Lubricant film flow and depletion characteristics at head/disk storage interface

The characteristics of lubricant film at head/disk interface(HDI) are essential to the stability of hard disk drives. In this study, the theoretical models of the lubricant flow and depletion are deduced based on Navier–Stokes(NS) and continuity equations. The air bearing pressure on the surface of the lubrication film is solved by the modified Reynolds equation based on Fukui and Kaneko(FK) model. Then the lubricant film deformations for a plane slider and double-track slider are obtained. The equation of lubricant film thickness is deduced with the consideration of van der Waals force, the air bearing pressure, the surface tension, and the external stresses. The lubricant depletion under heat source is simulated and the effects of different working conditions including initial thickness, flying height and the speed of the disk on lubricant depletion are discussed. The main factors that cause the lubricant flow and depletion are analyzed and the ways to reduce the film thickness deformation are proposed. The simulation results indicate that the shearing stress is the most important factor that causes the thickness deformation and other terms listed in the equation have little influence. The thickness deformation is dependent on the working parameter, and the thermal condition evaporation is the most important factor.     

Difference of Directions Between External Driving Force and Movement Direction of Center of Mass

Driven dynamics of a two-dimensional Frenkel-Kontorova model is studied in the paper. In our numerical simulations, it is found that the movement direction of the center of mass is not consistent with that of the external driving force except for some special symmetric directions at the lower driving force. Our results also indicate that the movement direction of the center of mass strongly depends on both the magnitude and the direction of the external driving force as well as the misfit angle between two layers.     

Effects of Mg on diamond growth and properties in Fe–C system under high pressure and high temperature condition

Diamond crystal crystallized in Fe–Mg–C system with Archimedes buoyancy as a driving force is established under high pressure and high temperature conditions. The experimental results indicate that the addition of the Mg element results in the nitrogen concentration increasing from 87 ppm to 271 ppm in the diamond structure. The occurrence of the {100}plane reveals that the surface character is remarkably changed due to the addition of Mg. Micro-Raman spectra indicate that the half width of full maximum is in a range of 3.01 cm~(-1)–3.26 cm~(-1), implying an extremely good quality of diamond specimens in crystallization.     

Structures and Equation of State of ε-Fe under High Pressure

The equation of state （EOS） and the axial ratio c/a of ε-Fe at high pressures are investigated by using the gen- eralized gradient approximation （GGA） within the plane-wave pseudopotential density functional theory （DFT）. The results show that at the lower pressure, the EOS of ferromagnetic ε-Fe is consistent with the experimental result. While at higher pressure, the EOS of the nonmagnetic ε-Fe is in good agreement with the experimental result. Meanwhile, we find an obvious increase of the axial ratio c/a with pressure, and there is only a small increase with increasing temperature at high pressure.     

Determination of the Surface Tension of Liquid Fe77.5Cu13Mo9.5 Ternary Monotectic Alloy

Thermophysical properties of undercooled liquid monotectic alloys are usually difficult to be determined because of the great dittlculty in achieving large undercoolings. We measure the surface tension of liquid Fe77.5 Cu13Mo9.5 monotectic alloy by an electromagnetic oscillating drop method over a wide temperature range from 1577 to 1784 K, including both superheated and undercooled states. A good linear relationship exists between the surface tension and temperature. The surface tension value is 1.588 N/m at the monotectic temperature of 1703K, and its temperature coefficient is -3.7 × 10^-4 Nm^-1 K^-1. Based on the Butler equation, the surface tension is also calculated theoretically. The experimental and calculated results indicate that the effect of the enriched element on droplet surface is much more conspicuous than the other elements to decrease the surface tension.     

Thermoelasticity of CaO from first principles

The thermoelastic properties of CaO over a wide range of pressure and temperature are studied using density functional theory in the generalized gradient approximation. The transition pressure taken from the enthalpy calculations is 66.7GPa for CaO, which accords with the experimental result very well. The athermal elastic moduli of the two phases of CaO are calculated as a function of pressure up to 200GPa. The calculated results are in excellent agreement with existing experimental data at ambient pressure and compared favourably with other pseudopotential predictions over the pressure regime studied. It is also found that the degree of the anisotropy rapidly decreases with pressure increasing in the B1 phase, whereas it strongly increases as the pressure increases in the B2 phase. The thermodynamic properties of the B1 phase of CaO are predicted using the quasi-harmonic Debye model; the heat capacity and entropy are consistent with other previous results at zero pressure.     

Variation of coating transmission under intense laser irradiation

A model that considers both thermal expansion and thermo-optical effects is developed to investigate the transmission variation of optical coatings when they are exposed to an intense laser beam. Our results indicate that a higher gradient of the transmission spectrum curve at a certain wavelength leads to a more evident variation of the coating transmission. Three customized Hf O2–Si O2 multilayer coatings with different transmission spectra are used to measure the transmitted power under the irradiation of a 1080 nm continuous-fiber laser. Excellent agreement is found between the experimental result and the theoretical prediction. Our result is helpful for the improvement of such devices in the application of high-power laser systems.     

Preparation and optical properties of a Rhodamine 6G-doped sol-gel AlPO4-SiO2 film

AlPO4-SiO2 films doped with Rhodamine 6G （Rh6G） are prepared using the sol-gel dip-coating method. The surface morphology is characterized by atomic force microscopy. The results indicate that the surface morphology of the films is not significantly affected by the amount of dyes loaded. The absorption and excitation spectra indicate low aggregation even at a Rh6G doping concentration of 1.0×10-3 mol/L. Efficient fluorescence with a band centered at 553 nm is observed.     

Combined Effect of Surface Tension, Gravity and van der Waals Force Induced by a Non-Contact Probe Tip on the Shape of Liquid Surface

Aiming at understanding how a liquid film on a substrate affects the atomic force microscopic image in experiments, we present an analytical representation of the shape of liquid surface under van der Waals interactionin duced by a non-contact probe tip. The analytical expression shows good consistence with the corresponding numerical results. According to the expression, we find that the vertical scale of the liquid dome is mainly gov-rned by a combination of van der Waals force, surface tension and probe tip radius, and is weekly related to gravity. However, its horizontal extension is determined by the capillary length.     

Lattice Boltzmann simulation of liquid–vapor system by incorporating a surface tension term

In this study,we investigate the pseudopotential multiphase model of lattice Boltzmann method(LBM)and incorporate a surface tension term to implement the particle interaction force.By using the Carnahan–Starling(CS)equation of state(EOS)with a proper critical pressure–density ratio,a density ratio over 160000 is obtained with satisfactory numerical stability.The added surface tension term offers a flexible choice to adjust the surface tension strength.Numerical tests of the Laplace rule are conducted,proving that smaller spurious velocity and better numerical stability can be acquired as the surface tension becomes stronger.Moreover,by wall adhesion and heterogeneous cavitation tests,the surface tension term shows its practical application in dealing with problems in which the surface tension plays an important role.     

Fractional Cattaneo heat equation in a semi-infinite medium

To better describe the phenomenon of non-Fourier heat conduction, the fractional Cattaneo heat equation is introduced from the generalized Cattaneo model with two fractional derivatives of different orders. The anomalous heat conduction under the Neumann boundary condition in a semi-infinity medium is investigated. Exact solutions are obtained in series form of the H-function by using the Laplace transform method. Finally, numerical examples are presented graphically when different kinds of surface temperature gradient are given. The effects of fractional parameters are also discussed.     

Transport enhancement and efficiency optimization in two heat reservoir ratchets

We study a Brownian motor moving in a sawtooth potential in the presence of an external driving force and two heat reservoirs. Based on the corresponding Fokker--Planck equation, the analytical expressions of the current and efficiency in the quasi-steady-state limit are obtained. The effects of temperature difference and the amplitude of the external driving force on the current and efficiency are discussed, respectively. The following is our findings. (i) The current increases with both δ and A. In other words, δ and A enhance the transport of the Brownian motor. (ii) The competition between the temperature difference and the amplitude of the external driving force can lead to efficiency optimization. The efficiency is a peaked function of temperature, i.e., δ>0 and a lower amplitude value of the external driving force is necessary for efficiency optimization. (iii) The efficiency increases with δ, and decreases with A. δ and A play opposite roles with respect to the efficiency, which indicates that δ enhances the efficiency of energy transformation while A weakens it.     

Mechanical Properties of Breast Cancer Cell Membrane Studied with Optical Tweezers

Membrane tethers are extracted from breast cancer cells using a force generated by an optical trap. It is experimentally obtained that the radius of tether is about 0.1μm and the static tether force is about 8.5 pN. Calculations based on the experimental measurements give a bending modulus for the tether of 1.35 x 10^-19 N.m and a surface membrane tension of 6.76 x 10^-6 N/m in the breast cancer cell. The treatment with cytochalasin D results in the decreasing bending modulus and decreasing apparent surface tension. When the membrane protein caveolin is over-expressed, similar cases occur in bending modulus and apparent surface tension. In addition, the viscous resistance coefficient of the membrane is calculated to be 1.15pN.s/μm according to the dynamic tether forces obtained under different pulling velocities.     

Surface Structure and Electronic Property of InP（001）-（2×1）S Surface： A First-Principles Study

The surface structure and electronic property of InP（001）-（2 ×1）S surface under S-rich condition are investigated based on first-principles simulations. The analyses of phase transition show that the 3B model is the most stable structure and the S-S dimer is difficult to form. The geometry of the 3B structure agrees well with the experiments. It is also found that the 3B structure has a good passivation with a band gap of about 1.24eV. The results indicate that the 3B structure is the best candidate for the sulfur-rich InP（001）（2 × 1）A phase.     

Influence of Mass Transport on Formation of Si—Nanostructures

Nanowire-like,condyloid-like and flakes of Si-nanostructures were synthesized by thermal evaporation under different mass transport conditions by changing the ambient pressure.The structural analysis shows that a higher mass transport rate is not favourite for the formation of fine single crytalline nanowires when the substrate placed closely to the thermal vapour source,The higher mass transport rate can induce a lower Si partial pressure near the source and hence results in a lower supersaturation near the substrate.Experimental results reveal that the formation of Si-nanowires is not controlled by mass transport but by surface process.The driving force on the surface in the key factor for the formation of well-crystallized nanowires.     

First-principles investigation on the structural and elastic properties of cubic-Fe,TiAl under high pressures

The structural, elastic, and thermodynamic properties of cubic-Fe2TiA1 under high temperatures and pressures are investigated by performing ab initio calculation and using the quasi-harmonic Debye model. Some ground state properties such as lattice constant, bulk modulus, pressure derivative of the bulk modulus, and elastic constants are in good agreement with the available experimental results and theoretical data. The thermodynamic properties of Fe2TiA1 such as thermal expansion coefficient, Debye temperature, and heat capacity in ranges of 0 K-1200 K and 0 GPa-250 GPa are also obtained. The calculation results indicate that the heat capacities at different pressures all increase with temperature increasing and are close to the Dulong-Petit limit at higher temperatures, Debye temperature decreases with temperature increasing, and increases with pressure rising. The cubic-FezTiA1 is stable mechanically under 250 GPa. Moreover, under lower pressure, thermal expansion coefficient rises rapidly with temperature increasing, and the increasing rate becomes slow at higher pressure.     

Finite-amplitude vibration of a bubble in water

The numerical results obtained by Rayleigh-Plesset （R-P） equation failed to agree with the experimental Mie scattering data of a bubble in water without inappropriately increasing the shear viscosity and decreasing the surface tension coefficient. In this paper, a new equation proposed by the present authors （Qian and Xiao） is solved. Numerical solutions obtained by using the symbolic computation program from both the R-P equation and the Qian-Xiao （Q-X） equation clearly demonstrate that Q-X equation yields best results matching the experimental data （in expansion phase）. The numerical solutions of R-P equation also demonstrate the oscillation of a bubble in water depends strongly upon the surface tension and the shear viscosity coefficients as well as the amplitude of driving pressure, so that the uniqueness of the numerical solutions may be suspected if they are varied arbitrarily in order to fit the experimental data. If the bubble＇s vibration accompanies an energy loss such as the light radiation during the contract phase, the mechanism of the energy loss has to be taken into account. We suggest that by use of the bubble＇s vibration to investigate the state equations of aqueous solutions seem to be possible. We also believe that if one uses this equation instead of R-P equation to deal with the relevant problems such as the ＇phase diagrams for sonoluminescing bubbles＇, etc., some different results may be expected.     

Theoretical analysis of droplet transition from Cassie to Wenzel state

Whether droplets transit from the Cassie to the Wenzel state(C–W) on a textured surface is the touchstone that the superhydrophobicity of the surface is still maintained. However, the C–W transition mechanism, especially the spontaneous transition of small droplets, is still not very clear to date. The interface free energy gradient of a small droplet is firstly proposed and derived as the driving force for its C–W evolution in this study based on the energy and gradient analysis.Then the physical and mathematical model of the C–W transition is found after the C–W driving force or transition pressure,the resistance, and the parameters of the meniscus beneath the droplet are formulated. The results show that the micro/nano structural parameters significantly affect the C–W driving force and resistance. The smaller the pillar diameter and pitch,the minor the C–W transition pressure, and the larger the resistance. Consequently, the C–W transition is difficult to be completed for the droplets on nano-textured surfaces. Meanwhile if the posts are too short, the front of the curved liquid–air interface below the droplet will touch the structural substrate easily even though the three phase contact line(TPCL) has not depinned. When the posts are high enough, the TPCL beneath the drop must move firstly before the meniscus can reach the substrate. As a result, the droplet on a textured surface with short pillars is easy to complete its C–W evolution. On the other hand, the smaller the droplet, the easier the C–W shift, since the transition pressure becomes larger, which well explains why an evaporating drop will collapse spontaneously from composite to Wenzel state. Besides, both intrinsic and advancing contact angles affect the C–W transition as well. The greater the two angles, the harder the C–W transition. In the end, the C–W transition parameters and the critical conditions measured in literatures are calculated and compared, and the calculations accord well with the experimental results.     

Ceramic synthesis of 0.08BiGaO_3–0.90BaTiO_3–0.02LiNbO_3 under high pressure and high temperature

In this paper, the preparation of 0.08BiGaO_3–0.90BaTiO_3–0.02LiNbO_3 is investigated at pressure 3.8 GPa and temperature 1100–1200?C. Experimental results indicate that not only is the sintered rate more effective, but also the sintered temperature is lower under high pressure and high temperature than those of under normal pressure. It is thought that the adscititious pressure plays the key role in this process, which is discussed in detail. The composition and the structure of the as-prepared samples are recorded by XRD patterns. The result shows that the phases of Ba TiO_3, BaBiO_(2.77), and Ba_2Bi_4Ti_5O_(18) with piezoelectric ceramic performance generate in the sintered samples. Furthermore, the surface morphology characteristics of the typical samples are also investigated using a scanning electron microscope. It indicates that the grain size and surface structure of the samples are closely related to the sintering temperature and sintering time. It is hoped that this study can provide a new train of thought for the preparation of lead-free piezoelectric ceramics with excellent performance.     

Dual solutions in boundary layer flow of a moving fluid over a moving permeable surface in presence of prescribed surface temperature and thermal radiation

An analysis of the heat transfer for a boundary layer forced convective flow past a moving permeable flat surface parallel to a moving fluid is presented. Prescribed surface temperature at the boundary is considered. A thermal radiation term in the energy equation is considered. The similarity solutions for the problem are obtained and the reduced ordinary differential equations are solved numerically. To support the validity of the numerical results, a comparison is made with the available results for some particular cases of this study. Dual solutions exist when the surface and the fluid move in the opposite directions.