择NaⅠ589.0 nm和NaⅠ589.6 nm钠原子谱线与内标参考谱线HⅠ656.2 nm氢原子谱线强度比值能有效的克服实验条件波动带来的影响,因此,内标法给出的NaCl溶液中Na元素的定标曲线的线性相关系数最大。而对于小波变换降噪处理方法,能够有效的降低LIBS光谱的连续背景带来的噪声,但不能克服实验条件波动对LIBS光谱信息的影响,因此小波变化降噪方法能够提高LIBS的RSD,但对降噪处理后的外标法给出的定标曲线的线性相关系数的提高影响不大。说明内标法有效的提高了检测灵敏度,减弱了实验条件波动带来的影响,定标曲线具有更好的线性相关性。而小波变换降噪处理后有效降低了LIBS光谱中的连续背景光谱噪声,实现LIBS检测限变低。谱线NaⅠ589.0 nm为分析谱线得到的RSD和LOD值小于以谱线NaⅠ589.6 nm为分析谱线的结果,NaⅠ589.0 nm和NaⅠ589.6 nm这两谱线的上能级分别为2.104和2.102 eV, 发现分析谱线的上能级对NaCl溶液中的Na元素的RSD和LOD值有影响,存在上能级大,而RSD和LOD值较小的现象。研究结果表明,LIBS技术可以实现溶液中元素的原位实时检测,并在水污染检测方面受到广泛关注。     

扩散序谱(DOSY)实验测定缓冲体系中蛋白质表观分子量

液体核磁共振扩散序谱（DOSY）可以通过测定溶质分子的自扩散系数（D_t）来研究该分子在溶液中的表观分子量（M）.D_t与测试体系和分子本身性质相关,蛋白质体系较为复杂,从而增加了蛋白质自扩散系数（D_t-protein）测定的难度.本文以3-（三甲基硅基）丙磺酸钠（DSS）为内标,以蛋白质分子与DSS自扩散系数的比值（D_r）来表征蛋白质分子在溶液中的表观分子量（M_protein）,该方法降低了缓冲体系对M_protein的影响,使得M_protein主要由分子本身的性质决定.在此基础上,测定了不同分子量蛋白质分子相对于DSS的D_r,拟合得到了D_r与M_protein的相关关系：lgM_protein =-2.6488 lgD_r-0.7863,相关系数（R²）为0.997.最后测定了通过大肠杆菌表达纯化得到的SARS冠状病毒主蛋白酶C端结构域（M^pro-C）分子相对于DSS的D_r,并计算出与文献结果一致的M_protein,进一步验证了拟合公式的准确性和实用性.     

基于核磁共振的统计全相关谱在大鼠肾脏组织中的应用

生物组织是基于NMR的代谢组学研究的主要对象之一，广泛应用于分子病理学、毒理学、生物医学等众多领域. 但是，为了保证测定的准确，组织的NMR实验往往需要在较低的温度下和较短时间内完成，以防止由于组织内酶的降解和扩散而导致的某些代谢物质的分析信息被破坏. 统计全相关谱(Statistical Total Correlation Spectroscopy, STOCSY)是依靠一维谱来实现二维谱的一些功能的方法，不需要额外的实验时间，已经被广泛应用于代谢组学研究中. 本文采用STOCSY方法，通过对一系列¹H高分辨魔角旋转谱的统计分析和计算，得到了肾脏组织的准二维相关谱，其中共振峰之间的相关较为准确的反应了物质之间的耦合信息，为物质的归属提供了帮助.     

PMR Assay of Natural Products in Pharmaceuticals. IV Assay of Codeine and Simultaneous Detection of Morphine

A rapid, accurate and precise PMR method is presented for the quantitative determination of codeine and codeine phosphate as bulk drugs and in tablet dosage form. The determination is based on the integration of the C-3 methylprotons or the two aromatic protons of codeine or its salt relative to that of the nine protons of t-butanol. Standard deviations of ± 1.39, 0.27 and 0.65% were obtained for codeine, codeine phosphate bulk drug and codeine phosphate tablets respectively. The method furnishes a specific means of identification of codeine as well as of the simultaneous detection and possible determination of morphine; thus fulfilling one of the most important pharmacopeial requirements for the purity of codeine.     

1H and 13C NMR Determination of 1-Naphtyl-Polymethoxylated Diphenylwiethanes

The complete structural analysis of 1-[(4-methoxyphenyl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphe- nyl)methyl]naphtalene 5a and 1-[(2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl) methyljnaphtalene 5b, prepared by alkylation of 1-[chloro-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl) methyl]naphtalene without by-products such as benzofluorene 2, may be accurately determined by ¹H, ¹³C NMR and 2D NMR analysis.     

Determination of the effective correlation time modulating 1H NMR relaxation processes of bound water in protein solutions

The relaxation in protein solutions has mainly been studied by nuclear magnetic relaxation dispersion (NMRD) techniques. NMRD data have mostly been analyzed in terms of fast chemical exchange of water between free water and water bound to proteins. Several approaches were used for the estimation of correlation time modulating the relaxation mechanism of bound water. On the other hand, in a nuclear magnetic resonance experiment, the relaxation rates of protein solutions (1/T1 and 1/T2) and also those of free water (1/T1f and 1/T2f) are measurable. However, the relaxation rates of bound water (1/T1b and 1/T2b) are not. Despite this, equating (1/T1-1/T1f)/2(1/T2-1/T2f) to (1/T1b)/2(1/T2b) leads to an expression involving only an effective tau that is related to the rotational correlation time (tau r) of proteins. Equating the ratios may therefore give a simple alternative method for the determination of tau r even if this method is limited to a single resonance frequency. In this work, a formula was derived for the solution of the effective tau. Then, the 1/T1 and 1/T2 in solutions of two globular proteins (lysozyme and albumin) and one nonglobular protein (gamma-globulin) were measured for different amounts of each protein. Next, the values of 1/T1 and 1/T2 were plotted vs. protein concentrations, and then the slopes of the fits were used in the derived equation for determining the effective tau values. Finally, the rotational correlation time tau r, calculated from tau, was used in the Stokes-Einstein relation to reproduce relevant radii. The effective tau values of lysozyme, albumin and gamma-globulin were found to be 5.89 ns, 7.03 ns and 8.8 ns, respectively. tau r values of albumin and lysozyme produce their Stokes radii. The present data suggest that use of the measurable ratio in the derived formula may give a simple way for the determination of the correlation times of lysozyme and albumin.     

Identification and Quantitative Determination of Dipropylene Glycol in Terpene Mixtures Using 13C NMR Spectroscopy

A method that allows direct identification and quantitative determination of dipropylene glycol (DPG) using ¹³C NMR spectroscopy was developed. The quantitative procedure was checked and validated with commercially available DPG, controlled with two DPG-added essential oils, and then applied to commercial “Extraits de parfum” (perfume extracts).     

NMR Studies of Drugs. 1H and 13C NMR Chemical Shift Assignments in Etidocaine and Etidocaine Hydrochloride Determined by Two-Dimensional NMR Spectroscopy

¹H and ¹³C NMR chemical shift assignments were obtained for the local anesthetics etidocaine (1) and etidocaine hydrochloride (2) in CDCl₃ solution, as well as for 2 in D₂O solution. The COSY experiment was employed for proton-proton correlation, while onebond and long-range 2D heteronuclear techniques allowed the assignments of all ¹³C chemical shifts in each molecule. Etidocaine has a chiral carbon; etidocaine hydrochloride has, in addition to the natural chiral center, an acid-induced chirality at the protonated amine nitrogen, resulting in solvent-dependent diastereomers. Ten of the fourteen magnetically nonequivalent ¹³C nuclei of 2 exhibit doubled ¹³C resonance peaks (50.3 MHz, 20°C, CDCl₃ solution) due to the presence of the two diastereomers.     

Evaluation of Gypsum and Calcium Oxalates in Deteriorated Mural Paintings by Quantitative FTIR Spectroscopy

This study dealt with the development of a procedure based on quantitative FTIR spectroscopy to determine the amount of some contaminants in wall paintings, mortars, and stone micro‐samples. As contaminants we selected gypsum, CaSO₄ · 2H₂O, and calcium oxalate monohydrate, CaC₂O₄ · H₂O, among the most common polluting substances present in architectural porous materials. Calibration curves of absorbance versus analyte concentration were determined by adopting both the internal and external standard methods. As internal standard we used Prussian blue, Fe₃[Fe(CN)₆]₄, that presents an unique infrared peak at 2094 cm^? 1. The correlation coefficient for a linear fit was very good for every calibration, being in each case greater than 0.9900. Furthermore, the precision of the evaluation of gypsum and calcium oxalates varied in the range 8–15% and ca. 4% respectively. In order to verify the findings, some specimens, which came from real frescoes, were analysed both by DSC calorimetry and FTIR spectroscopy: we found a satisfactory match between the quantitative analyses performed by the two techniques. For the first time, the application of this method allowed the quantitative determination of the desulphatization power of the Ferroni‐Dini method—based on the ammonium carbonate and barium hydroxide technique—in the conservation of mural paintings.     

NMR法测定重油中碳、氢的质量百分含量

用高分辨的1H-NMR和13C-NMR法对重油中的氢、碳的质量百分含量进行测定.采用标准化合物考察了本方法的准确性,以实际油样考察了方法的重复性,则本方法具有良好的准确性、重复性.然后测定了30个重油油样的氢、碳的质量百分含量,测定结果与元素分析法(ASTM D5291)有很好的一致性.核磁共振法可以用于测定重油中碳、氢含量.     

一维SEMDY和旋转坐标NOE差谱NMR新技术用于天然化合物中寡糖的结构研究

报告从日本续断根部的乙醇提取物中分得二个新的五糖三萜皂甙,应用一维ＳＥＭＤＹ和旋转坐标ＮＯＥ差谱等ＮＭＲ新技术互相配合的方法对它们的结构进行了研究,确定为：３－Ｏ－α－Ｌ－吡喃鼠李糖（１→３）－β－Ｄ－吡喃葡萄糖（１→３）－α－Ｌ－吡喃李鼠糖（１→２）－α－Ｌ－吡喃阿拉伯糖－常春藤甙元－２８－Ｏ－β－吡喃葡萄糖酯甙（１）,和３－Ｏ－「β－Ｄ－吡喃葡萄糖（１→４）」「α－Ｌ－吡喃鼠李糖（１→３）」－