Comparison of the electroluminescence and its related properties of two cyclopentadiene derivatives

In order to fully understand the dependence of device electroluminescence (EL) on the chemical structure of two light-emitting materials: 1,2,3,4-tetraphenyl-1,3-cyclopentadiene (TPCP) and 1,2,3,4,5-pentaphenyl-1,3-cyclopentadiene (PPCP), their properties in solution and as evaporated thin films of UV-Vis absorption, geometric structures, photoluminescence (PL), electrochemistry, glass transition temperature and EL were compared. Compared with that of TPCP, the first absorption band of PPCP shifts to the shorter wavelength region both in solution and thin film state; the photoluminescence in solution exhibits lower quantum efficiency but in thin film state has a higher intensity; the electrochemical oxidation happens at a higher potential; the solid powder exhibits higher glass transition temperature; and the electroluminescent device shows higher luminescence and efficiency. Reasons responsible for the differences were analyzed.     

异丙甲草胺农药残留吸收光谱检测方法研究

除草剂可以快速、有效地进行除草，已被广泛应用，但是在除草剂使用同时也会对周围环境和农作物带来一定程度的污染，例如农业生产过程中经常发现由于除草剂使用不当而使果树中毒的现象。异丙甲草胺是一种酰胺类选择性除草剂，被广泛应用于旱地作物、蔬菜和果园、苗圃。根据相关文献报道，基于气相色谱法、气相色谱-质谱联用法和固相萃取等方法可以实现异丙甲草胺残留检测，而基于吸收光谱法对异丙甲草胺的分析未见相关文献报道，提出直接利用吸收光谱及其导数光谱分析法实现异丙甲草胺农药及其在苹果汁中的农药残留检测。首先利用分光光度计对不同浓度异丙甲草胺药液进行吸收光谱实验研究，发现在266 nm处有明显吸收光谱特征峰。对农药吸收光谱进行拟合分析，得到异丙甲草胺药液浓度和吸光度之间预测模型函数方程，函数方程为y=2.147 09x+0.031 98，相关系数为0.998 5。然后利用分光光度计对苹果汁-异丙甲草胺混合溶液进行吸收光谱实验研究，相对于纯苹果汁吸收光谱，在混合溶液吸收光谱中发现266 nm处为异丙甲草胺所对应的特征峰。对苹果汁中药物浓度和吸光度进行建模，模型函数为：y=0.704 9+0.826 8x，其相关系数为0.991 1。可以看出，当苹果汁中异丙甲草胺残留量很低时，其农药吸收光谱特征峰并不明显。为进一步提高检测效果，对混合溶液吸收光谱进行一阶导数处理，得到其一阶导数吸收光谱。与苹果汁吸收导数光谱相比较，苹果汁-农药混合溶液导数光谱有两个明显特征光谱峰，分别位于269和276 nm处。进一步分析苹果汁-异丙甲草胺混合溶液的导数吸收光谱峰值与农药含量之间的关系，对异丙甲草胺含量与导数光谱吸光度进行函数拟合。其中269 nm对应预测模型函数关系式：y=0.005 3-0.090 6x，相关系数r=0.992 5；276 nm对应预测模型函数关系式为y=-0.000 769-0.302 8x，相关系数r=0.990 6。为验证由吸收光谱和其一阶导数光谱所得苹果汁中农药残留预测模型的准确性，另外配置五种浓度苹果汁-异丙甲草胺混合溶液。然后在同等条件下对其进行吸收光谱实验，将266，269和276 nm处的吸光度分别代入对应模型函数可求得浓度预测值，结合已知浓度值可计算其平均回收率，其中吸收光谱266 nm对应平均回收率为104.68%，导数光谱269 nm对应平均回收率为104.59%，276 nm对应平均回收率为105.18%。对苹果汁中异丙甲草胺检测模型进行分析，计算得到检出限(LOD)和定量限(LOQ)参数值，其中原始吸收光谱对应LOD和LOQ分别为0.014 8和0.049 2 mg·mL-1，一阶导数光谱对应LOD和LOQ最小值分别为0.001 5和0.004 9 mg·mL-1。研究结果表明，采用吸收光谱方法对苹果汁中异丙甲草胺进行直接检测与分析是快速和可行有效的，而且对吸收光谱进行导数运算处理后，检测效果更优。     

铜锍及含铜烧结物料中金含量测定方法的研究

铜锍及含铜烧结物料经焙烧除硫后,用王水分解,聚氨酯泡沫塑料吸附富集分离试样中金,硫脲解脱后,分别采用电感耦合等离子原子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)和火焰原子吸收光谱(FAAS)法测定金含量.针对该类物料基体复杂的特点,对影响测定结果的各种条件进行了优化实验,确定了最佳分析条件.结果表明:采用两种方法测得12个进口铜锍及含铜烧结物的实际样品的金含量无明显差异,具有较高的准确度和精密度,能够较好地解决铜锍及含铜烧结物巾金含量测定难的问题.     

Sound absorption by a solution of nanoparticles

Absorption of an acoustic wave in a colloidal solution via two mechanisms: due to viscous friction in the liquid and due to energy dissipation on nanoparticles is studied. The dependence of the imaginary part of the wave vector on the frequency is estimated in both cases. It is shown that in typical colloidal solutions, the first absorption mechanism dominates at low frequencies, and the second one, at higher, ultrasonic frequencies.     

Preparation of Chitosan/Polyvinyl Alcohol Electrospinning Nano-Membranes Using the Green Solvent,Plasma Acid

Abstract

In this paper, a green solvent for chitosan, plasma acid, was made and chitosan/plasma-acid solutions were prepared. An environmentally friendly chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) nano-membrane was prepared via electrospinning due to the difficulty of electrospinning of pure chitosan/plasma-acid solutions. Two blending methods of chitosan with PVA were investigated. One way was to mix a chitosan/plasma-acid solution (1%) and a PVA/water solution (10%) with the volume ratios of 2:8, 3:7, 4:6, 5:5, 6:4, 7:3 and 8:2, respectively. The results showed that fibrous nano-membranes could start to be formed at a chitosan/PVA mixing ratio of 7:3 up to the ratio of 2:8 with increasing PVA. The average fiber diameters increased with increased adding of PVA, ranging from 74.7?nm for the 7:3 ratio to 280.7?nm for the 2:8 ratio. The other way to prepare the chitosan/PVA solutions was to put PVA and chitosan powders into the plasma acid together. Fibrous nano-membranes could also be formed at 6% PVA and 10% PVA solution, both with 1% chitosan compositions. The average diameters of the resulting nano-fibers were 144.67?nm and 300.7?nm, respectively. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy results showed that the chitosan was bonded to the PVA by hydrogen bonds in the nano-membranes (6% PVA, 1% chitosan). It is noted that both of the two blending methods permitted obtaining chitosan/PVA nano-membranes. As indicated, the PVA in the solution had a large effect on the diameters of the nano-fibers. The first method permitted obtaining nano-fibers with smaller diameter. The maximum concentration of chitosan in the solution was 0.7% (7:3 ratio). The second method was simpler and permitted increasing the chitosan concentration in the solution to 1% for both the 6% and 10% concentrations of PVA.     

植物中硝态氮、氨态氮、总氮测定方法的比较研究

植物样品经硫酸 过氧化氢凯氏法消煮后 ,分别用直接吸光光度法、靛酚蓝比色法、过硫酸钾氧化吸光光度法获得硝态氮 (包括亚硝态氮 )、氨态氮、总氮的含量。通过样品测试数据的比较 ,证明分别测得的氨态氮、硝态氮含量之和与所测总氮结果一致。本文为植物生态学和植物学中氮元素各种形态含量的分析提供了选择测定方法的依据     

原子吸收法和原子发射法测定钾的比较

用日立１８０－３０型原子吸收法分光光度计，在波长在７６６．５ｎｍ下，用原子吸收法和原子发射法测定兔血中钾的含量变化，并进行两种方法的对比实验，结果表明，两种方法的灵敏度和检出限很接近，发射法灵敏度稍高，两种方法的精密度和准确度非常吻合，均能满足规分析的要求，两种方法的回收率都在９５～１０５％之间，吸收法受酸度和温度影响较小，而发射法稍大，笔者认为：因发射法不同元素灯，测定浓度范围大，灵敏度也高，从     

火焰原子吸收和发射光谱法测定盐湖卤水中的钙

在波长422.7nm下,用火焰原子吸收和发射光谱法测定了盐湖卤水中钙的含量,考察了酸度及共存离子对测定结果的影响,并对两种方法的优缺点进行了比较.结果表明,原子吸收光谱法受酸度及共存离子的影响较小,火焰发射光谱法测定钙的灵敏度比原子吸收光谱法高,两种方法的RSD均小于2%,加标回收率介于103.7%-107.2%.     

酪氨酸的太赫兹频谱研究

利用太赫兹时域光谱技术探测了室温条件下的酪氨酸样品的频谱响应, 获得了酪氨酸的太赫兹频谱。实验结果表明,酪氨酸在太赫兹波段存在特征频谱响应,可以用来探测分子的结构和振动情况。在获得的太赫兹频谱中,首次观察到0.23和2.46 THz附近存在的吸收峰。用HF方法和DFT计算了酪氨酸单分子和酪氨酸二聚体的太赫兹频谱,对理论计算和实验测量的偏离进行了详细的分析。在0.23 THz处的吸收峰,初步标定为氢键连接的2个酪氨酸分子的面外摇摆振动。     

A quantum-chemical study of the spectral and luminescent properties of photoproducts of some 8-azasteroids

The spectral and luminescent properties of photoproducts of two oxy-substituted 8-azasteroids in aprotic and proton-donor solvents are studied with the aid of methods of quantum chemistry. The electronic structure and the absorption and fluorescence spectra of isolated molecules and their complexes with water and proton hydrates are calculated and interpreted. It is shown that, orbitally, the first excited singlet state of photoproducts is close to an analogous ππ* state of 8-azasteroid. The bands observed in the absorption spectra of photoproducts are complex and are formed by two or more transitions. It is found that both neutral and charged complexes of photoproducts with water can fluoresce.     

Signature of wave localization in the time dependence of a reflected pulse

The average power spectrum of a pulse reflected by a disordered medium embedded in an N-mode waveguide decays in time with a power law t(-p). We show that the exponent p increases from 3 / 2 to 2 after N2 scattering times, due to the onset of localization. We compare two methods to arrive at this result. The first method involves the analytic continuation to an imaginary absorption rate of a static scattering problem. The second method involves the solution of a Fokker-Planck equation for the frequency dependent reflection matrix, by means of a mapping onto a problem in non-Hermitian quantum mechanics.     

Photoacoustic operation modes for determination of absorption spectra of SiGe mixed crystals

This paper presents comparison of two photoacoustic modes of determination of optical absorption spectra of semiconductors illustrated with the results obtained for SiGe crystals. Experimental transmission and absorption photoacoustic spectra of SiGe crystals as well as appropriate models for determination of optical absorption coefficient spectra are given. The idea and experimental set-up of the analyzed methods are presented too. From the fitting procedure of theoretical characteristics to experimental transmission and absorption photoacoustic spectra and after computations of the optical absorption coefficient spectra, three components of the optical absorption coefficient spectra of SiGe crystals were identified, i.e., band to band transitions, Urbach tail and free carriers absorption. Their parameters are given and discussed in the paper. At the end, the advantages and disadvantages of both methods are discussed. To the best of our knowledge, such a comparison of the two PA methods of determination of the optical absorption spectra has not been done before.     

Sound absorption coefficient measurements by phase-conjugate ultrasonic waves

Measurements of the sound absorption coefficient in test objects containing solid microparticles randomly distributed over the object volumes are carried out. Two methods are used for this purpose: the standard echo-pulse insert-substitution method and a modified method using phase conjugation of ultrasound. The test objects are made from gelatin, and the size of the particles introduced in it is chosen to allow measurements in both the long- and medium-wavelength scattering modes of the probing beam. It is shown that, in the first scattering mode, in which the presence of particles causes additional viscous and temperature losses, the two aforementioned methods give identical results. In the second scattering mode, in which the dominant mechanism of additional loss is elastic scattering, the use of phase conjugation allows an almost complete reconstruction of the scattered field and, hence, a more reliable upper estimate for the coefficient of ultrasonic absorption in the test objects.     

Z-scan studies and optical limiting of nanosecond laser pulses in neutral red dye

The nonlinear optical absorption, refraction and optical limiting behaviour of an organic dye, neutral red, were investigated under excitation with nanosecond laser pulses at 532 nm. The nonlinear optical responses of the material were studied both in solution and solid film, made in methanol and polyvinyl alcohol, respectively, using single-beam Z-scan technique. The open aperture Z-scans of the solution samples displayed a switch over from saturable absorption to enhanced absorption with increase in input intensity. Theoretical fit to the experimental data indicated that the dominant mechanism of nonlinear absorption is two-photon absorption. The closed aperture Z-scans of both the samples denoted positive nonlinearity, which was three orders larger in magnitude in solid film, compared with that in solution. The results of optical limiting experiments revealed that neutral red exhibited strong optical limiting of nanosecond laser pulses with a threshold lower than that of C₆₀ in toluene.     

Ultrasonic absorption in aqueous solutions of amino acids at neutral pH

Ultrasonic absorption coefficients in aqueous solutions of glycine, L-alanine, imidazole, L-phenylalanine, L-histidine and L-tryptophan at neutral pH were measured in the range from 0.8 to 220 MHz at 25 degrees C. A characteristic ultrasonic relaxation phenomenon was observed only in the solution of L-histidine with a relaxation frequency at around 2 MHz at neutral pH. It was proposed from the concentration independent relaxation frequency and the linear concentration dependence of the maximum absorption per wavelength that the relaxation mechanism was associated with a perturbation of the rotational isomeric equilibrium of the L-histidine molecule. The existence of two rotational isomeric forms of L-histidine in water was examined by semiempirical quantum chemical methods, in order to determine the free energy difference between the two states. The forward and backward rate constants were determined from the relaxation frequency and the energy change. Also, the standard volume change of the reaction was estimated from the concentration dependence of the maximum absorption per wavelength. It was speculated that L-histidine fulfills a specific function among amino acids because of the rotational motion in the molecule, in addition to its well-established acid-base properties.     

Studies of impurity levels in Rh-doped and Ce-doped photorefractive BaTiO3

Impurity levels, light-induced and thermo-induced charge transfer processes in Rh-doped and Ce-doped photorefractive BaTiO₃ were studied. The thermal depths and optical transitions of these impurity levels in the crystals were determined by using such methods as light-induced absorption, thermo-induced absorption, and grating dark decay. The origins of these impurity levels were discussed. We demonstrated, for the first time to our knowledge, that thermo-induced absorption spectroscopy is a useful and complementary technique for investigating the impurity levels in photorefractive crystals. With this technique, the deep impurity level generated by Ce in BaTiO₃:Ce was revealed and identified. Received: 7 July 1999 / Revised version: 24 September 19999 / Published online: 2 February 2000     

Size exclusion chromatography for analyses of fibroin in silk: optimization of sampling and separation conditions

A direct goal of this paper was to improve the methods of sample preparation and separation for analyses of fibroin polypeptide with the use of size exclusion chromatography (SEC). The motivation for the study arises from our interest in natural polymers included in historic textile and paper artifacts, and is a logical response to the urgent need for developing rationale-based methods for materials conservation. The first step is to develop a reliable analytical tool which would give insight into fibroin structure and its changes caused by both natural and artificial ageing. To investigate the influence of preparation conditions, two sets of artificially aged samples were prepared (with and without NaCl in sample solution) and measured by the means of SEC with multi angle laser light scattering detector. It was shown that dialysis of fibroin dissolved in LiBr solution allows removal of the salt which destroys stacks chromatographic columns and prevents reproducible analyses. Salt rich (NaCl) water solutions of fibroin improved the quality of chromatograms.     

Fluorescence and surface-enhanced vibrational spectroscopies of lawsone and plumbagin

The natural dyes lawsone and plumbagin (1,4-naphthoquinones) were studied by using fluorescence, Raman, infrared (IR), surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), and surface-enhanced IR absorption. From the absorption spectrum, it was possible to infer that the enol-lawsone tautomer concentration decreases in silver colloidal solution. Plumbagin dimers, both in water and in silver colloidal solution, were identified from the fluorescence band profile and surface-SERS spectrum. The SERS spectrum of lawsone was obtained by using silver colloidal solution after 12-hour settle; the keto and enol lawsone silver colloid interaction occurs. The assignment of Raman and IR bands of both dyes was calculated with density functional theory calculations. Only a monomeric structure of lawsone interacting with a silver cluster model was predicted. The monomer adopts a nearly coplanar orientation onto the silver surface; the shortest distance is 3.2 Å, suggesting an electrostatic interaction.     

原子吸收光谱标准加入法测量误差与吸光度的关系

从理论上证明了原子吸收光谱标准加入法测定结果的相对误差，在第一次加入后的吸光度等于试样的吸光度2倍时为最小。