激光诱导击穿光谱机理及爆炸物研究

激光诱导击穿光谱(LIBS)技术是基于激光诱导等离子体发光探测物质成分的方法。激光诱导等离子体的发射谱线由两部分组成:一部分是电子-离子复合及自由电子相互作用辐射的宽带连续谱;另一部分是原子和离子发射的特征谱线。对这些谱线进行识别并测量其强度,给出物质成分的定性和定量信息。分别讨论了样品所附着的基质为金属和电介质的两种情况,并对ns和fs级激光脉宽的影响作了介绍。     

Calibration Curve with Improved Limit of Detection for Cadmium in Soil: An Approach to Minimize the Matrix Effect in Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopic Analysis

The present article describes a working or combined calibration curve in laser-induced breakdown spectroscopic analysis, which is the cumulative result of the calibration curves obtained from neutral and singly ionized atomic emission spectral lines. This working calibration curve reduces the effect of change in matrix between different zone soils and certified soil samples because it includes both the species' (neutral and singly ionized) concentration of the element of interest. The limit of detection using a working calibration curve is found better as compared to its constituent calibration curves (i.e., individual calibration curves). The quantitative results obtained using the working calibration curve is in better agreement with the result of inductively coupled plasma–atomic emission spectroscopy as compared to the result obtained using its constituent calibration curves.     

用高重频激光剥离-火花诱导击穿光谱分析铝合金样品

为了提高基于等离子体原子发射光谱元素分析技术的分析速度,在高重复频率的前提下建立了一套激光剥离-火花诱导击穿光谱元素分析系统并以铝合金为样品开展了光谱分析。实验以低脉冲能量的声光调Q固体激光脉冲剥离样品,并触发高压火花放电以增强等离子体辐射、提高光谱分析灵敏度。研究结果表明： 在高重频火花放电的作用下,等离子体辐射的峰值强度和弛豫时间分别得到了增强和延长,信号的时间积分强度增强因子可以达到1～2个数量级,且更易于实现时间分辨的信号检测。对铝合金中微量铬元素分析的检出限可达~132 ppm。该研究验证了高重频激光剥离-火花诱导击穿光谱用于分析固体样品元素的可行性,其技术有望在固体样品元素的快速分析中发挥一定的作用。该光谱技术能同时兼顾扫描成像的速度、空间分辨率和光谱分析灵敏度,并为固体样品的二维或者三维元素分布的高分辨快速扫描成像分析提供了一种很好的技术途径。     

Spatial distributions of electron density in microplasmas produced by laser ablation of solids

The spatial distribution of electron density in argon microplasmas produced by laser ablation of solids has been investigated by time-resolved emission spectroscopy. The electron density was derived from Stark broadening and shift of spectral lines. It was found that the radial gradient of the electron density is much smaller than the gradient of the atomic number density of atoms ablated by the laser into the plasma. The almost homogeneous plasma conditions in the centre of the microplasmas are essential for quantitative element analysis of solid samples by laser ablation. On the other hand, because of the homogeneous conditions microplasmas are excellent sources for measurements of reliable Stark broadening and shift parameters of atomic and ionic spectral lines of all elements which can be ablated by lasers from solid samples.     

基于多元线性回归法的液体阴极辉光放电-原子发射光谱分析研究

液体阴极辉光放电-原子发射光谱是近些年兴起的一种水体金属元素检测技术。该技术具有开放大气环境工作,进样简便,体积小,运行费用低,可同时检测多种金属元素等显著特征。根据之前的研究工作可知,金属元素的浓度不仅与自身的某一条谱线强度有关,而且还与自身其他的谱线或者基体中其他元素的谱线强度有关。为提高该技术的检测能力和精度,降低实验过程中基体效应的影响,以及更加充分地利用光谱信息,采用多元线性回归法对光谱信息进行定量分析。选取Pb Ⅰ 368. 35 nm和Pb Ⅰ 405.78 nm两条特征谱线,建立Pb元素浓度与这两条光谱线强度的二元线性回归方程;相比于标准曲线法,Pb元素的拟合度R2从0.986 5提高到0.998 7,两组Pb测试液的相对误差从34.00%和29.00%降低到14.20%和1.51%。为降低复杂成分中基体效应的影响,建立Na的浓度与Na Ⅰ 589.38 nm,Zn Ⅰ 213.8 nm,PbⅠ405.78 nm和H_β四条特征谱线强度的四元线性回归方程;拟合度R2从标准曲线法的0.955 8提高到0.995 6,两组Na测试液的相对误差从11.67%和14.71%降低到2.33%和3.57%。以上结果表明：相比于标准曲线法,多元线性回归法可以降低实验过程中基体效应的影响,并且能更加充分地利用光谱信息,能提高拟合度R2,以及降低测量的误差,从而提高液体阴极辉光放电-原子发射光谱定量分析金属元素的精度。     

Structurally induced FEES from nanotips: implications for scanning tunneling spectroscopy

Recent theoretical studies and experimental data show the existence of energy levels at the apex atom of nanotips. We report here experimental measurements, by field emission electron spectroscopy (FEES), of strong modifications of the local density of states for varying atomic configurations of the nanotips. The local density of states specific to each protrusion must then be considered in interpreting scanning tunneling microscopy and scanning tunneling spectroscopy experiments with atomic resolution instead of the commonly used free-electron model.     

Magnetic properties of ZnFe2O4 nanoparticles

Fine particles of ZnFe₂O₄ were synthesized by a wet chemical method in the (80 wt.% Fe₂O₃ + 20 wt.% ZnO) system. The morphological and structural properties of the mixed system were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The major phase was determined to be the ZnFe₂O₄ spinel with particle size of 11 nm. The magnetic properties of the material were investigated by ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) in the temperature range from liquid helium to room temperature. A very intense, asymmetric FMR signal from ZnFe₂O₄ nanoparticles was recorded, which has been analyzed in terms of two Callen-lineshape lines. Temperature dependence of the FMR parameters was obtained from fitting the experimental lines with two component lines. Analysis of the FMR spectra in terms of two separate components indicates the presence of strongly anisotropic magnetic interactions.     

Femtosecond laser-induced Cu plasma spectra at different laser polarizations and sample temperatures

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a good technique for detecting and analyzing material elements due to the plasma emission produced by the high-power laser pulse. Currently, a significant topic of LIBS research is improving the emission intensity of LIBS. This study investigated the effect of laser-polarization on femtosecond laser-ablated Cu plasma spectra at different sample temperatures. The measured lines under circularly polarized lasers were higher than those under linearly and elliptically polarized lasers. The enhancement effect was evident at higher Cu temperatures when comparing the plasma spectra that have circular and linear polarizations for different target temperatures. To understand the influence of laser-polarization and sample temperature on signal intensity, we calculated the plasma temperature (PT) and electron density (ED) . The change in PT and ED was consistent with the change in the atomic lines as the laser polarization was being adjusted. When raising the Cu temperature, the PT increased while the ED decreased. Raising the Cu temperature whilst adjusting the laser-polarization is effective for improving the signal of femtosecond LIBS compared to raising the initial sample temperature alone or only changing the laser polarization.     

Three-level depletion by cavity ringdown absorption spectroscopy: proof of concept

Theoretical quantitative considerations as well as experimental data are presented based on absorption population depletion coupled with cavity ringdown spectroscopy. The absorbing number densities inside the cavity are determined by numerical integration of the coupled rate equations. The number of photons involved in absorption, cavity losses due to mirror reflectivity and stimulated emission are taken into account. The principle is to monitor a first transition by cavity ringdown spectroscopy while a second transition, with a state in common, is resonantly excited by the decaying radiation of different frequency also trapped inside the optical cavity. A numerical example is given for atomic lines of neon and the measurements carried out in a supersonic slit-jet expansion discharge demonstrate the feasibility of the technique. The technique is also proven to work with two resonant transitions of C₂. Translational velocity of the jet modifying the rate equations is included in the model.     

Interference Effects from Easily Ionizable Elements in Flame AES and ICP‐OES: A Proposed Simplified Rate Model Based on Collisional Charge Transfer Between Analyte and Interferent Species

The effects of excess Na and K on K and Mg atom line emission in the air‐acetylene flame and of excess Li and K on Ca, Mg, and Sr atom and ion lines in inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy were studied using emission signal ratios, I′/I as probes, where I′ and I are the emission readings in the presence and absence of the interferent respectively. The I′/I plots as a function of analyte concentration in the test solution for the ICP experiments were similar to those obtained for the flame experiments in the analytical range 0–10 mg/L. A simplified rate model based on analyte excitation via charge transfer between analyte ions and activated interferent atoms is proposed to account for the emission signal enhancement observed at low analyte concentrations (<1 mg/L) for both ICP‐AES and flame atomic emission spectroscopy (AES). Data are presented showing good agreement between experimental E′ calibration curves and theoretical E′ calibration curves computed using the simplified rate model.     

基于时分复用技术的吸收光谱气体温度在线测量研究

可调谐半导体激光吸收光谱技术是一种具有高灵敏度、高选择性的非接触式气体在线测量技术。通过直接扫描多条H2O特征谱线并结合最小二乘算法实现对开放环境气体温度的在线测量。利用HITRAN光谱数据库详细讨论了边界效应对气体温度浓度测量的影响,计算结果表明,扫描多特征谱线并结合最小二乘算法可有效减小边界效应对开放环境气体温度测量的影响。实验中采用时分复用技术同时扫描了7 444.36,7 185.60,7 182.95和7 447.48cm-1四条H2O特征谱线,对管式炉573～973K范围内不同工况下的气体温度进行了测量。吸收光谱测量结果与热电偶信号的最大温差小于52.4K,温度测量最大相对误差为6.8%。     

激光诱导击穿光谱定量分析锂矿石中锂元素

锂元素具有优良的物理和化学性能,因而在军事、电池、特种合金、受控热核反应等领域具有重要作用。现有的锂矿石分析主要是基于酸分解的原子吸收光谱、电感耦合等离子体质谱或原子发射光谱等离线方法。激光诱导击穿光谱(LIBS)是一种无需样品制备、适用于低原子序数元素(包括锂)的原子发射光谱方法。采用LIBS技术,实验采集了11种锂矿石成分分析标准物质的等离子体发射光谱,分别在610.35和670.78 nm附近观测到了Li的特征峰,但由于谱线的重叠,无法应用单变量线性回归进行建模。在全谱积分强度标准化基础上,分别使用偏最小二乘回归(PLSR)和基于主成份分析的支持向量回归(PCA+SVR)对锂矿石标准物质中的锂含量进行建模。校准模型的相关参数通过留一组交叉验证均方根误差(RMSECV)来确定。结果表明,相较于PCA+SVR校准模型,PLSR的决定系数(R2)更大,校准均方根误差(RMSEC)更小,但预测均方根误差(RMSEP)远大于RMSEC,存在过拟合现象。另一方面,PCA+SVR计算得到的RMSEP和平均相对误差(MRE)相对于PLSR更小,因此认为PCA+SVR模型拥有更好适应度。从而证明,LIBS技术可以实现锂矿石中Li含量的分析,有望应用于位于传送带上锂矿石的原位在线定量分析。     

A Technique for Suppression of Spesctral Interference from Resonance Lines in Flame Photometry

A technique is described for the suppression of common atomic spectral interferences from resonance lines in flame atomic emission spectroscopy. Improved spectral selectivity may be obtained by passage of the modulated radiation from the primary source flame through a second flame into which is nebulised a solution containing a relatively high concentration of the element whose resonance line interference is to be removed. The atomic absorption process which occurs attenuates the intensity of the unwanted radiation. A greater spectral band-pass may then be employed to gain energy at the detector without loss of selectivity.     

Use of laser ablation in quantitative analysis of the elemental composition of art pigments

The ability to use laser ablation for preparation of art pigment samples in quantitative analysis of their elemental composition by atomic emission spectroscopy of inductively coupled plasma is shown. The proposed technique enables one to eliminate errors associated with both the influence of strong acids and the stoichiometric disruption in a sample.     

Laser stabilization to an atomic transition using an optically generated dispersive line shape

We report a simple and robust technique to generate a dispersive signal which serves as an error signal to electronically stabilize a monomode continuous-wave laser emitting around an atomic resonance. We explore nonlinear effects in the laser beam propagation through a resonant vapor by way of spatial filtering. The performance of this technique is validated by locking semiconductor lasers to the cesium and rubidium D₂ lines and observing long-term reduction of the emission frequency drifts, making the lasers well adapted for many atomic physics applications.     

不同收光角度下煤粉颗粒流的LIBS光谱特性研究

将激光诱导击穿光谱技术(LIBS)应用于煤粉颗粒流的直接检测,利用自行搭建的颗粒流实验台架重点研究不同收光角度下煤粉颗粒的等离子体光谱特性,分析煤中具有代表性的C,Si和Al三种元素原子谱线的强度及其相对标准偏差的变化规律,结果表明收光角度在30°～45°区间时收集到的等离子体信号强且稳定。     

银饰品中铜杂质含量的激光剥离—激光诱导击穿光谱定量分析

正交双波长双脉冲的激光剥离—激光诱导击穿光谱技术能够在较少样品烧蚀的前提下获得高的光谱分析灵敏度,因此该技术可以从根本上解决在单脉冲激光诱导击穿光谱技术中空间分辨本领与光谱分析灵敏度之间的矛盾。为了消除在该光谱技术中的实验参数对光谱信号强度及其定量分析结果的影响,实验研究了银饰品中杂质铜的光谱信号与银元素的光谱信号的相关性。研究结果表明：324.75 nm的铜原子辐射线与328.07 nm的银原子辐射线的强度呈很高的线性相关性,因此选择以银328.07 nm的光谱线作为内标线,采用内标法就可以消除双光束激光的空间几何配置以及剥离激光脉冲能量等实验参数对铜原子辐射信号的影响,从而可以采用正交双波长双脉冲激光剥离——激光诱导击穿光谱技术开展银饰品中铜杂质含量的定量分析。选择银328.07 nm的光谱线作为内标线,基于内标法建立了铜的校正曲线。当激光烧蚀坑洞直径约为17 μm时, 当前实验条件下银饰品中铜元素的检出限可以达到44 ppm。     

Amplified Emissions Spectroscopy for Sensing Applications

Amplified emission spectroscopy is promising for applications of qualitative and quantitative sensing of elements and their states. This technique has the characteristics of a narrow spectral line, high spectral resolution, and high signal‐to‐noise ratio. Recently, this technology has advanced tremendously with progress in excitation methods, that is, resonance multiphoton absorption and filamentation with ultrafast lasers. The mechanism, conditions, excitation, signal processing, and applications of amplified emission spectroscopy are reviewed herein. In particular, the different formation patterns of the amplified emission spectra produced by an ultrafast laser are analyzed in detail. In addition, a brief introduction is given to the existing applications of amplified emission. Finally, both a conclusion and a perspective of the future for amplified emission are presented.     

现代仪器在胆结石研究中的运用

对胆结石组分和元素进行准确的分析可为治疗胆结石和预防其复发提供重要的参考。文章综述了现代仪器在胆结石研究中运用的研究进展,这些技术包括拉曼光谱、能谱(EDX)、傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)及其二阶导数谱、热重分析(TG)、差示扫描量热法(DSC)、原子吸收光谱、电感耦合等离子发射光谱、高效液相色谱(HPLC)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)等。     

Characterization of inorganic species in coal by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy using UV and IR radiations

In this work, the capability of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy for process control in a thermal power plant is presented through quantitative compositional characterization of the coal used for combustion. Laser-induced emission signal of seven samples with a range of concentrations was calibrated for quantification purposes. The eighth sample was subsequently analyzed five times as unknown in order to determine the precision and accuracy of the measurements. Two modes of operation, dynamic and static and two laser wavelengths, 1064 nm and 355 nm were employed in this study for comparison. The results revealed that UV wavelength provided better results than IR radiation in terms of accuracy for the quantification of inorganic species in coal after the comparison with conventional atomic absorption spectrometry characterization.