窄间隙矩形通道内纵向涡发生器间距的数值优化

强化换热在很多领域都有十分重要的应用,引起了人们的广泛关注.在换热表面上周期性地安装纵向涡发生器可以使流动区域产生纵向涡从而能够增强换热,本文采用CFX10.0对一侧安装纵向涡发生器的窄间隙矩形通道进行数值模拟,分析了在不同的Re数下,纵向涡发生器的间距对三维稳态流动和传热性能的影响,通过对综合换热因子j/f以及 出口温度和进出口压降的分析,获得安装间距的优化结果X=30～45.     

狭窄通道湍流纵向涡强化换热实验和数值研究

本文采用实验的方法,研究了单面加热矩形狭窄通道内,翼片型纵向涡发生器对流动换热的强化作用.在此基础上,应用大涡模拟的方法对通道内的瞬态流场及其对壁面对流换热的影响进行了研究,并将数值模拟与实验进行了比较.结果表明,通过添加翼片可以在流动中产生涡流,强化壁面边界层与流体的物质和能量交换,并验证了将大涡模拟应用于纵向涡强化换热研究的可行性.     

基于(火积)耗散极值原理的管外流场优化

本文基于(火积)耗散极值原理得到了对流传热的优化场协同方程,用Fluent数值模拟求解层流状态下的管外流动换热的优化流场。得到了管外流动的优化速度场为多纵向涡结构形态,对优化流场进行分析,发现优化流场的综合换热效果远远高于原型流场。通过在管外添加扰流片的方法,来产生带有纵向涡的流场,达到优化管外流动传热的目的。数值模拟结果表明,添加扰流片在一定程度上可以强化管外对流换热。     

纵向涡强化换热的M-Z干涉流动显示技术

本文采用M-Z干涉测量的方法,研究了半三角形翼片纵向涡发生器强化换热方案对矩形通道内气体流动换热的影响,获得了安装纵向涡发生器前后对流换热温度场的M-Z干涉图像.通过对实验获得的干涉图像进行分析处理,表明安装纵向涡发生器后,通道内入口段流动的热边界层明显变薄,反映了纵向涡对流动换热的强化作用,验证了将M-Z干涉测量方法应用于纵向涡强化换热研究的可行性.     

不同磁致纵向涡形式对空气对流换热的影响

为揭示不同磁致纵向涡对通道内空气对流换热的影响规律,分别就两极和四极钕铁硼永磁体作用下的矩形通道内的对流换热进行了数值模拟。模拟以通道入口段的流动和换热为对象,得到了不同Re和不同壁温下的流场和温度场, 对流换热的Nu和阻力系数,以及场协同数Fc。结果表明,不同纵向涡形式下的流场和温度场的协同性不同,具有八纵向涡形式的对流换热的协同性优于四纵向涡形式,强化效果也优于四纵向涡。     

螺旋扭曲椭圆管内纵向涡流动特性与强化传热机理的CFD分析

以水为介质,采用CFD软件ANSYS Fluent对螺旋扭曲椭圆管内流体的流动规律与强化传热机理进行了研究。研究发现,螺旋扭曲椭圆管特殊的螺旋形管壁形状可诱发管内流体旋转形成纵向涡,且纵向涡的强度不随流动距离的增大而衰减,持续性能良好;纵向涡的存在使得螺旋扭曲椭圆管内流体得速度分布产生明显变化,增强了管内流体速度场与温度场间的协同性能,进而强化流体传热。     

几何参数对涡发生器流动传热特性影响研究

本文首先对"common flow down"(A形式)和"common flow up"(B形式)两种形式纵向涡发生器的流动换热性能进行了计算比较,发现B形式纵向涡发生器Nu数比A形式纵向涡发生器在计算范围内平均增大2.8%,而f因子却平均减少9.1%,这表明B形式纵向涡发生器是一种性能更加优异的强化传热表面方式;考察了B形式纵向涡发生器的几何参数对流动换热性能的影响,结果表明B形式纵向涡发生器空气侧Nu数与f因子随着攻角减小、高度h_(VG)增大、x_(VG)减小、y_(VG)减小而增大,而随着长度l_(VG)的增大Nu数先增大后减小,同样f因子随着长度l_(VG)的增大也先增大后减小。     

常压下液氮窄缝池沸腾实验研究

采用玻璃钢 (FRP)制成的矩形窄缝 ,对三种不同的间隙尺寸 ,分加热面与水平面呈 0°,4 5°,90°,135°,180°五种角度 ,以液氮为工质进行了 15组池沸腾实验。得出结论 :液氮在窄缝中的沸腾传热有明显的强化换热效果 ;加热面所处角度不同 ,在相同热负荷下壁面过热度亦不同 ,滑移汽泡和微液膜蒸发机理在通道中发挥的作用也相应不同。该研究对于有限空间传热强化的机理和实际应用都有一定的参考价值和指导意义。     

多方位矩形窄缝中液氮沸腾传热特性实验研究

本文实验研究了常压下液氮在多方位矩形窄缝通道中的沸腾传热特性。研究发现液氮在不同窄缝方位角时,壁面过热度有差异;窄缝间隙愈小,沸腾传热系数愈高。在中等热流密度下,强化传热作用明显,传热系数可达常规光管的3～5倍。加热面呈0°和180°放置时,在相同热流下其他角度尚处于核态沸腾区时,已达CHF点。     

凹陷涡发生器非稳态流动与传热分离涡模拟

本文对具有凹陷涡发生器的冷却通道内非稳态湍流流动与传热特性进行了分离涡模拟研究。通道内流动雷诺数为50500,凹陷涡发生器深度与直径比为0.2。分离涡模拟结果与实验数据进行了对比验证,并对凹陷表面非稳态流动与传热特性进行了详细分析。研究结果表明:分离涡模拟得到的凹陷表面时均局部Nμ数分布与瞬态液晶热像实验得到的Nμ数分布相似,并且总体平均Nμ数和摩擦因子与实验数据也较好地吻合;分离涡模拟获得了详细的凹陷涡发生器表面非稳态流动和传热特征,凹陷表面前缘处的低换热区形成左右两个旋涡,经历了形成、旋转、回流、破碎四个过程,这些非稳态的涡流动显著地强化了凹陷表面的对流传热性能。     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Hybrid Wavelength and Code Division Multiple Access in Optical Networks

A review of schemes for multiple access in fiber optic networks shows that a hybrid of wavelength and code division multiple access (WCDMA) combines the best features of both. In particular, the hybrid scheme retains the large information carrying capacity of wavelength division multiple access (WDMA) and flexibility of code division multiple access (CDMA). In this paper WDMA, optical CDMA (OCDMA), and WCDMA networks are discussed. In OCDMA networks, concept of incoherent and coherent coding including inverse decoding and matched filter is introduced. The delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks, under the simple suboptimum access protocols based on cyclic search, is computed. It has been shown quantitatively that tuning delay significantly affects the delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks. Futhermore, delay performance of WCDMA networks is always better than the WDMA networks for the same tuning delay, load, and number of users.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Femtosecond Transform-Limited Pulse Generation by Compensating for the Linear Chirp of SPM Spectra in Dispersion Shifted Fibers

A simple technique of pulse compression, based on the linear chirp compensation of self-phase modulation (SPM) spectra in dispersion shifted fibers, is demonstrated. The optimization procedure is carried out, for a short span of a single-mode fiber, using a parabolic law, which describes the behavior of the squared output pulse width versus the pump peak power in the case of Gaussian pulses. The experimental results give a minimum pulse duration of 233 fs, which is in good agreement with the model. Shorter and coherent pulses, down to 90 fs, have been obtained by inserting an interference filter at the optical output.     

Sorting of bending magnets for the SSRF booster

The Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF)booster ring,a full energy injector for the storage ring,is deigned to accelerate the electron beam energy from 150MeV to 3.5GeV that demands high extraction efficiency at the extraction energy with low beam loss rate when electrons are ramping.Closed orbit distortion(COD)caused by bending magnet field uniformity errors which affects the machine performance harmfully could be effectively reduced by bending magnet location sorting.Considering the affections of random errors in measurement,both ideal sorting and realistic sorting are studied based on measured bending magnet field uniformity errors and one reasonable combination of bending magnets which can reduce the horizontal COD by a factor of 5is given as the final installation sequence of the booster bending magnets in this paper.     

Measurement of nonlinear coefficient of optical fiber based on small chirped soliton transmission

We measure the waveform and phase curves of short optical pulses before and after transmission over different lengths of fibers by use of the pulse analyzer with the frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG),and numerically simulate pulse evolution under the experimental conditions.The nonlinear coefficient of the fiber is given by comparing the experimental results with the numerical ones.Difference between the experiment and numerical simulation is analyzed.     

Resonance scattering of canonical elastic shells in absorbing fluid medium

Resonance scattering of elastic spherical shell and cylindrical shell while the surrounding fluid medium has absorption is studied. The normal mode solution derived using exact elastic theory and the separation of variables is still applicable. However, the scattering form function has to be modified for the absorbing medium, otherwise the unreasonable result would be obtained. The backscattering form function in the absorbing medium is redefined, and the form function of elastic spherical and cylindrical shell with vacuum or solid matter filled is calculated in various absorption conditions. The results show that the absorption of surrounding fluid leads to notable attenuation of the coincidence resonances in the mid-frequency, but it has a little influence on the low-frequency resonance scattering induced by the filler inside the shell.     

Single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance sensor with high detection resolution

A versatile and low-cost single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance(SPR)sensing system with ultra-high resolution performance is presented.The system exhibits a root-mean-square phase fluctuation of ±0.0028.over a period of 45 min.i.e.a resolution of±5.2×10-9 refractive index units.The enhanced performance has been achieved through the incorporation of three design elements:a true single-beam configuration enabling complete self-referencing so that only the phase change associated with SPR gets detected,a differential measurement scheme to eliminate spurious signals not related to the sensor response,and the elimination of retardation drifts by incorporating temperature stabilization in the liquid crystal phase modulato .Our design should bring the detection sensitivity of non-labeling SPR biosensing closer to that achievable by conventional fluorescence-based techniques.     

Influences of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold of Ta2O5 films

Ta2O5 films are prepared on BK7 substrates with conventional electron beam evaporation deposition.The effects of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) of the films are investigated.The results show that SiO2 protective layers exert little influence on the electric field intensity(EFI)distribution,microstructure and microdefect density but increase the absorption slightly.Annealing iS effective on decreasing the microdefect density and the absorption of the films.Both SiO2 protective layers and annealing are beneficial to the damage resistance of the films and the latter is more effective to improve the LIDT.Moreover,the maximal LIDT of Ta2O5 films is achieved by the combination of SiO2 protective layers and annealing.