A Modified Version of the Grimm's Glow Discharge Lamp for Use as a Demountable Hollow Cathode Emission Source. II. The Current Intensity-Voltage Characteristic Curves

The dependence of resulting voltage on applied current intensity in a modified commercially available hollow cathode lamp is determined in the case of aluminium, copper and graphite cathodic materials in an extended range of argon carrier gas pressures and for five different cathode - anode distances. Experimental results show that the modified emission source affords high stability discharge in a wide range of experimental parameters.     

液体电极放电光谱检测水体中的金属元素

水环境中的重金属残留已对人类安全构成严重威胁,急需快速、高效的重金属残留检测方法。利用待测液体作为放电进行大气压辉光放电是近几年兴起的一种检测水体中金属元素的有效方法。本文综述了近年来出现的液体电极放电装置,分析了影响金属元素发射强度的因素,总结了液体电极放电光谱技术检测水体中金属元素的研究成果。最后分析了液体电极放电光谱技术所存在的问题,对基于液体电极放电光谱技术快速检测水体中的金属元素急需解决的关键问题和发展前景进行了讨论。     

A Modified Version of the Grimm's Glow Discharge Lamp for Use as a Demountable Hollow Cathode Emission Source. V. Determination of Minor Constitutents and Trace Elements in Steel

The applicability of the modified hollow cathode emission source to the determination of some elements usually contained in steel was tested in the case of chromium (0.144 – 3.07%), copper (0.090 – 0.49%), manganese (0.016 – 1.42%), molybdenum (0.007 – 1.41%), nickel (0.048 – 5.15%, silicon (0.013 – 0.81%), and vanadium (0.034 – 0.64%). The linearity of the calibration curves was found to be highly satisfactory, the Bravais - Pearson correlation coefficient ranging from 0.97 to 0.99. Moreover, results showed that background intensity is negligible and that blackening values can be plotted without resorting to internal standards or other preliminary corrections.     

A Modified Version of the Grimm's Glow Discharge Lamp for Use as a Demountable Hollow Cathode Emission Source. III. Blackening as a Function of Discharge Parameters

Abstract

The influence of anode distance from hollow cathode on the blackening? of spectral lines excited by means of the modified Grimm's lamp was investigated for three representative cathodic materials, i.e. aluminium, copper and graphite using argon as the carrier gas. On the basis of the experimental results as well as voltage-current characteristic curves at distances of 7, 15, 20, 25 and 33 mm, it was possible to conclude that the optimal sets of discharge parameters for all the materials investigated are based on an electrode distance of 20-25 mm. In the case of copper a distance of 33 mm was also found to be highly suitable. An increase in the emission of copper lines at the largest anodic length with increasing pressure of the noble gas was also observed, in contrast with the behavior of the same element at shorter distances. A tentative interpretation of the phenomenon is given.     

Determination of Copper and Aluminium in Steel by Means of Hollow Cathode and Glow Discharge Light Sources: A Comparative Study

Abstract

The applicability of hollow cathode and glow discharge light sources to the determination of minor constituents in steel was tested in the case of copper (0.033 ? 0.34[wt]%) and aluminium (0.015 ? 0. 16%). The linearity of the calibration graphs, reflected by the Bravais-Pearson coefficient, was found to be slightly improved in all the cases investigated when operating with hollow cathode. Furthermore, results showed that blackening values of the analytical lines can be plotted directly without resorting to reference lines.     

Comparative Investigations on the Reproducibility of the Hollow Cathode,Glow Discharge and Spark Light Sources

A comparison between the constancy and reproducibility of the hollow cathode, glow discharge and spark light sources was carried out. Samples of pure copper as well as of commercial brass and steel were investigated. Results show that the hollow cathode produces a better reproducibility of the measurements in all the cases examined.     

The Electronic and Infrared Absorption Spectra of Toluene-d

Abstract

The infrared and ultraviolet absorption spectra of toluene-d have been investigated for the first time in the regions 400 - 4000 cm^?1 and 2350 ?2750 A° respectively. The intense band at 2666.3 A°(37494 cm^?1) in the u.v. vapour absorption spectrum has been identified as the o,o band and others have been interpreted in terms of the three (519,632 and 785 cm^?1) ground state and the six (454,526,743,935,963 and 1180 cm^?1 excited state fundamentals. The correlation of the various frequencies of the ground and excited states of toluene and toluene-d has been done. The observed isotopic shift for toluene-d is 14 cm^?1.     

Atomic Emission Spectrometry of Microsamples in a Glow Discharge

A glow discharge system for atomic emission spectrometry is evaluated for physical and analytical characteristics. Lead (as the nitrate) is the model element used for these studies. The sputtering characteristics of several electrode designs are studied with the best system tried resulting in total sample vaporization in less than 1 s. Discharge currents up to 200 mA at a discharge voltage of 1200 V and a pressure of 2 torr are found to give the best results. The detection limit for lead is 0.9 ng and the linear dynamic range of response is greater than 2 orders of magnitude. Sodium chloride at a 100-fold excess amount causes a 50% decrease in the signal level.     

大气压电解液阴极辉光放电发射光谱检测水体中的金属残留

水环境中的金属残留严重威胁人类的健康安全,急需快速、高效的金属残留检测技术。文章报道了自行建立的大气压电解液阴极辉光放电发射光谱装置。利用待测液体作为放电阴极进行大气压辉光放电实现了水体中金属离子的痕量检测。对配制的标准样品进行了定量测量,基于背景发射光谱的3σ计算,获得了大气压电解液阴极辉光放电光谱装置对Na, Li, Cu, Pb和Mn等5种金属元素的检测限,分别为0.008, 0.005, 1.1, 2.06和1.95 mg·L-1。该装置在金属残留的实时在线检测领域具有应用前景。     

空心阴极光源在原子发射光谱分析中的应用

本文介绍了空心阴极光源发射光谱分析中用地测定痕量元素的特点,供电电源的种类,阴极灯及电极,载气的选择等。并介绍了空心阴极光源在痕量分析上的应用。     

铝在镀锌板镀层中的分布

用ＧＤ－ＡＥＳ法测定镀锌板镀层中的Ｚｎ，Ａｌ，Ｆｅ的分布，看到在镀层界面上Ａｌ的富集现象，而且富集程度随锌液中Ａｌ含量的增加而更显著，认为这可能与热浸时首先生成Ｆｅ－Ａｌ相有关。     

Applicability of Spectroscopic Methods to the Determination of Aluminium in Biological Samples

A comparative investigation was carried out of the suitability of atomic absorption spectrometry and of emission spectrography with hollow cathode and arc excitation sources for determination of aluminium in biological samples. The three methods give reliable results. Hollow cathode emission spectrography was found to be influenced to a lesser extent by matrix effects than the other two techniques. On the other hand atomic absorption spectrometry presents some remarkable advantages insofar rapidity of analysis and detection limits are concerned.     

红外光谱法原位监测亚微米树脂吸附反应

亚微米树脂吸附反应是一种快速反应,离线取样分析较困难。本文采用红外光谱技术原位监测亚微米树脂吸附庆大霉素反应,找到并验证了脂上吸附庆大霉素的吸收峰位置,并用偏最小二乘法建立定量模,模型的相关系数为０．９７９。在此基础上对不同初始浓度的吸附反应实现了原位监测。     

水果坚实度的近红外光谱检测分析试验研究

应用傅里叶漫反射近红外光谱技术探讨了水果坚实度无损检测的方法。利用偏最小二乘法建立了坚实度与漫反射光谱的无损检测数学模型,同时对不同光谱预处理方法和不同建模波段范围对模型的预测性能进行了对比分析。结果表明：利用傅里叶变换光谱仪采集的原始光谱的平滑预处理对结果并没有太大影响;原始光谱在800～2 500 nm范围的模型得到了最好的预测结果：校正集样本的相关系数r为0.869,校正均方根误差RMSEC为3.88 N;预测集样本的相关系数r为0.840,预测均方根误差RMSEP为4.26 N。 通过本研究得出：应用近红外漫反射光谱检测水果坚实度是可行的,为今后快速无损评价水果成熟度提供了理论依据。     

Remote Fourier Transform Infrared Emission Spectroscopy in the Studies of the Solid Propellant Combustions

In this paper infrared emission spectra of the solid propellant combustion using remote Fourier transform spectroscopy have been studied. Both the infrared spectral radiance distributions and gas quantitative method for solid propellant combustions by remote Fourier transform infrared emission spectroscopy have been presented. In the method we utilize estimating temperature measuring models, which are modified by Junde Wang, based on emission fundamental band measurements of HCl or HF. Through measuring the temperature both the infrared spectral radiance distributions of the solid propellant combustions and their emisivities can be obtained. A remote measured gas concentration model based on combustion temperature, spectral radiance and emissivity has been developed. Field single-ended measurements at long distances for solid propellant plumes at temperature 1700—3500K can be extended to measuring fluctuations of instantaneous temperature and combustion reaction products.     

Analysis of Aluminum Dust Cloud Combustion Using Flame Emission Spectroscopy

In this study, aluminum flame analysis was researched in order to develop a measurement method for high-energy-density metal aluminum dust cloud combustion, and the flame temperature and UV-VIS-IR emission spectra were precisely measured using a spectrometer. Because the micron-sized aluminum flame temperature was higher than 2 400 K, Flame temperature was measured by a non-contact optical technique, namely, a modified two-color method using 520 and 640 nm light, as well as by a polychromatic fitting method. These methods were applied experimentally after accurate calibration. The flame temperature was identified to be higher than 2 400 K using both methods. By analyzing the emission spectra, we could identify AlO radicals, which occur dominantly in aluminum combustion. This study paves the way for realization of a measurement technique for aluminum dust cloud combustion flames, and it will be applied in the aluminum combustors that are in development for military purposes.     

近红外光谱法快速测定油品中的水分

介绍了用近红外光谱法,对油品水分进行快速测定的方法.通过数据预处理,模型优化及检验,结果表明,经一阶微分平滑处理后的模型精度较高,其校正集、验证集相关系数分别为0.9770、0.9635,校正均方误差分别为0.0998、0.0617,t检验结果表明,本法与国标法对测定结果无显著性差异,模型具有较高的预测能力.对实现油品...     

短波近红外光谱法同时测定分析水中的麦芽糖、乳糖和蔗糖

用紫外-可见分光光度计的短波近红外光谱区域（800—1100nm）,测量了3种二糖麦芽糖、乳糖和蔗糖混合水溶液的近红外光谱,并用偏最小二乘方法建立了同时定量分析水溶液中麦芽糖、乳糖和蔗糖的模型,并对光谱数据预处理方法进行了讨论。通过对校正集样品的建模和对预测集样品的检验,结果良好。对浓度范围分别在0—60mg·L^-1,0—12mg·L^-1,0—60mg·L^-1的麦芽糖、乳糖和蔗糖预测模型相关系数分别为0.9904、0.9971和0.9926,模型交叉检验均方差分别为0.0213、0.2525和0.1859。预测集相对标准偏差分别为3.54%、3.55%和3.32%。并将此模型应用在简单成份的实际样品中进行了初步探索。该方法对同时定量分析多组分体系,具有简便、快速价廉、易于推广应用等优点。     

近红外光谱法与循环伏安电化学法联用进行葡萄酒品种溯源研究

提出一种将循环伏安电化学法和近红外光谱法联立,用PLS-DA的D-S证据理论融合二者信息进行葡萄酒品种溯源研究的方法。分别采集来自不同产区的三类不同品种的171个干红葡萄酒样品的循环伏安曲线和近红外透射光谱。用PLS-DA法分别建立循环伏安电化学法和近红外光谱法的判别模型,以此为证据;用两个证据的D-S合成规则实现近红外判别结果与循环伏安法判别结果的重新决策。融合后的结果为：多产区不同品种葡萄酒溯源模型的建模集准确率为95.69%,检验集准确率为94.12%;单一产区不同品种葡萄酒溯源模型的建模集准确率为99.46%,检验集准确率为100%;判别结果都比融合前单一循环伏安电化学法和近红外光谱法的判别准确率得到了提高。实验结果表明, 该方法具有较高的溯源识别准确度, 可以快速准确地对待测葡萄酒品种进行定性检测。     

气液两相滑动弧放电中自由基的光谱研究

气液两相滑动弧放电是近年来出现的一种新型低温等离子体废水处理技术,对高浓度有机废水具有很好的降解效果。为了认识气液两相滑动弧放电降解有机废水的机理,用发射光谱法对气液两相滑动弧在空气中放电所产生的主要自由基进行了实验研究,分析了自由基持续再生的化学过程。通过对光谱线强度变化的分析,得到了OH和NO自由基谱线强度在放电反应空间的分布特点,以及输入电压和液相(水)流量因素对OH和NO自由基产生过程的影响。结果表明：OH是气液两相滑动弧放电的主导自由基;OH和NO自由基谱线强度沿着电极中轴均先增后减;在非平衡区域,自由基谱线强度随着输入电压的增大而增大;OH自由基谱线强度随水流量的增大而增大,NO自由基谱线强度则随着水流量的增大而减小。